Editing Valdivian temperate forests

{{Short description|Temperate forest ecoregion in Chile and Argentina}}
{{Infobox ecoregion
| name = Valdivian temperate forests (NT0404)
| image = Valdivian temperate rainforest.JPG
| image_size =    
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = Trees and [[understory]] at [[Oncol Park]]
| map = Ecoregion NT0404.svg
| map_size = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = Location in the south of South America
| biome = [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]]
| biogeographic_realm = [[Neotropical realm|Neotropical]]
| border = [[Chilean matorral]]
| border1 = [[Magellanic subpolar forests]]
| border2 = [[Patagonian steppe]]
| border3 = [[Southern Andean steppe]]
| bird_species = 
| mammal_species = 
| area = 248100
| country = [[Chile]]
| country1 = [[Argentina]]
| state = 
| habitat_loss = 
| habitat_loss_ref = 
| protected = 24.16
| protected_ref = <ref name = dopa>"Valdivian temperate forests". DOPA Explorer. Accessed 7 March 2022. [https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/60404]</ref>
}}

The '''Valdivian temperate forests''' (NT0404) is an [[terrestrial ecoregion|ecoregion]] on the west coast of southern [[South America]], in [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]]. It is part of the [[Neotropical realm]]. The forests are named after the city of [[Valdivia, Chile|Valdivia]]. The Valdivian temperate rainforests are characterized by their dense [[understory|understories]] of [[chusquea|bamboos]], [[fern]]s, and for being mostly dominated by [[evergreen]] [[flowering plant|angiosperm]] trees with some deciduous specimens, though [[conifer]] trees are also common.

==Setting==
Temperate rain forests comprise a relatively narrow Chilean coastal strip, between the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the west and the southern [[Andes Mountains]] to the east, from roughly 37° to 48° south latitude. North of 42°, the [[Chilean Coast Range]] stretches on, with just the north–south running [[Chilean Central Valley]] between it and the Andes. South of 42°, the coast range continues as a chain of offshore islands (including [[Chiloé Island]] and the [[Chonos Archipelago]]), while the "Central Valley" is submerged and continues as the [[Gulf of Corcovado]]. Much of the ecoregion was once covered by the [[Patagonian Ice Sheet]] and other [[glacier]]s during the peak of the last [[ice age]], with ice descending from the Andes mountains; numerous bodies of water within the [[Chilean Lake District]] (in the central part of the ecoregion) are the remnants of ancient glacial valleys. The southern part of the region features many glacier-carved [[fjord]]s.

[[File:Termas geometricas.jpg|300px|thumb|Vegetation around Termas Geométricas near [[Coñaripe]]. The Andes of Zona Sur host numerous hotsprings.]]
[[Image:Bosque de olivillo en Punta Curinanco.jpg|thumbnail|An old-grown pure stand of [[Aextoxicon]] in [[Punta Curiñanco]] at the Pacific coast.]]
To the north, the Valdivian forests give way to the [[Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub]] of the [[Chilean Matorral]] ecoregion. A few coastal enclaves of Valdivian forest grow in north-central Chile (such as [[Bosque de Fray Jorge National Park]]) as remains of the [[last glacial maximum]]. To the south lies the [[Magellanic subpolar forests]] ecoregion. The temperate Valdivian, matorral, and Magellanic ecoregions are isolated from the subtropical/tropical forests that dominate northern South America by such landscapes as the [[Atacama]] desert (north of the matorral), the Andes Mountains, and the dry, rain-shadow [[Patagonian steppe]] east of the Andes. As a result, the temperate forest regions have evolved in relative isolation, with a high degree of [[endemism|endemic]] species.

Due to a similar location geographically and geologically (along the [[Pacific Plate]]), the coast-hugging temperate rainforests of the [[Pacific Northwest]] (from [[Northern California]] to [[Southern Alaska]], roughly 40°-60° north latitude) exist in similar settings, with the [[Rocky Mountains]] to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. East of the Rocky Mountains, the North American [[prairie]] grassland stretches from south-central Canada to [[Texas]], not unlike the Argentine grasslands to the east of the Andes. Similar to the Atacama region of Chile, the [[Baja California desert|Baja California]] and [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]] deserts in the US/Mexican states of [[California]] and [[Baja California]] act as climatic borders for the northwest’s rainforests.

===Climate===
Since the forest is located at around 40 degrees south, it is strongly influenced by the [[westerlies]]. The water vaper held by the westerlies condenses as they encounter the [[Windward and leeward|windward slope]] of the [[Chilean Coast Range]] and the [[Andes]], create [[orographic rainfall]]. Average annual precipitation varies from 1,000 mm at the northern edge of the ecoregion to more than 6,000 mm per year in the south.<ref name = wwf/> The northern portion of the ecoregion has a [[Mediterranean climate|Submediterranean climate]], with rainfall concentrated in the winter months. This seasonality decreases towards the south.<ref name = wwf/>

Average annual temperatures are fairly uniform within the area, especially at coastal locations where annual temperature differences between localities never exceed 7 °C.<ref name=arroyoetal95/> The northward-flowing oceanic Humboldt Current creates humid and foggy conditions near the coast. In the summer the temperature can climb to 16.5 °C (62 °F), while during winter the temperature can drop below 7 °C (45 °F).<ref>Di Castri F di & E. Hajek 1976.
[http://svsch.ceachile.cl/biblioteca_archivos/Bioclimatologia%20de%20Chile.pdf "Bioclimatología de Chile" 163 pages with english summary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411125445/http://svsch.ceachile.cl/biblioteca_archivos/Bioclimatologia%20de%20Chile.pdf |date=2008-04-11 }}</ref> Winter temperatures are lower at higher elevations. The tree line is at about 2,400 m in the northern part of the ecoregion (35° S), and descends to 1,000 m in the south of the Valdivian region.<ref name = wwf/>

==Flora==
[[Image:Nimbosilva de Fray Jorge.jpg|thumbnail|Valdivian [[cloud forest]] [[Bosque de Fray Jorge National Park|Bosque de Fray Jorge]] in semi-arid [[Norte Chico, Chile|Norte Chico]].]]
The Valdivian temperate rain forests are [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]]. The Valdivian and Magellanic temperate rainforests are the only [[temperate rain forest]]s in [[South America]] and one of a small number of temperate rain forests in the world. Together they are the second largest in the world, after the [[Pacific temperate rain forests]] of [[North America]] (which stretches from Alaska to northern California). The Valdivian forests are a refuge for the [[Antarctic flora]], and share many plant families with the temperate rainforests of [[New Zealand]], [[Tasmania]], and [[Australia]]. Fully half the species of woody plants are [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to this ecoregion.

''[[Chusquea quila]]'' is a [[bamboo]] that grows in humid areas below 500 m, where ''[[Chusquea culeou]]'' becomes more dominant above. ''Chusquea quila'' can form pure stands called ''quilantales''. Very few plants can grow under this species. Other notable species are the ''[[nalca]]'' or Chilean rhubarb (''Gunnera tinctoria'') and the ferns ''[[Lophosoria quadripinnata]]'' and ''[[Parablechnum cordatum]]''. Chile's national flower, the ''[[copihue]]'' (''Lapageria rosea'') is a [[pioneer species]] that grows in disturbed areas of the Valdivian rain forest.

The maximum plant species richness is found at latitudes 40 to 43° S.<ref name=arroyoetal95/>

===Forest ecosystems===
[[File:Alerce chileno.JPG|thumb|left|''[[Fitzroya cupressoides|Alerce]]'']]
There are four main types of forest ecosystems in the Valdivian ecoregion. 

'''Deciduous forests'''. At the northern end of the ecoregion are deciduous forests, dominated by deciduous species of [[southern beech]], including ''rauli'' (''[[Nothofagus alpina]]'') and ''roble'' (''[[Nothofagus obliqua|N. obliqua]]''). This is a transitional zone to the Mediterranean-climate region to the north. It grows from 35 to 36º S latitude along [[Chilean Coast Range]], where it is known as [[Maulino forest]]. ''[[Nothofagus glauca]]'' and ''[[Nothofagus alessandrii|N. Alessandrii]]'' are predominant trees in Maulino forest.<ref name = Moreira>Moreira-Munoz, Andres (2011). ''Plant Geography of Chile''. Springer Dordrecht, January 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8748-5</ref> Deciduous ''Nothofagus'' forests also grow along the [[Andes]] of central Chile as far north as 33º S latitude, from approximately 1,200 meters elevation up to the [[tree line]] at 2,400 meters elevation.<ref name = "wwf">{{WWF ecoregion|id=nt0404|name=Valdivian temperate forests|Retrieved 22 April 2023}}</ref> A [[krummholz]] of ''[[Nothofagus antarctica]]'' and ''[[Nothofagus pumilio|N. pumilio]]'' grows near the tree line. The southern limit of these forests is 38º S latitude. Tall coniferous [[Araucaria araucana|pehuén]] monkey-puzzle trees (''Araucaria araucana'') grow at the southern edge of the deciduous forests, from the coast at [[Nahuelbuta National Park]] to the Andes.<ref name = Moreira/>

'''Valdivian laurel-leaved forests'''. Valdivian [[laurel forest|laurel-leaved forests]], characterized by a variety of broadleaf evergreen trees, including ''[[Laureliopsis|Laureliopsis philippiana]]'', ''[[Aextoxicon|Aextoxicon punctatum]]'', ''[[Eucryphia cordifolia]]'', ''[[Caldcluvia paniculata]]'', and ''[[Weinmannia trichosperma]]'', with an understory of ''[[Myrceugenia planipes]]'', the ''[[Luma apiculata|arrayán]]'' (''Luma apiculata'') and other plants. Old-growth Valdivian evergreen forest (siempreverde) tend to form stratified [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]] made up of two or three layers.<ref name=Bosque2020-3>{{Cite journal|title=Patrones de distribución de alturas de bosques antiguos siempreverde del centro-sur de Chile|journal=[[Bosque (journal)|Bosque]]|url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-92002019000300355&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es|last=Oyarzún|first=Alejandro|volume=40|last2=Donoso|first2=Pablo J.|last3=Gutiérrez|first3=Álvaro|trans-title=Tree height distributions in the canopy of old-growth temperate rainforests of south-central Chile|language=Spanish|publisher=[[Austral University of Chile]]|issue=3|doi=10.4067/S0717-92002019000300355  |year=2019|doi-access=free}}</ref>

'''Patagonian Andean forests'''. The third forest type is the [[Patagonian Andean forest]]s, which are distributed at higher elevations along the Andes mountain front, and are dominated by evergreen [[conifer]]s, including ''pehuén'' (''Araucaria araucana'') and ''[[Fitzroya|alerce]]'' (''Fitzroya cupressoides''). The ''alerce'' looks like a [[giant sequoia]], and is a rival in longevity to the [[bristlecone pine]], some with growth rings recording 3,625 years of local weather cycles. Closer to the treeline, the conifers give way to Andean scrublands of deciduous ''[[Nothofagus antarctica]]''.

'''Northern Patagonian forests'''. The fourth and last type is the Northern Patagonian forests, which dominate the southern half of the ecoregion, with evergreen species such as the broadleaf ''[[Nothofagus dombeyi]]'', ''[[Nothofagus betuloides]]'' and ''[[Drimys winteri]]'' and the coniferous [[Podocarpaceae|podocarps]], including ''[[Podocarpus nubigenus]]''.

Distribution of plants follow [[Rapoport's rule]] with plant species distribution increasing at higher latitudes and decreasing at those closer to the equator, incidents of endemism becoming more frequent as one moves equatorward.<ref name=arroyoetal95/>

Lowland [[soil]]s near the coast contain more available nutrients than more inland soils.<ref name=perez95>{{cite book |last=Pérez|first=Cecilia|date=1995|editor-last=Armesto|editor-first=Juan J. |editor-last2=Villagrán|editor-first2=Carolina|editor-last3=Arroyo|editor-first3=Mary Kalin|editor-link2=Carolina Villagrán |chapter=Los procesos de descomposición de la materia orgánica de bosques templados costeros: Interacción entre suelo, clima y vegetación|title=Ecología de los bosques nativos de Chile|location=Santiago de Chile |publisher=[[Editorial Universitaria]] |pages=301–315 |isbn=9561112841 |language=es|trans-chapter=Litter decomposition processes in coastal temperate forest: Interactions between plants, soils and vegetation}}</ref>

===Origin and evolution===
The flora of the forests has inherited and developed its characteristics due to a variety of causes. Its Neotropical affinities reflect its current geographic connection to the remaining South America.<ref name=arroyoetal95/> Its "Gondwanan" species are a legacy of the ancient [[supercontinent]] of [[Gondwana]], a landmass formerly composed of South America, Africa, India, Antarctica and Australia. The high degree of [[endemic]] species and [[monospecific]] genera is thought to be linked to the geographic isolation came into being as result of the [[Andean orogeny|uplift of the Andes]].<ref name=arroyoetal95>{{cite book |last=Arroyo|first=Mary Kalin|author-link=Mary Kalin Arroyo |last2=Cavieres |first2=Lohengrin |last3=Peñaloza|first3=Alejandro|last4=Riveros |first4=Magal |last5=Faggi|first5=Ana María|date=1995|editor-last=Armesto|editor-first=Juan J. |editor-last2=Villagrán|editor-first2=Carolina|editor-last3=Arroyo|editor-first3=Mary Kalin|editor-link2=Carolina Villagrán |title=Ecología de los bosques nativos de Chile|chapter=Relaciones fitogeográficas y patrones regionales de riqueza de especies en la flora del bosque lluvioso templado de Sudamérica|location=Santiago de Chile |publisher=[[Editorial Universitaria]] |pages=71–99 |isbn=9561112841 |language=es|trans-chapter=Floristic structure and human impact on the Maulino forest of Chile}}</ref> There are a few "[[Biantitropical distribution|boreal]]" components in the Valdivian temperate rain forest which arrived by long-distance transport.<ref name=arroyoetal95/> Yet another component are the species from nearby South American ecosystems that adapted to the temperate rainforest.<ref name=arroyoetal95/> 

During the [[Llanquihue glaciation]] much of the area west of [[Llanquihue Lake]] remained ice-free during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] and had sparsely distributed vegetation dominated by ''[[Nothofagus]]'' species. Valdivian temperate rain forest proper was reduced to scattered remnants in to the west of the Andes.<ref>{{cite web |author-last=Adams |author-first=Jonathan |title=South America during the last 150,000 years |url=http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/nercSOUTHAMERICA.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130085619/http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/nercSOUTHAMERICA.html |archive-date=2010-01-30 }}</ref> More specifically the [[Last Glacial Maximum refugia|refugia]] of the Valdivian temperate rain forest between latitudes 41 and 37° S were; the coastal region, the lower slopes of the Chilean Coast Range and the westernmost [[Chilean Central Valley]] all of which remained free of disturbance by the glacial, [[glacifluvial]] and [[periglacial]] disturbance through the glaciation.<ref name=VillagranHinojosa2005>{{cite book |last=Villagrán |first=Carolina|last2=Hinojosa |first2=Luis Felipe|author-link1=Carolina Villagrán |date=2005|language=es |title=Regionalización Biogeográfica en Iberoámeríca y tópicos afines |chapter=Esquema biogeográfico de Chile |editor-last=Llorente Bousquests|editor-first=Jorge|editor-last2=Morrone |editor-first2=Juan J. |location=Mexico |publisher=Ediciones de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Jiménez Editores }}</ref><ref name=VeitGarleff1995>{{cite book |last=Veit |first=Heinz |last2=Garleff |first2=Karsten |date=1995|editor-last=Armesto|editor-first=Juan J. |editor-last2=Villagrán|editor-first2=Carolina|editor-last3=Arroyo|editor-first3=Mary Kalin|editor-link2=Carolina Villagrán|editor-link3=Mary Kalin Arroyo |title=Ecología de los bosques nativos de Chile|chapter=Evolución del paisaje cuaternario y los suelos de Chile Central-Sur |location=Santiago de Chile |publisher=[[Editorial Universitaria]] |pages=29–49 |isbn=9561112841 }}</ref>

==Fauna==
[[File:Poudou IMG 4342.JPG|thumb|[[Pudú]]]]
Some of the threatened mammals of the Valdivian forests include the ''[[monito del monte]]'' ''(Dromiciops gliroides)'', an arboreal [[marsupial]], the [[Pudú|southern ''pudú'']] ''(Pudu puda)'' the world's smallest [[deer]], and the [[kodkod]] ''(Leopardus guigna)'', South America's smallest [[cat]]. Since the beginning of the 20th century, there have also been nonnative [[wild boar]]s living in the Valdivian forests.{{fact|date=October 2017}} The [[Chilean climbing mouse]] (''Irenomys tarsalis'') and [[Chilean shrew opossum]] (''Rhyncholestes raphanurus'') are endemic to the ecoregion.<ref name = eol>[https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Valdivian_temperate_forests "Valdivian temperate forests"]. Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed 3 March 2023.</ref> 

Most mammal genera in Valdivian forests are also found in [[Patagonian Desert|semi-arid parts of Patagonia]].<ref name=murua95/> Relative to similar forest in North America there is a low diversity of mammals in Chilean temperate forests.<ref name=murua95>{{cite book |last=Murúa|first=Roberto|date=1995|editor-last=Armesto|editor-first=Juan J. |editor-last2=Villagrán|editor-first2=Carolina|editor-last3=Arroyo|editor-first3=Mary Kalin|editor-link2=Carolina Villagrán |title=Ecología de los bosques nativos de Chile|chapter=Comunidades de mamíferos del bosque templado de Chile|location=Santiago de Chile |publisher=[[Editorial Universitaria]] |pages=113–134 |isbn=9561112841 |language=es|trans-chapter=Mammalian communities of Chilean temperate forests}}</ref>

The [[slender-billed parakeet]] (''Enicognathus leptorhynchus'') is endemic.<ref name = eol/> Near-endemic and limited-range birds include the [[Chilean pigeon]] (''Patagioenas araucana''), [[Black-throated huet-huet]] (''Pteroptochos tarnii''), [[Chucao tapaculo]] (''Scelorchilus rubecula''), and [[Ochre-flanked tapaculo]] (''Eugralla paradoxa'').<ref name = birdlife>BirdLife International (2023). [http://datazone.birdlife.org/eba/factsheet/76 Endemic Bird Areas factsheet: Chilean temperate forests]. Accessed 4 March 2023.</ref> Hummingbirds are common in the Valdivian forests because of the presence of plants like the ''[[Aristotelia chilensis|maqui]]'' (''Aristotelia chilensis'') and the ''[[copihue]]''.

==Conservation==
[[Image:Sanpablotregua.JPG|thumb|right|Teachers and students of [[Southern University of Chile|UACh]] in the Valdivian forests of San Pablo de Tregua, Chile]]
{{see also|Native Forest Law|Ecotourism in the Valdivian Temperate Rainforest}}
The Valdivian forests include stands of huge trees, especially ''[[Nothofagus]]'' and ''[[Fitzroya]]'', which can live to a great age. These magnificent rainforests are endangered by extensive logging and their replacement by fast-growing [[pine]]s and [[eucalyptus]], which are more sought-after by the pulp and paper industry. The native trees that are cleared to make way for these monocultures are often exported as [[woodchips]] to Japan.  A start at conservation was made in November 2003 when a consortium of conservation groups, both local and international, bought at auction of a bankrupt logging firm 147,500 acres (600&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) of biologically rich rainforest in the Valdivian Coastal Range. Gianni Lopez, Executive Director of [[CONAMA]], Chile's national environmental agency remarked, "Ten years ago the existence of protected areas not owned by the government was unthinkable." Among the efforts supporting conservation, has been a growing [[Ecotourism in the Valdivian Temperate Rainforest|ecotourism industry]].

==Protected areas==
24.16% of the Valdivian temperate forests ecoregion is in protected areas.<ref name = dopa/>

===List of protected areas===

====Argentina====
*[[Los Alerces National Park]]
*[[Los Arrayanes National Park]]
*[[Lago Puelo National Park]]
*[[Lanín National Park]]
*[[Nahuel Huapí National Park]]

====Chile====
:'''Public:'''
*[[Alerce Andino National Park]]
*[[Alerce Costero National Park]]
*[[Altos de Lircay National Reserve]]
*[[Altos de Pemehue National Reserve]]
*[[Bosque de Fray Jorge National Park]]
*[[Carlos Anwandter Sanctuary]]
*[[Chiloé National Park]]
*[[China Muerta National Reserve]]
*[[Conguillío National Park]]
*[[Corcovado National Park (Chile)|Corcovado National Park]]
*[[Coyhaique National Reserve]]
*[[Futaleufú National Reserve]]
*[[Hornopirén National Park]]
*[[Huerquehue National Park]]
*[[Isla Guamblin National Park]]
*[[La Campana National Park]]
*[[Lago Rosselot National Reserve]]
*[[Laguna del Laja National Park]]
*[[Laguna San Rafael National Park]]
*[[Lahuen Ñadi Natural Monument]]
*[[Llanquihue National Reserve]]
*[[Los Bellotos del Melado National Reserve]]
*[[Los Huemules de Niblinto National Reserve]]
*[[Los Queules National Reserve]]
*[[Los Ruiles National Reserve]]
*[[Melimoyu National Park]]
*[[Mocho-Choshuenco National Reserve]]
*[[Nahuelbuta National Park]]
*[[Nonguén National Park]]
*[[Península de Hualpén Nature Sanctuary]]
*[[Pumalín Douglas Tompkins National Park]]
*[[Puyehue National Park]]
*[[Queulat National Park]]
*[[Radal Siete Tazas National Park]]
*[[Ralco National Reserve]]
*[[Río Los Cipreses National Reserve]]
*[[Tolhuaca National Park]]
*[[Vicente Perez Rosales National Park]]
*[[Villarrica National Park]]
:'''Private:'''
*[[Huilo-Huilo Biological Reserve]] (owned by Víctor Peterman)
*[[Llancahue]] (administered by the [[Austral University of Chile]])
*[[Los Vertientes Private Nature Reserve]]
*[[Meullín-Puye Nature Sanctuary]] (administered by the Kreen Foundation)
*[[Oncol Park]] (owned by [[Celulosa Arauco y Constitución]])
*[[Área Costera Protegida Punta Curiñanco]] (owned by [[CODEFF]])
*[[Tantauco Park]] (owned by [[Sebastián Piñera]])
*[[Valdivian Coastal Reserve]] (owned by [[The Nature Conservancy]])
[[Image:Carretera austral.jpg|thumb|center|750px|[[Nalca]]s at Cuesta Queulat in [[Queulat National Park]]]]

==See also==
*[[Native Forest Law|Chilean Native Forest Law]]
*[[Chilean matorral]]
*[[Magellanic subpolar forests]]
*[[Maulino forest]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://nature.org/wherewework/southamerica/chile/features/ Explore the Valdivian Coastal Reserve]
*{{WWF ecoregion|id=nt0404|name=Valdivian temperate forests}}
*[http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/ecoregions/valdivian_temperate_rainforests.cfm Valdivian temperate rain forests/Juan Fernandez Islands (World Wildlife Fund)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050322112317/http://www.planetavivo.org/english/ResearchPrograms/ChiloeForest/SlideShows/DiapoMartin/DiapoMartin1.html Research at Chiloé Rain Forest]
*[http://www.chilebosque.cl Flora species from Valdivian rain forests]
{{commonscat|position=left|Valdivian temperate rainforest|Valdivian temperate rain forest}}

{{coord|41|19|48.39|S|73|39|40.96|W|display=title|name=CHECKME}}

[[Category:Valdivian temperate forests| 01]]
[[Category:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Argentina]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Chile]]
[[Category:Andean forests]]
[[Category:Ecology of Patagonia]]
[[Category:Natural history of Chile]]
[[Category:Flora of Chile|*]]
[[Category:Flora of Argentina|*]]
[[Category:Trees of Argentina|*]]
[[Category:Trees of Chile|*]]
[[Category:Chilean Coast Range]]
[[Category:Geography of Los Lagos Region]]
[[Category:Geography of Los Ríos Region]]
[[Category:Neotropical ecoregions]]