Editing Valentinian II

{{Short description|Roman emperor from 375 to 392}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Valentinian II
| image        = Statue of emperor Valentinian II.JPG
| image_size   = 
| alt          = White statue
| caption      = Marble statue of an emperor found in [[Aphrodisias]], usually identified as Valentinian II{{efn|The statue was found near two columnar bases made under prefect [[Eutolmius Tatianus]] (388–392) and dedicated to Valentinian II and Arcadius respectively. It is usually identified as Valentinian,<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Lea Stirling|last=Stirling|first=Lea|title=The Learned Collector: Mythological Statuettes and Classical Taste in Late Antique Gaul|year=2005|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-11433-7|page=128|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEk_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128}}</ref> although it "seems to have been found closer to the base of Arcadius".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith|first=R.R.R. |date=2012 |title=Togate portrait statue of emperor ( Arcadius or Valentinian II). Aphrodisias (Caria). 388-392.|url=http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/database/discussion.php?id=535|website=Last Statues of Antiquity|id=LSA-163}}</ref> Valentinian was 17 years old in 388, while Arcadius was only 11.}}
| succession   = [[Roman emperor]]
| moretext     = (in the [[Western Roman Empire|West]])
| reign        = {{nowrap|22 November 375 – 15 May 392}} (senior from 28 August 388)
| predecessor  = [[Valentinian I]]
| successor    = [[Eugenius]] and [[Theodosius I]]
| regent       = {{ubl|[[Valens]] ([[Byzantine Empire|East]], 375–378)|[[Gratian]] (375–383)|Theodosius I (East, 379–392)|[[Arcadius]] (East, 383–392)|[[Magnus Maximus]] (383–388)|[[Victor (emperor)|Victor]] (384–388)}}
| reg-type     = {{nowrap|Co-rulers}}
| birth_date   = 371
| birth_place  = [[Trier, Germany|Treveri]], [[Gallia Belgica]], Western Roman Empire
| death_date   = 15 May 392 (aged 21)
| death_place  = [[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]], [[Viennensis]], Western Roman Empire
| burial_place = 
| issue        = 
| full name    = 
| regnal name  = Imperator Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus
| dynasty      = [[Valentinianic dynasty|Valentinian]]
| father       = [[Valentinian I]]
| mother       = [[Justina (empress)|Justina]]
| religion     = Arian Christianity
}}

'''Valentinian II''' ({{langx|la|Valentinianus}}; 371{{snd}}15 May 392) was a [[Roman emperor]] in the [[Western Roman Empire|western]] part of the [[Roman Empire]] between AD 375 and 392. He was at first junior co-ruler of his half-brother, then was sidelined by a usurper, and finally became sole ruler after 388, albeit with limited ''de facto'' powers.

A son of emperor [[Valentinian I]] and empress [[Justina (empress)|Justina]], he was raised to the imperial office at the age of 4 by military commanders upon his father's death. Until 383, Valentinian II remained a junior partner to his older half-brother [[Gratian]] in ruling the Western empire, while the East was governed by his uncle [[Valens]] until 378 and [[Theodosius I]] from 379. When Gratian was killed by the usurper emperor [[Magnus Maximus]] in 383, the court of Valentinian in [[Mediolanum|Milan]] became the center of [[Italian Peninsula|Italy]] where several religious debates took place. In 387, Maximus invaded Italy, spurring Valentinian and his family to escape to [[Thessalonica]] where they successfully sought Theodosius' aid. Theodosius defeated Maximus in battle and re-installed Valentinian in the West, under the supervision of the general [[Arbogast (magister militum)|Arbogast]]. In 392, after repeated conflicts with Arbogast, Valentinian was discovered hanged in his room under unknown circumstances.

==Early life and accession (371–375)==
Valentinianus was born to Emperor [[Valentinian I]] and his second wife, [[Justina (empress)|Justina]]. He was the half-brother of Valentinian's other son, [[Gratian]], who had shared the imperial title with his father since 367. He had three sisters: [[Galla (wife of Theodosius I)|Galla]], Grata and Justa. The elder Valentinian died on campaign in Pannonia in 375. Neither Gratian (then in [[Trier]]) nor his uncle [[Valens]] (emperor for the East) were consulted by the army commanders on the scene. At the time, the younger Valentinian was living with his mother in [[Sirmium]] or an imperial villa near [[Carnuntum]]. Instead of merely acknowledging Gratian as his father's successor, Valentinian I's leading generals and officials, including [[Merobaudes (magister peditum)|Merobaudes]],<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus ''Res Gestae'' XXX 10.4; Ps-Aurelius Victor, ''Epitome'' 45.10</ref> [[Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus|Petronius Probus]],<ref>Rufinus, ''Ecclesiastical History'' 11.12</ref> [[Equitius (consul)|Equitius]]<ref>Ps-Aurelius Victor, ''Epitome'' 45.10</ref> and Cerealis, Valentinian II's maternal uncle and Justina's brother,<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus ''Res Gestae'' XXX 10.5</ref> had the four-year-old Valentinian brought in litter and acclaimed him [[Augustus (title)|''augustus'']] on 22 November 375 at [[Aquincum]]. The army, and its Frankish general Merobaudes, may have been uneasy about Gratian's lack of military ability, and to prevent a split of the army, so raised a boy who would not immediately aspire to military command.<ref name="Valentinian">Roberts, Walter E., [http://www.roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/valenii.htm Valentinian II (375–392 A.D.)]</ref>{{Sfn |Curran |1998 |p= 86}} Also, he may have wanted to prevent more successful military commanders and officials, such as [[Sebastianus (magister peditum)|Sebastianus]] and [[Count Theodosius]], from becoming emperors or gaining independent power, as Sebastianus was removed to a distant posting and Theodosius was executed within a year of Valentinian's elevation.{{sfn|McEvoy|2013|pp=57–59}}

==Reign from Milan (375–387)==
[[File:INC-2965-a Солид. Валентиниан II. Ок. 388—392 гг. (аверс).png|thumb|upright|left|Solidus of Valentinian II]]

Gratian was forced to accommodate the generals who supported his half-brother into his realm, though he purportedly took a liking to educating his brother.<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus ''Res Gestae'' XXX 10.6</ref> According to [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]], Gratian governed the trans-alpine provinces (including [[Gaul]], [[Hispania]], and [[Roman Britain|Britain]]), while [[Italy]], part of [[Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum|Illyricum]], and [[North Africa]] were under the rule of Valentinian. However, Gratian and his court was essentially in charge of the whole Western empire, including Illyricum, and Valentinian did not issue any laws and was marginalized in textual sources.<ref>Errington, R.M. "The Accession of Theodosius I." Klio 78 (1996) pp. 440–442</ref>{{sfn|McEvoy|2013|pp=61–64}}{{sfn|Lenski|2003|pp=357–361}} In 378, their uncle, the Emperor [[Valens]], was killed in battle with the [[Goths]] at [[Battle of Adrianople|Adrianople]], and Gratian invited the general [[Theodosius I|Theodosius]] to be emperor in the [[Eastern Roman Empire|East]]. As a child, Valentinian II was under the pro-[[Arianism|Arian]] influence of his mother, empress Justina, and the courtiers at [[Milan]], an influence contested by the [[Nicene Christianity|Nicene]] [[bishop]] of Milan, [[Ambrose]].<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Valentinian I.|display=Valentinian I. s.v. Valetinian II.|volume=27|pages=851–852}}</ref>{{Sfn|Williams|Friell|1994|p=43}}<ref name="Valentinian"/>

In 383, [[Magnus Maximus]], commander of the armies in Britain, declared himself Emperor and established himself in Gaul and Hispania. Gratian was killed while fleeing him. As a lesser partner to Gratian in the West, Valentinian and his court in Milan had remained ineffectual and obscure until his brother's tragedy finally brought them to the forefront.{{sfn|McEvoy|2013|pp=61–64}} For a time the court of Valentinian, through the mediation of Ambrose, came to an accommodation with the usurper, and Theodosius recognized Maximus as co-emperor of the [[Western Roman Empire|West]].{{Sfn|Williams|Friell|1994|pp=39–40}}

Valentinian tried to restrain the despoiling of pagan temples in [[Rome]]. Buoyed by this instruction, the pagan [[Roman Senate|senators]], led by [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Aurelius Symmachus]], the [[Praefectus urbi|Prefect of Rome]], petitioned in 384 for the restoration of the [[Altar of Victory]] in the [[Curia Julia|Senate House]], which had been removed by Gratian in 382. Valentinian refused the request and, in so doing, rejected the traditions and rituals of pagan Rome to which Symmachus had appealed.{{Sfn|Curran|1998|p=106}} While Ambrose participated in the campaign against the reinstatement of Altar of Victory,<ref>Ambrose, ''Epistolae'' 17–18</ref> he admitted he was not the cause of the decision to remove the altar in the first place.<ref>Ambrose ''Epistolae'' 57.2</ref>

In 385 Ambrose refused an imperial request to hand over the Portian basilica for the celebration of Easter by the Imperial court, angering Justina, Valentinian, high-ranking officials, and other Arians at the court, including Goths.{{Sfn|Curran|1998|p=106}} Ambrose argued in his letter that Justina used her influence over her young son to oppose the Nicean party which was championed by Ambrose, framing her motivation as selfish.<ref name="Ambrose, Epistolae 20">Ambrose, ''Epistolae'' 20</ref> However, not only Justina, but the wider imperial court also opposed Ambrose's claim, since the praetorian prefect and the emperor's counsellors met him and demanded that he turn over the basilica.<ref name="Ambrose, Epistolae 20"/>{{sfn|McLynn|1994|pp=170–174}} When Ambrose was summoned to be punished to the Imperial palace, the orthodox populace rioted, and Gothic troops were prevented by the arch-bishop himself, standing in the doorway, from entering the Basilica. [[Tyrannius Rufinus|Rufinus]], influenced by Ambrose's writing, claimed that when Ambrose was found to have determinedly infracted the new laws, Justina persuaded Valentinian to have him banished, and Ambrose was forced to barricade himself, with the enthusiastic backing of the people, within the walls of the Basilica. Rufinus continues that the imperial troops besieged him, but Ambrose held on, reinforcing the resolution of his followers by allegedly unearthing, beneath the foundations of the church, the bodies of two ancient martyrs. Later, Magnus Maximus was purported to have used the emperor's heterodoxy against him.<ref>Rufinus, ''Ecclesiastical History'' 11.15–16</ref> Maximus indeed wrote a scathing letter attacking Valentinian for plotting against God.<ref>''Collectio Avellana'' 39</ref>

In 386 to 387, Maximus crossed the [[Alps]] into the [[Po River|Po]] valley and threatened Milan. Valentinian II and Justina fled to Theodosius in [[Thessalonica]]. The latter came to an agreement, cemented by his marriage to Valentinian's sister [[Galla (wife of Theodosius)|Galla]], to restore the young emperor in the West.<ref name="EB1911"/>{{Sfn|Williams|Friell|1994|p=62}} In 388, Theodosius marched west and defeated Maximus.{{Sfn|Williams|Friell|1994|p=63}}{{sfn|McLynn|1994|p=293}}{{sfn|McEvoy|2013|p=91}}

==Reign from Vienne (388–392)==
[[Image:Solidus of Valentinian II, AD 390.png|thumb|A [[solidus (coin)|solidus]] minted by Valentinian II in AD 390. On the reverse, both Valentinian and [[Theodosius I]] are celebrated as victorious.]]

After the defeat of Maximus, Valentinian took no part in Theodosius' [[Roman triumph|triumphal celebrations]] over Maximus.{{sfn|McEvoy|2013|p=92}} He and his court were installed at [[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]] in Gaul.{{sfn|Croke|1976|p=236}} Justina had already died, and Vienne was far away from the influence of Ambrose. In a panegyric for Theodosius, the orator [[Pacatus]] asserted that the empire belonged to his two sons, Arcadius and Honorius, while barely mentioning the newly restored Valentinian.{{sfn|McEvoy|2013|p=92}} Theodosius remained in Milan until 391, appointing his supporters to important offices in the West.{{Sfn|Croke|1976|p=236}}<ref name="Eugenius"> Roberts, Walter E., [http://www.roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/eugene.htm Eugenius (392–394 A.D.)]</ref> On the Eastern emperor's coinage, Valentinian continued to be represented with the "unbroken" legend like Arcadius, depicting both of them as Theodosius' junior colleagues.{{sfn|McEvoy|2013|p=93}}{{sfn|Croke|1976|pp=235–236}}<ref name="Valentinian"/> Modern scholars, observing Theodosius' actions, suspect that he had no intention of allowing Valentinian to rule, due to his plan for his sons to succeed him.{{sfn|McEvoy|2013|pp=94–95}}{{sfn|McLynn|1994|p=335}}{{Sfn|Williams|Friell|1994|p=66}}

When Theodosius decided to return to the East, his trusted general, the [[Franks|Frank]] [[Arbogast (magister militum)|Arbogast]], was appointed [[magister militum]] for the Western provinces (bar Africa) and guardian of Valentinian.{{sfn|McEvoy|2013|p=95}} Acting in the name of Valentinian, Arbogast was actually subordinate only to Theodosius.{{Sfn|Williams|Friell|1994|p=126}} While the general campaigned successfully on the Rhine, the young emperor remained confined at Vienne,{{sfn|McEvoy|2013|p=95}}{{sfn|McLynn|1994|p=335}} in contrast to his warrior father and his older brother, who had campaigned at his age.{{Sfn|Williams|Friell|1994|p=126}} Arbogast's domination over the emperor was to the point where, in a report that Hebblewhite characterized as "admittedly outlandish";{{sfn|Hebblewhite|2020|p=131}} the general is described as murdering Harmonius, a friend of Valentinian suspected of taking bribes, in the emperor's presence.{{Sfn | Croke | 1976 | p = 237}} Valentinian wrote to Theodosius and Ambrose complaining of his subordination to his general.<ref name="Valentinian"/>{{Sfn|Williams|Friell|1994|p=126}} In explicit rejection of his earlier Arianism, he invited Ambrose to come to Vienne to [[baptism|baptize]] him.{{sfn|McLynn|1994|p=336}}

The crisis reached a peak when Arbogast prohibited the emperor from leading the Gallic armies into Italy to oppose a barbarian threat.{{sfn|McEvoy|2013|p=113}} Valentinian, in response, formally dismissed Arbogast. The latter ignored the order, publicly tearing it up and arguing that Valentinian had not appointed him in the first place. The reality of where the power lay was openly displayed.{{Sfn|Williams|Friell|1994|p=127}}

==Death==
[[File:Disc of Theodosius (Valentinian II).png|thumb|upright|Valentinian II on the [[Missorium of Theodosius I]]; AD 388]]

On 15 May 392, Valentinian was found hanged in his residence in Vienne. Arbogast maintained that the emperor's death was [[suicide]].{{Sfn|Williams|Friell|1994|p=127}} Many sources believe, however, that the general had him murdered; ancient authorities were divided in their opinion. Some modern scholars lean toward suicide.{{sfn|Croke|1976|p=244}} McEvoy, Williams and Friell asserted that Arbogast had little reason to change his situation,{{sfn|McEvoy|2013|p=97}}{{Sfn|Williams|Friell|1994|p=127}} while McLynn observed how no one benefitted from the emperor's death.{{sfn|McLynn|1994|p=336}} Ambrose's eulogy is the only contemporary Western source for Valentinian's death.<ref>''De obitu Valentiniani consolatio''</ref> It is ambiguous on the question of the emperor's death, which is not surprising, as Ambrose represents him as a model of Christian virtue. Suicide, not murder, would make the bishop dissemble on this key question.<ref>{{Citation | others = JHWG Liebeschuetz, tr | first = Ambrose | last = of Milan | title = Political Letters and Speeches | publisher = Liverpool University Press | year = 2005 | page = 359}}</ref>

The young man's body was conveyed in ceremony to Milan for burial by Ambrose, mourned by his sisters Justa and Grata.{{Sfn|Williams|Friell|1994|p=127}}{{sfn|Johnson|1991|p=503}} He was laid in a [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] [[sarcophagus]] next to his brother Gratian, most probably in the Chapel of Sant'Aquilino attached to [[Basilica of San Lorenzo, Milan#Chapel of Saint Aquilino|San Lorenzo]].{{efn|The bottom of the sarcophagus may be identical to a porphyry tub (''labrum'') now in the Duomo of Milan.{{sfn|Johnson|1991|p=503}}}} He was deified with the {{Langx|la|Divae Memoriae Valentinianus|links=no|lit=Valentinian of Divine Memory|label=''consecratio''}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kienast|first=Dietmar|title=Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie|publisher=Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft|year=2017|isbn=978-3-534-26724-8|place=Darmstadt|pages=321–322|chapter=Valentinianus II|ref={{sfnref|Kienast}}|orig-year=1990|language=de}}</ref>

At first Arbogast recognized Theodosius's son Arcadius as emperor in the West, seemingly surprised by his charge's death.{{Sfnm | 1a1=Croke | 1y=1976 | 1p = 244 | 2a1=Hebblewhite | 2y=2020 | 2pp = 230–235}}  After three months, during which he had no communication from Theodosius, Arbogast selected an imperial official, [[Eugenius]], as emperor. Theodosius initially tolerated this regime but, in January 393, elevated the eight-year-old Honorius as ''augustus'' to succeed Valentinian II. Civil war ensued and, in 394, Theodosius defeated Eugenius and Arbogast at the [[Battle of the Frigidus]].<ref name="Eugenius"/>

==Significance==
[[Constantine I]] and his sons re-established the practice of hereditary succession, a system that Valentinian I continued to maintain. However, from the [[Crisis of the Third Century]] the empire had been ruled by campaigning emperors. This trend came to a break with the reign of Valentinian II, a child.{{Sfn|Williams|Friell|1994|p=42}} Valentinian seems to have lacked authority as a figurehead for various interests: his mother, his co-emperors, and powerful generals. His reign was a harbinger of the fifth century, when young emperors were controlled by powerful generals and officials until mid-century ([[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]], [[Arcadius]], [[Theodosius II]], [[Valentinian III]] and [[Romulus Augustulus]]).

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Croke |first1=Brian |title=Arbogast and the Death of Valentinian II |journal=[[Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte]]|date=1976 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=235–244 |jstor=4435500}}
* {{Cite book| last = Curran | first = J  | chapter = From Jovian to Theodosius | title = The Cambridge Ancient History | volume = XIII: ''The Late Empire AD 337–425'' | place = Cambridge | publisher = University Press | year = 1998}}
* {{Cite journal | first = R.M. | last = Errington | title = The Accession of Theodosius I | journal = Klio | volume = 78 | issue = 2 | year = 1996| pages = 438–453 | doi = 10.1524/klio.1996.78.2.438 | s2cid = 193468287 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hebblewhite |year=2020 |first=Mark |title=Theodosius and the Limits of Empire |publisher=Routledge |place=London |isbn=978-1-138-10298-9 |url={{googlebooks|o1TYDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} |doi=10.4324/9781315103334 |s2cid=213344890}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=Mark J.|title=On the Burial Places of the Valentinian Dynasty|journal=[[Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte]]|date=1991|volume=40|issue=4|pages=501–506|jstor=4436217}}
* {{Cite book |title=Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455 |first=Meaghan |last=McEvoy |publisher=Oxford University Press  |year=2013 |isbn=978-0199664818}}
* {{Cite book|title = Theodosius: the Empire at Bay|last2 = Friell|first2 = G|publisher=Routledge|year = 1994|isbn=9780713466911|first1 = S|last1 = Williams}}
* {{Cite book |last=McLynn |first=Neil B. |title=Ambrose of Milan: Church and Court in a Christian Capital |url=https://archive.org/details/ambroseofmilanch0000mcly|volume=22 |series= The Transformation of the Classical Heritage |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |year = 1994 |isbn=978-0-520-08461-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lenski |year=2003 |first=Noel |title=Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D. |publisher= University of California Press |place=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-23332-8 |url={{googlebooks|uvXo39xOV8kC|plainurl=y}} }}

==External links==
{{Wikisource author}}
{{Commons|Valentinianus II}}
* [http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/imperial-laws-chart-364 Fourth century Imperial laws chart]—This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Valentinian II relating to Christianity.
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Roberts |first=Walter F. |title=Valentinian II |url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/valenii.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022406/http://www.roman-emperors.org/valenii.htm |archive-date=26 March 2023 |url-status=dead |encyclopedia=Roman Emperors – An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families |date=20 June 2023}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Roberts |first=Walter F. |title=Flavius Eugenius |url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/eugene.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401141757/http://www.roman-emperors.org/eugene.htm |archive-date=1 April 2023 |url-status=dead |encyclopedia=Roman Emperors – An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families |date=20 June 2023}}
* {{Cite web |author=Ambrose of Milan |title=To Valentinian II regarding Auexentius |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/ambrose-let21.html |type=letter |publisher=Fordham University}}
	
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{{s-hou|[[Valentinianic dynasty]]||371|15 May|392}}
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{{s-ttl | title=[[List of Roman emperors|Roman emperor]]
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{{Roman emperors}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valentinian 02}}
[[Category:371 births]]
[[Category:392 deaths]]
[[Category:4th-century Christians]]
[[Category:4th-century Roman emperors]]
[[Category:4th-century Roman consuls]]
[[Category:Ancient child monarchs]]
[[Category:Arian Christians]]
[[Category:Deaths by hanging]]
[[Category:Deified Roman emperors]]
[[Category:Illyrian emperors]]
[[Category:Illyrian people]]
[[Category:Sons of Roman emperors]]
[[Category:Valentinianic dynasty]]