Editing Venetian window

{{Short description|Tripartite window}}

[[File:Holkham Hall 20080717-05.jpg|thumb|right|Venetian window at [[Holkham Hall]] in Norfolk, England, c. 1734-64]]

A '''Venetian window''' (also known as a '''Serlian''' or '''Palladian window''' or '''Serlian motif''')  is a distinctive architectural element that consists of a central arched window flanked by two smaller rectangular windows. This design is often used in classical architecture and has been widely employed in Renaissance, Baroque, and Neoclassical buildings. Although [[Sebastiano Serlio]] (1475–1554) did not invent it, the window features largely in the work of the Italian architect [[Andrea Palladio]] (1508–1580) and is almost a [[trademark]] of his early career. The true [[Palladian window]] is an elaborated version. Both the '''Venetian window''' or '''Serlian window''' and the '''Palladian window''' were inspired by Hellenistic and Roman examples which are part of the classical tradition and related to prestige and sacredness. <ref>Parada López de Corselas, Manuel (2015). La serliana en el Imperio Romano: paradigma de la arquitectura del poder: una lectura de la arquitectura y la iconografía arquitectónica romanas. Roma: L'Erma di Bretschneider. </ref>

==Overview==
The Venetian window consists of an arched central light, symmetrically flanked by two shorter [[sidelight]]s. Each sidelight is flanked by two columns or [[pilasters]] and topped by a small [[entablature]]. The entablatures serve as [[Impost (architecture)|imposts]] supporting the semicircular arch that tops the central light. In the library at Venice, [[Jacopo Sansovino|Sansovino]] varied the design by substituting columns for the two inner pilasters. To describe its origin as being either Palladian or Venetian is not accurate; the motif was first used by [[Donato Bramante]]<ref>Ackerman, Jaaes S. (1994). ''Palladio'' (series "Architect and Society")</ref> and later mentioned by Serlio in his seven-volume architectural book ''[[Tutte l'opere d'architettura et prospetiva]]'' expounding the ideals of Vitruvius and Roman architecture, this arched window is flanked by two lower rectangular openings, a motif that first appeared in the [[triumphal arch]]es of ancient Rome.

Palladio used the motif extensively, most notably in the arcades of the [[Basilica Palladiana]] in [[Vicenza]]. It is also a feature of his entrance to [[Villa Forni Cerato]]. It is perhaps this extensive use of the motif in the [[Veneto]] that has given the window its alternative name of the Venetian window; it is also known as a Serlian window. Whatever the name or the origin, this form of window has probably become one of the most enduring features of Palladio's work seen in the later architectural styles evolved from Palladianism.<ref>Andrea Palladio, Caroline Constant. ''The Palladio Guide''. [[Princeton Architectural Press]], 1993. p. 42.</ref> According to [[James Lees-Milne]], its first appearance in Britain was in the remodeled wings of [[Burlington House]], London, where the immediate source was actually in [[Inigo Jones]]'s designs for [[Whitehall Palace]] rather than drawn from Palladio himself.<ref>"The earliest example of the revived Venetian window in England", Lees-Milne, ''The Earls of Creation'', 1962:100.</ref>

==Palladian window==
The [[Palladian window]] or "Palladio motif" is Palladio's elaboration of this, normally used in a series.  It places a larger or [[giant order]] in between each window, and doubles the small columns supporting the side lintels, placing the second column behind rather than beside the first.  This is introduced in the Basilica Palladiana in Vicenza,<ref>Summerson, 129-130</ref>  where it is used on both storeys; this feature was less often copied. Here the openings are not strictly windows, as they enclose a [[loggia]].  [[Pilaster]]s might replace columns, as in other contexts.  Sir [[John Summerson]] suggests that the omission of the doubled columns may be allowed, but "the term "Palladian motif" should be confined" to cases where the larger order is present.<ref>Summerson, 130</ref>

==Variants==
A variant, in which the motif is enclosed within a relieving [[blind arch]] that unifies the motif, is not Palladian, though Burlington seems to have assumed it was so, in using a drawing in his possession showing three such features in a plain wall (see illustration of Claydon House right). Modern scholarship attributes the drawing to [[Vincenzo Scamozzi|Scamozzi]]. Burlington employed the motif in 1721 for an elevation of [[Tottenham House|Tottenham Park]] in [[Savernake Forest]] for his brother-in-law Lord Bruce (since remodelled). Kent picked it up in his designs for the Houses of Parliament, and it appears in Kent's executed designs for the north front of [[Holkham Hall]].<ref>James Lees-Milne 1962:133f.</ref>

The [[Ipswich window]] is another variant.<ref name="Gayland">{{cite journal |last1=Gayland |url = http://www.ipswichsociety.org.uk/newsletter/newsletter-january-2018-issue-210/ipswich-windows/|first1=Robin |title=Ipswich Windows |journal=The Ipswich Society Newsletter |date=2018 |issue=210, January 2018}}</ref>

== Origins and Development ==
The Venetian window design originates from the Renaissance period and is strongly associated with the Italian architect [[Andrea Palladio]] (1508–1580), who used it extensively in his works. However, its conceptual origins can be traced back to the earlier architect [[Sebastiano Serlio]] (1475–1554), who described a similar window form in his treatise ''Tutte l'opere d'architettura et prospettiva'' (1537). Because of Serlio’s early documentation, the window is sometimes referred to as a Serlian window.<ref>Summerson, John. ''The Classical Language of Architecture''. MIT Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0262690126.</ref>

Palladio further refined the form and integrated it into his villas and palaces, which led to its popularization across Europe and later in the United States during the 18th and 19th centuries.

== Characteristics ==
A typical Venetian window consists of:
* A large ''central arched opening'' that provides a focal point.
* Two ''smaller rectangular side windows'' that are usually separated from the central arch by slender columns or pilasters.
* A ''decorative entablature'' or cornice that unifies the composition.
* Sometimes a ''balustrade or balcony'' beneath the window, especially in grand residences and palaces.

== Usage in Architecture ==
=== Italian Renaissance and Palladianism ===
Andrea Palladio extensively incorporated the Venetian window motif into his architectural designs, particularly in his villa and palace facades. One of the most famous examples is the [[Villa Godi]] (1542), where Palladio utilized the motif to enhance symmetry and grandeur.<ref>Palladio, Andrea. ''I quattro libri dell'architettura''. 1570.</ref>

=== Baroque and Neoclassical Revival ===
During the Baroque and Neoclassical periods, the Venetian window became a favored design element in both Europe and North America. In England, architects such as [[Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington]] (1694–1753) incorporated Palladian windows into their designs, further cementing their association with Palladianism. Notable examples include:
* [[Chiswick House]], London (1729)
* [[The White House]], Washington, D.C. (1792–1800), where Palladian windows are seen in its design.

=== American Colonial and Federal Architecture ===
The motif was widely used in American Colonial and Federal architecture, often appearing in grand homes and public buildings. It was particularly popular in the designs of [[Thomas Jefferson]], who integrated Palladian elements into his works such as:
* [[Monticello]], Virginia (1772)
* [[The Virginia State Capitol]], Richmond (1788)

== Modern Adaptations ==
In modern architecture, the Venetian window remains a popular design element, often appearing in neoclassical and revivalist buildings. Contemporary adaptations may incorporate materials like aluminum and glass, while maintaining the fundamental tripartite composition.<ref>Fletcher, Banister. ''A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method''. Batsford, 1896.</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:2017 vicenza 022.jpg|A corner of the [[Basilica Palladiana]], [[Vicenza]], with Palladian window openings to the [[loggia]]
File:Burlington House South Front edited.jpg|Pair of Palladian windows on wings of south front of [[Burlington House]], [[Westminster]], the earliest appearance of the element in Britain
File:Wilton House facade.jpg|A Venetian window, with blind sides, designed by [[Isaac de Caus]] (d.1648)<ref>Nicolson, Nigel, ''Great Houses of Britain'', London, 1978, p.125</ref> ''circa'' 1647, south front of [[Wilton House]], Wiltshire, England
File:Claydon House - geograph.org.uk - 1285177.jpg|[[Claydon House]] (begun 1757), here the Venetian window in the central bay is surrounded by a unifying blind arch
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Venetian windows}}
* [[Venetian door]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[[Manuel Parada López de Corselas|Parada López de Corselas, Manuel]], ''[[La serliana en el Imperio Romano: paradigma de la arquitectura del poder: una lectura de la arquitectura y la iconografía arquitectónica romanas]]'', 2015, [[L'Erma di Bretschneider]] {{ISBN|9788891308863}}
*[[Manuel Parada López de Corselas|Parada López de Corselas, Manuel]], ''[[La serliana en Europa. Fortuna y funciones de un elemento arquitectónico (siglos VII-XVIII)]]'', 2019, [[Centro de Estudios Europa Hispánica]] {{ISBN|9788415245834}}
*[[John Summerson|Summerson, John]], ''[[The Classical Language of Architecture]]'', 1980 edition, [[Thames and Hudson]] ''World of Art'' series, {{ISBN|0500201773}}

==External links==
*[https://www.clearlywindowsanddoorscolorado.com/crank-out-casement-windows-in-denver-parker-littleton-lakewood-arvada-broomfield-boulder-thornton-and-brighton-co Crank Out & Casement Windows Comparison]

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[[Category:Windows]]
[[Category:Palladian architecture]]
[[Category:Architectural elements]]