Editing Veronica Franco

{{short description|Italian poet and courtesan}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name        = Veronica Franco
| image       = VeronicaFranco.jpg
| caption     = Portrait by [[Tintoretto]], ca. 1575
| birth_date  = c. 1546
| birth_place = [[Venice]], [[Republic of Venice]]
| death_date  = 1591
| death_place = [[Venice]], [[Republic of Venice]]
| movement    = [[Mannerism]]
| signature   = }}

'''Veronica Franco''' (c. 1546–1591) was an Italian [[Poetry|poet]] and [[courtesan]] in 16th-century [[Venice]]. She is known for her notable clientele, feminist advocacy, literary contributions, and philanthropy. Her [[Humanism|humanist education]] and cultural contributions influenced the roles of courtesans in the late Venetian [[Renaissance]].

In her notable works, ''Capitoli in Terze rime and Lettere familiari a diversi ("[https://dornsife.usc.edu/veronica-franco/poems-and-letters/ Familiar Letters] to Various People")'', Franco uses perceived virtue, reason, and fairness to advise male [[Patrician (post-Roman Europe)|patricians]] and other associates. She exercised greater autonomy in her authorship than any other traditional [[Veneto|Venetian]] woman due to her established reputation and influence.

== Life==
Veronica Franco was born to a family in the ''Cittadino'' class.<ref>Veronica Franco and the 'Cortigiane Oneste': Attaining Power through Prostitution in Sixteenth-Century Venice by Arielle Sison; Stanford.</ref> She developed her position in Renaissance Venetian society as a ''cortigiana onesta (Honest [[Courtesan]])'', who were intellectual sex workers who derived their position in society from refinement and cultural prowess. They served in contrast to other sex workers such as ''cortigiana di lume or meretrice'' ('harlots')'','' who were lower-class [[prostitutes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jansen |first=Sharon L. |title=Veronica Franco, the "Cortigiana onesta" (the "honored courtesan") |url=https://www.monstrousregimentofwomen.com/2015/08/veronica-franco-cortigiana-onesta.html |access-date=2022-10-18}}</ref>

Franco received a respectable humanistic education at a young age from her brother's tutor, an unusual opportunity for Venetian women. She continued her education by mixing with learned men, writers, and painters.<ref name=":1" /> This granted her access to a Domenico Venier, a patron and advisor to women writers. She was able to use her education to contribute considerably to literary and artistic outlets.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203943540/encyclopedia-italian-literary-studies-gaetana-marrone-paolo-puppa |title=Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Marrone |editor-first=Gaetana |doi=10.4324/9780203943540 |isbn=9781135455309 |editor-last2=Puppa |editor-first2=Paolo}}</ref>

Franco learned additional skills from her mother, Paola Fracassa, who had an interest in finding suitable clients for her, as well as marrying her off.<ref name="Russell1994">{{cite book|author=Rinaldina Russell|title=Italian Women Writers: A Bio-bibliographical Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxDbPQrjs64C&pg=PA138|year=1994|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28347-5|pages=138}}</ref> While still in her teens, Franco was briefly married to a mature, wealthy physician named Paolo Panizza. She supported her children along with a household of tutors and servants for most of her life.<ref name=":1" />

Franco wrote two volumes of poetry: ''Terze rime'' in 1575 and ''Lettere familiari a diversi'' in 1580.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosenthal |first1=Margaret F. |title=Veronica Franco's Terze Rime: the Venetian Courtesan's Defense |journal=Renaissance Quarterly |date=1989 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=227–257 |doi=10.2307/2861626 |jstor=2861626 |s2cid=163306755 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2861626 |access-date=22 June 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 1565, when she was about 20 years old, Veronica Franco was listed in the ''Catalogo de tutte le principal et più honorate cortigiane di Venetia'' (''Catalog of all the Principal and most Honored Courtesans of Venice''), which gave the names, addresses, and fees of Venice's most prominent prostitutes; her mother was listed as the person to whom the fee should be paid (her "go-between").<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/veronica-franco_(Dizionario-Biografico)|title=FRANCO, Veronica in "Dizionario Biografico"|website=www.treccani.it}}</ref> From extant records, we know that, by the time she was 18, Franco had been briefly married and had given birth to her first child; she would eventually have six children, three of whom died in infancy.<ref name=":1" />

She became involved in the 1570s with Domenico Venier's renowned literary salon in Venice, who served as a literary adviser not only to male writers but also to many women poets of the Veneto region.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Biography: Franco, Veronica |url=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/IWW/BIOS/A0017.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.lib.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

As one of the ''più honorate cortigiane'' in a wealthy and cosmopolitan city, Franco lived well for much of her working life, but without the automatic protection accorded to "respectable" women, she had to make her own way. She studied and sought patrons among the learned.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ferraro |first1=Joanne M. |title=Venice: History of the Floating City |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-53618-9 |page=149 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlQhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Meredith K. |title=Writing Gender in Women's Letter Collections of the Italian Renaissance |date=2009 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-9704-0 |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDBGpgML300C&pg=PA134 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1575, during the epidemic of [[bubonic plague|plague]] that ravaged the city, Franco was forced to leave Venice and lost much of her wealth when her house and possessions were looted.<ref name=":2" /> Upon her return in 1577, she defended herself against charges of [[witchcraft]] before the [[Inquisition]], a crime commonly lodged against courtesans in those days. The charges were dropped.<ref name=":2" /> There is evidence that her connections among the Venetian nobility helped in her acquittal.<ref name=":2" />

Her later life is largely obscure, though surviving records suggest that although she won her freedom, she lost all of her material goods and wealth. Eventually, her last major [[benefactor (law)|benefactor]] died and left her with no financial support. There is little information for her life after 1580. Records suggest that she was less prosperous in her later years and is believed to have died in relative poverty.<ref name=":2" />

== Writings ==
In 1575, Franco's first volume of poetry was published, her ''Terze rime'', containing 18 ''capitoli'' (verse epistles) by her and 7 by men writing in her praise. That same year saw an outbreak of plague in Venice, one that lasted two years and caused Franco to leave the city and to lose many of her possessions. In 1577, she unsuccessfully proposed to the city council that it should establish a home for poor women, of which she would become the administrator.

In 1580, Franco published her ''Lettere familiari a diversi'' ("Familiar Letters to Various People") which included 50 letters, as well as two [[sonnet]]s addressed to King [[Henry III of France]].

Franco's success was not limited to being a coveted courtesan. It was her wittiness and often criticized voice that was immortalized by way of being published that brought forth much recognition. Records indicate that the number of actual publications was limited as they were thought to have been at her own expense or private publications. Her work is known to have been included in an anthology of women poets in the 18th century (1726) that was edited by [[Luisa Bergalli]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Poems and Selected Letters| last=Franco|first=Veronica|publisher=University of Chicago Press| year=1999| isbn=9780226259871|pages=22}}</ref> 
{{Quote|"When we too are armed and trained, we can convince men that we have hands, feet, and a heart like yours; and although we may be delicate and soft, some men who are delicate are also strong; and others, coarse and harsh, are cowards.  Women have not yet realized this, for if they should decide to do so, they would be able to fight you until death; and to prove that I speak the truth, amongst so many women, I will be the first to act, setting an example for them to follow."|Veronica Franco}}

The embodiment of her role in the public realm was made evermore tangible, amongst the literary circles and the Venetian public during her polemic literary battle with Maffio Venier. The poem referenced above, ''Capitolo XVI'', ''A Challenge to a Poet Who Has Defamed Her'', is believed to have been one of the many directed to Maffio Venier. These poems are ''Capitolo XIII'', ''Capitolo XVI'', and ''Capitolo XXIII'' of her literary publication ''Terze Rime''.

==Posthumous reception==
In the 1974 film "Sex Through the Ages" (originally titled "On the Game"), Louise Pajo played the part of Veronica Franca, a 16th century Venetian prostitute.  In the film she appears in two scenes.  One in which she seduces the homosexual King of France, Henry III; and another in which she is a sufferer of syphilis.

Franco's life was recorded in the 1992 book ''[[The Honest Courtesan]]'' by US author Margaret F. Rosenthal.<ref>Rosenthal, Margaret F. [http://dornsife.usc.edu/veronica-franco/the-honest-courtesan/ The Honest Courtesan: Veronica Franco, Citizen and Writer in Sixteenth-Century Venice.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913024810/http://dornsife.usc.edu/veronica-franco/the-honest-courtesan/ |date=2013-09-13 }} Chicago,1992.</ref>

[[Catherine McCormack]] portrayed Veronica Franco in the 1998 movie ''[[Dangerous Beauty]],'' released as ''A Destiny of Her Own'' in some countries, based on Rosenthal's book.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dangerous Beauty |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118892/ |website=IMDb}}{{rs|date=July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dangerous Beauty Release Info |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118892/releaseinfo?ref_=tt_dt_rdat |website=IMDb}}{{rs|date=July 2022}}</ref>

In the 2000s Franco prompted scholarly inquiries on "what it meant to be a public woman in Cinquecento Venice".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Wojciehowski|first=Dolora Chapelle|date=Fall–Winter 2006|title=Veronica Franco vs. Maffio Venier: Sex, Death, and Poetry in Cinquecento Venice |journal=Italica |volume=83 |issue=3/4 |pages=367–390|jstor=27669097}}</ref> This directly pertained to her duality of both a courtesan and a published poet. Franco is referenced to have been a "living performance of public art—a renowned courtesan whose body was available to a certain exclusive clientele, a published author, and a public presence."<ref name=":0" />
Franco's literary work demonstrates her ability to defend women, as a whole, in a format that can be studied and understood as ahead of her time. Franco's work fearlessly embarked on juxtaposed realms such as sexuality and women's agency as a whole. In doing so, she challenged and disrupted the patriarchal norms that surrounded her.

Franco is also portrayed in the 2012 Serbian novel named after her ({{langx|sr|Штампар и Вероника}}) authored by Serbian writer Katarina Brajović.<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Kultura/Zivot-za-knjigu-u-lepoj-Veneciji.lt.html | title=Život za knjigu u lepoj Veneciji | publisher=Politika | date=November 28, 2012 | access-date=February 21, 2013|quote=Pesnikinja Veronika Franko zaista je postojala, njeno delo se i danas smatra interesantnim, a pisala je rime o svojim ljubavnicima. Njenoj biografiji dodala sam detalje koji su bili važni u kreiranju dramske strukture romana.}}</ref>

In 2013, her work was interpreted as adopting "a position of public authority that calls attention to her education, her rhetorical skill, and the solidarity she feels with women."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dornsife.usc.edu/veronica-franco/the-woman/|title=The Woman|author=Margaret Rosenthal |date=2013|website=Veronica Franco Project|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref> She embodied in writing a duality, toggling between and addressing both private and public life matters. Her publications have allowed her work and proto-feminist efforts to transcend time.

== Further reading==
* [http://dornsife.usc.edu/veronica-franco/poems-and-letters/ sample of poems and letters by Veronica Franco ] 2013 Veronica Franco Project, USC Dornsife.
*[http://dornsife.usc.edu/veronica-franco/portraits-of-franco/  portraits, attributed to Tintoretto] 2013 Veronica Franco Project, USC Dornsife..
*Michael Asimow, [https://archive.today/20121212142739/http://usf.usfca.edu/pj/articles/dangerousbeauty.htm Dangerous Beauty: The Trial of a Courtesan] UCLA Law School, (May 1998).
* Rosenthal, Margaret F., "Veronica Franco's ''Terze Rime'' (1575): The Venetian Courtesan's Defense" [https://web.archive.org/web/20060526064853/http://www.rsa.org/rq.htm Renaissance Society of America] ''Renaissance Quarterly'' 42:2 (Summer 1989) 227-257 {{dead link|date=January 2020}}
*Adler, Sara Maria. "Veronica Franco's Petrarchan Terze rime: Subverting the Master's Plan," Italica 65: 3 (1988): 213–33. 
*Diberti-Leigh, Marcella. Veronica Franco: Donna, poetessa e cortigiana del Rinascimento. Ivrea, Italy, 1988. 
*Jones, Ann R. The Currency of Eros: Women's Love Lyric in Europe, 1540–1620. Bloomington and Indianapolis, Ind., 1990. 
*Phillipy, Patricia. "'Altera Dido': The Model of Ovid's Heroides in the Poems of Gaspara Stampa and Veronica Franco," Italica 69 (1992): 1-18. 
*Stefano Bianchi, ''La scrittura poetica femminile nel Cinquecento veneto: Gaspara Stampa e Veronica Franco'', Manziana: Vecchiarelli, 2013. {{ISBN|978-88-8247-337-2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://dornsife.usc.edu/veronica-franco/the-woman/ Biography]
*[http://www.projectcontinua.org/veronica-franco/ Project Continua: Biography of Veronica Franco]
* {{Librivox author |id=16235}}

{{Portal|Biography}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Franco, Veronica}}
[[Category:1540s births]]
[[Category:1591 deaths]]
[[Category:Republic of Venice poets]]
[[Category:16th-century Venetian people]]
[[Category:16th-century Italian poets]]
[[Category:16th-century Italian women writers]]
[[Category:16th-century Venetian writers]]
[[Category:Italian artists' models]]
[[Category:Italian courtesans]]
[[Category:Italian women poets]]
[[Category:Mistresses of French royalty]]
[[Category:People acquitted of witchcraft]]
[[Category:Renaissance women]]
[[Category:Witch trials in Italy]]