Editing Video

{{Short description|Electronic moving image}}
{{About|the storage and reproduction medium|their content and production|Film|and|Footage|other uses}}
{{distinguish|Vidio}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}

[[File:How to make video.webm|thumbtime=1|thumb|upright=1.5|A one-minute animated video showing an example of a media production process|alt=Scenes in order: initial meeting, brainstorming, concept design, scripting, storyboards, shooting, initial editing, adding graphics, revising, add audio, final grading, delivery]]

'''Video''' is an [[Electronics|electronic]] medium for the recording, [[copying]], playback, [[broadcasting]], and display of [[moving picture|moving]] [[image|visual]] [[Media (communication)|media]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hidefnj.com/video.html|title=Video – HiDef Audio and Video |website=hidefnj.com|access-date=March 30, 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514041225/http://hidefnj.com/video.html|archive-date=May 14, 2017}}</ref> Video was first developed for [[mechanical television]] systems, which were quickly replaced by [[cathode-ray tube]] (CRT) systems, which, in turn, were replaced by [[flat-panel display]]s of several types.

Video systems vary in [[display resolution]], [[Display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]], [[refresh rate]], color capabilities, and other qualities. Analog and digital variants exist and can be carried on a variety of media, including [[radio broadcasts]], [[magnetic tape]], [[optical disc]]s, [[Video file format|computer files]], and [[Streaming media|network streaming]].

==Etymology==
The word ''video'' comes from the [[Latin]] verb ''video,'' meaning to see or ''videre''. And as a noun, "that which is displayed on a (television) screen,"<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/video |title=video |work=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|History of television}}

===Analog video===
{{See also|Analog television|Videotape}}
[[File:NTSC Signal.png|thumb|[[NTSC]] [[composite video]] signal (analog)]]
Video developed from facsimile systems developed in the mid-19th century.  Early mechanical video scanners, such as the [[Nipkow disk]], were [[patent]]ed as early as 1884, however, it took several decades before practical video systems could be developed, many decades after [[film]].  Film records using a sequence of miniature photographic images visible to the eye when the film is physically examined. Video, by contrast, encodes images electronically, turning the images into analog or digital electronic signals for transmission or recording.<ref>{{cite web |title=Film Preservation 101: What's the Difference Between a Film and a Video? |date=June 25, 2013 |first=Audrey |last=Amidon |website=The Unwritten Record |publisher=US National Archives |url=https://unwritten-record.blogs.archives.gov/2013/06/25/film-preservation-101-whats-the-difference-between-a-film-and-a-video }}</ref>

Video technology was first developed for [[mechanical television]] systems, which were quickly replaced by [[cathode-ray tube]] (CRT) [[television]] systems. Video was originally exclusively [[Live television|live]] technology. Live video cameras used an electron beam, which would scan a photoconductive plate with the desired image and produce a voltage signal proportional to the brightness in each part of the image. The signal could then be sent to televisions, where another beam would receive and display the image.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vocademy - Learn for Free - Electronics Technology - Analog Circuits - Analog Television |url=https://vocademy.net/textbooks/AnalogCircuits/Part7/PageSetup.php?CourseDirectory=AnalogCircuits&Page=45&FileName=AnalogTelevision |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=vocademy.net}}</ref> [[Charles Ginsburg]] led an [[Ampex]] research team to develop one of the first practical [[video tape recorder]]s (VTR). In 1951, the first VTR captured live images from [[television camera]]s by writing the camera's electrical signal onto magnetic [[videotape]].

Video recorders were sold for $50,000 in 1956, and videotapes cost US$300 per one-hour reel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/technology/technology10.html |title=TV Technology 10. Roll VTR |first=Richard |last=Elen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027190500/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/technology/technology10.html |archive-date=October 27, 2011 }}</ref> However, prices gradually dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling [[videocassette recorder]] (VCR) decks and tapes into the [[consumer market]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rewindmuseum.com/umatic.htm |title=Vintage Umatic VCR – Sony VO-1600. The worlds first VCR. 1971 |access-date=February 21, 2014 |website=Rewind Museum |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140222172720/http://www.rewindmuseum.com/umatic.htm |archive-date=February 22, 2014 }}</ref>

===Digital video===
{{Main|Digital video}}
{{See also|Digital television|Video coding format}}
Digital video is capable of higher quality and, eventually, a much lower cost than earlier analog technology. After the commercial introduction of the [[DVD]] in 1997 and later the [[Blu-ray Disc]] in 2006, sales of videotape and recording equipment plummeted. Advances in [[computer]] technology allow even inexpensive [[personal computer]]s and [[smartphone]]s to capture, store, edit, and transmit digital video, further reducing the cost of [[video production]] and allowing programmers and broadcasters to move to [[tapeless production]]. The advent of [[digital broadcasting]] and the subsequent [[digital television transition]] are in the process of relegating analog video to the status of a [[legacy technology]] in most parts of the world. The development of high-resolution video cameras with improved [[dynamic range]] and [[Gamut|color gamuts]], along with the introduction of high-dynamic-range [[digital intermediate]] data formats with improved [[color depth]], has caused digital video technology to converge with film technology. {{As of|since=y|2013|post=,}} the use of [[digital camera]]s in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] has surpassed the use of film cameras.<ref>{{cite web |last=Follows |first=Stephen |title=The use of digital vs celluloid film on Hollywood movies |date=February 11, 2019 |url=https://stephenfollows.com/digital-vs-film-on-hollywood-movies/ |access-date=February 19, 2022 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411214338/https://stephenfollows.com/digital-vs-film-on-hollywood-movies/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Characteristics of video streams==
===Number of frames per second===
''[[Frame rate]]'', the number of still pictures per unit of time of video, ranges from six or eight frames per second (''frame/s'') for old mechanical cameras to 120 or more for new professional cameras. [[PAL]] standards (Europe, Asia, Australia, etc.) and [[SECAM]] (France, Russia, parts of Africa, etc.) specify 25 frame/s, while [[NTSC]] standards (United States, Canada, Japan, etc.) specify 29.97 frame/s.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Soseman|first1=Ned|title=What's the difference between 59.94fps and 60fps?|url=http://www.tvtechnology.com/media-systems/0191/whats-the-difference-between-fps-and-fps/241737|access-date=July 12, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629190309/http://www.tvtechnology.com/media-systems/0191/whats-the-difference-between-fps-and-fps/241737|archive-date=June 29, 2017}}</ref> Film is shot at a slower frame rate of 24 frames per second, which slightly complicates the process of transferring a cinematic motion picture to video. The minimum frame rate to achieve a comfortable illusion of a [[Persistence of vision|moving image]] is about sixteen frames per second.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://vision.arc.nasa.gov/publications/TemporalSensitivity.pdf | title=Temporal Sensitivity | first=Andrew B. | last=Watson | year=1986 | journal=Sensory Processes and Perception | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308001647/http://vision.arc.nasa.gov/publications/TemporalSensitivity.pdf | archive-date=March 8, 2016 }}</ref>

===Interlaced vs. progressive===
Video can be [[interlaced]] or [[Progressive scan|progressive]]. In progressive scan systems, each refresh period updates all scan lines in each frame in sequence. When displaying a natively progressive broadcast or recorded signal, the result is the optimum spatial resolution of both the stationary and moving parts of the image. Interlacing was invented as a way to reduce flicker in early [[mechanical television|mechanical]] and [[cathode-ray tube|CRT]] video displays without increasing the number of complete [[frames per second]]. Interlacing retains detail while requiring lower [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] compared to progressive scanning.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bovik |first=Alan C. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/190789775 |title=Handbook of image and video processing |date=2005 |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-053361-2 |edition=2nd |location=Amsterdam |pages=14–21 |oclc=190789775 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123924/https://www.worldcat.org/title/190789775 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Wright |first=Steve |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/499054489 |title=Digital compositing for film and video |date=2002 |publisher=Focal Press |isbn=978-0-08-050436-0 |location=Boston |oclc=499054489 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123924/https://www.worldcat.org/title/499054489 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In interlaced video, the horizontal [[scan line]]s of each complete frame are treated as if numbered consecutively and captured as two ''fields'': an ''odd field'' (upper field) consisting of the odd-numbered lines and an ''even field'' (lower field) consisting of the even-numbered lines. Analog display devices reproduce each frame, effectively doubling the frame rate as far as perceptible overall flicker is concerned. When the image capture device acquires the fields one at a time, rather than dividing up a complete frame after it is captured, the frame rate for motion is effectively doubled as well, resulting in smoother, more lifelike reproduction of rapidly moving parts of the image when viewed on an interlaced CRT display.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

NTSC, PAL, and SECAM are interlaced formats.  Abbreviated video resolution specifications often include an ''i'' to indicate interlacing. For example, PAL video format is often described as ''576i50'', where ''576'' indicates the total number of horizontal scan lines, ''i'' indicates interlacing, and ''50'' indicates 50 fields (half-frames) per second.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Blain |title=Cinematography: Theory and Practice: Image Making for Cinematographers and Directors |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2013 |isbn=9781136047381 |pages=159–166}}</ref>

When displaying a natively interlaced signal on a progressive scan device, the overall spatial resolution is degraded by simple [[line doubling]]—artifacts, such as flickering or comb effects in moving parts of the image, appear unless special signal processing eliminates them.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Michael |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/815408915 |title=Digital Video Processing for Engineers : a Foundation for Embedded Systems Design |date=2013 |others=Suhel Dhanani |isbn=978-0-12-415761-3 |location=Amsterdam |oclc=815408915 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123924/https://www.worldcat.org/title/815408915 |url-status=live }}</ref> A procedure known as [[deinterlacing]] can optimize the display of an interlaced video signal from an analog, DVD, or satellite source on a progressive scan device such as an [[LCD television]], digital [[video projector]], or plasma panel. Deinterlacing cannot, however, produce [[video quality]] that is equivalent to true progressive scan source material.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

===Aspect ratio===
[[Image:Aspect ratios.svg|thumbnail|250px|Comparison of common [[cinematography]] and traditional [[television]] (green) aspect ratios]]
[[Display aspect ratio|Aspect ratio]] describes the proportional relationship between the width and height of video screens and video picture elements.  All popular video formats are [[rectangular]], and this can be described by a ratio between width and height. The ratio of width to height for a traditional television screen is 4:3, or about 1.33:1. High-definition televisions use an aspect ratio of 16:9, or about 1.78:1. The aspect ratio of a full 35&nbsp;mm film frame with soundtrack (also known as the [[Academy ratio]]) is 1.375:1.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Bing |first=Benny |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/672322796 |title=3D and HD broadband video networking |date=2010 |publisher=Artech House |isbn=978-1-60807-052-7 |location=Boston |pages=57–70 |oclc=672322796 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123924/https://www.worldcat.org/title/672322796 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Stump |first=David |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1233023513 |title=Digital cinematography : fundamentals, tools, techniques, and workflows |date=2022 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-429-46885-8 |edition=2nd |location=New York, NY |pages=125–139 |oclc=1233023513 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123928/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1233023513 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Pixel]]s on computer monitors are usually square, but pixels used in [[digital video]] often have non-square aspect ratios, such as those used in the PAL and NTSC variants of the [[CCIR 601]] digital video standard and the corresponding anamorphic widescreen formats. The [[480p|720 by 480 pixel]] raster uses thin pixels on a 4:3 aspect ratio display and fat pixels on a 16:9 display.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

The popularity of viewing video on mobile phones has led to the growth of [[vertical video]].  [[Mary Meeker]], a partner at Silicon Valley venture capital firm [[Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers]], highlighted the growth of vertical video viewing in her 2015 Internet Trends Report{{snd}}growing from 5% of video viewing in 2010 to 29% in 2015. Vertical video ads like [[Snapchat]]'s are watched in their entirety nine times more frequently than landscape video ads.<ref name=Constine>{{cite news|author=Constine, Josh|date=May 27, 2015|title=The Most Important Insights From Mary Meeker's 2015 Internet Trends Report|url=https://techcrunch.com/gallery/best-of-meeker/|work=TechCrunch|access-date=August 6, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804234031/http://techcrunch.com/gallery/best-of-meeker/|archive-date=August 4, 2015}}</ref>

===Color model and depth===
[[Image:YUV UV plane.svg|thumb|200px|Example of U-V color plane, Y value=0.5]]

The [[color model]] uses the video color representation and maps encoded color values to visible colors reproduced by the system. There are several such representations in common use: typically, [[YIQ]] is used in NTSC television, [[YUV]] is used in PAL television, [[YDbDr]] is used by SECAM television, and [[YCbCr]] is used for digital video.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Li |first1=Ze-Nian |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1243420273 |title=Fundamentals of multimedia |last2=Drew |first2=Mark S. |last3=Liu |first3=Jiangchun |date=2021 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-030-62124-7 |edition=3rd |location=Cham, Switzerland |pages=108–117 |oclc=1243420273 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123925/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1243420273 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Sreeparna |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1098279086 |title=Elements of multimedia |date=2019 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-429-43320-7 |location=Boca Raton |chapter=Video in Multimedia |oclc=1098279086 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123925/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1098279086 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The number of distinct colors a pixel can represent depends on the [[color depth]] expressed in the number of bits per pixel. A common way to reduce the amount of data required in digital video is by [[chroma subsampling]] (e.g., 4:4:4, 4:2:2, etc.). Because the human eye is less sensitive to details in color than brightness, the luminance data for all pixels is maintained, while the chrominance data is averaged for a number of pixels in a block, and the same value is used for all of them. For example, this results in a 50% reduction in chrominance data using 2-pixel blocks (4:2:2) or 75% using 4-pixel blocks (4:2:0). This process does not reduce the number of possible color values that can be displayed, but it reduces the number of distinct points at which the color changes.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

===Video quality===
[[Video quality]] can be measured with formal metrics like [[peak signal-to-noise ratio]] (PSNR) or through [[subjective video quality]] assessment using expert observation. Many subjective video quality methods are described in the [[ITU-T]] recommendation [[BT.500]]. One of the standardized methods is the ''Double Stimulus Impairment Scale'' (DSIS). In DSIS, each expert views an ''unimpaired'' reference video, followed by an ''impaired'' version of the same video. The expert then rates the ''impaired'' video using a scale ranging from "impairments are imperceptible" to "impairments are very annoying."

===Video compression method (digital only)===
{{Main|Video compression}}

[[Uncompressed video]] delivers maximum quality, but at a very high [[Uncompressed video#Data rates|data rate]]. A variety of methods are used to compress video streams, with the most effective ones using a [[group of pictures]] (GOP) to reduce spatial and temporal [[Redundancy (information theory)|redundancy]]. Broadly speaking, spatial redundancy is reduced by registering differences between parts of a single frame; this task is known as ''[[intraframe]] compression'' and is closely related to [[image compression]]. Likewise, temporal redundancy can be reduced by registering differences between frames; this task is known as ''[[interframe]] compression'', including [[motion compensation]] and other techniques. The most common modern compression standards are [[MPEG-2]], used for [[DVD]], Blu-ray, and [[satellite television]], and [[MPEG-4]], used for [[AVCHD]], mobile phones (3GP), and the Internet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andy Beach |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1302274863 |title=Real World Video Compression |date=2008 |publisher=Peachpit Press |isbn=978-0-13-208951-7 |oclc=1302274863 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123925/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1302274863 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanz |first=Jorge L. C. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/840292528 |title=Image Technology : Advances in Image Processing, Multimedia and Machine Vision |date=1996 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-642-58288-2 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |oclc=840292528 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825124015/https://www.worldcat.org/title/840292528 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Stereoscopic===
[[Stereoscopic video coding|Stereoscopic video]] for [[3D film]] and other applications can be displayed using several different methods:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ekmekcioglu |first1=Erhan |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/844775006 |title=3DTV : processing and transmission of 3D video signals |last2=Fernando |first2=Anil |last3=Worrall |first3=Stewart |date=2013 |publisher=Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-70573-5 |location=Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom |oclc=844775006 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123926/https://www.worldcat.org/title/844775006 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Block |first1=Bruce A. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858027807 |title=3D storytelling : how stereoscopic 3D works and how to use it |last2=McNally |first2=Phillip |date=2013 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-03881-5 |location=Burlington, MA |oclc=858027807 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825123926/https://www.worldcat.org/title/858027807 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Two channels: a right channel for the right eye and a left channel for the left eye. Both channels may be viewed simultaneously by using [[light polarization|light-polarizing filters]] 90 degrees off-axis from each other on two video projectors. These separately polarized channels are viewed wearing eyeglasses with matching polarization filters.
* [[Anaglyph 3D]], where one channel is overlaid with two color-coded layers. This left and right layer technique is occasionally used for network broadcasts or recent anaglyph releases of 3D movies on DVD. Simple red/cyan plastic glasses provide the means to view the images discretely to form a stereoscopic view of the content.
* One channel with alternating left and right frames for the corresponding eye, using [[LCD shutter glasses]] that synchronize to the video to alternately block the image for each eye, so the appropriate eye sees the correct frame. This method is most common in computer [[virtual reality]] applications, such as in a [[Cave Automatic Virtual Environment]], but reduces effective video framerate by a factor of two.

==Formats{{anchor|Video formats}}==
Different layers of video transmission and storage each provide their own set of formats to choose from.

For transmission, there is a physical connector and signal protocol (see [[List of video connectors]]).  A given physical link can carry certain [[#Display standards|display standards]] that specify a particular refresh rate, [[display resolution]], and [[color space]].

Many analog and digital [[recording format]]s are in use, and [[digital video]] clips can also be stored on a [[computer file system]] as files, which have their own formats. In addition to the physical format used by the [[data storage device]] or transmission medium, the stream of ones and zeros that is sent must be in a particular digital [[video coding format]], for which a number is available.

===Analog video===
Analog video is a video signal represented by one or more [[analog signal]]s. Analog color video signals include [[Luma (video)|luminance]] (Y) and [[chrominance]] (C). When combined into one channel, as is the case among others with [[NTSC]], [[PAL]], and [[SECAM]], it is called [[composite video]]. Analog video may be carried in separate channels, as in two-channel [[S-Video]] (YC) and multi-channel [[component video]] formats.

Analog video is used in both consumer and professional [[television production]] applications.
<gallery>
Composite-video-cable.jpg|[[Composite video]]<br/>(single channel RCA)
Close-up_of_S-video_female_connector.jpg|[[S-Video]]<br/>(2-channel YC)
Component-cables.jpg|[[Component video]]<br/>(3-channel [[YPbPr]])
SCART_20050724_002.jpg|[[SCART]]
Vga-cable.jpg|[[VGA connector|VGA]]
3.5mm.jpg|[[Phone connector (audio)|TRRS]]
D4_video_connector.jpg|[[D-Terminal]]
</gallery>

===Digital video===
[[Digital video]] signal formats have been adopted, including [[serial digital interface]] (SDI), [[Digital Visual Interface]] (DVI), [[High-Definition Multimedia Interface]] (HDMI) and [[DisplayPort]] Interface.

<gallery>
BNC_connector_%28male%29.jpg|[[Serial digital interface]] (SDI)
Dvi-cable.jpg|[[Digital Visual Interface]] (DVI)
HDMI-Connector.jpg|[[HDMI]]
Displayport-cable.jpg|[[DisplayPort]]
</gallery>

==Transport medium==
Video can be transmitted or transported in a variety of ways including wireless [[terrestrial television]] as an analog or digital signal, coaxial cable in a closed-circuit system as an analog signal. Broadcast or studio cameras use a single or dual coaxial cable system using [[serial digital interface]] (SDI). See [[List of video connectors]] for information about physical connectors and related signal standards.

Video may be transported over networks and other shared digital communications links using, for instance, [[MPEG transport stream]], [[SMPTE 2022]] and [[SMPTE 2110]].

==Display standards==
{{Further|Display technology|List of common resolutions|Broadcast television systems}}

===Digital television===
[[Digital television]] broadcasts use the [[MPEG-2]] and other [[video coding format]]s and include:
* [[ATSC]] – United States, [[Canada]], [[Mexico]], [[Korea]]
* [[Digital Video Broadcasting]] (DVB) – [[Europe]]
* [[ISDB]] – [[Japan]]
** [[ISDB-Tb]] – uses the MPEG-4 video coding format – [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]]
* [[Digital multimedia broadcasting]] (DMB) – [[Korea]]

===Analog television===
[[Analog television]] broadcast standards include:
* [[Field-sequential color system]] (FCS) – US, Russia; obsolete
* [[Multiplexed Analogue Components]] (MAC) – Europe; obsolete
* [[Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding]] (MUSE) – Japan
* [[NTSC]] – [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Japan]]
** [[Clear-Vision|EDTV-II Clear-Vision]] - NTSC extension, Japan
* [[PAL]]  – [[Europe]], [[Asia]], [[Oceania]]
** [[PAL-M]] – PAL variation, [[Brazil]]
** [[PAL-N]] – PAL variation, [[Argentina]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]]
** [[PALplus]] – PAL extension, [[Europe]]
* [[RS-343]] (military)
* [[SECAM]] – [[France]], former [[Soviet Union]], [[Central Africa]]
* [[CCIR System A]]
* [[CCIR System B]]
* [[CCIR System G]]
* [[CCIR System H]]
* [[CCIR System I]]
* [[CCIR System M]]

An analog video format consists of more information than the visible content of the frame. Preceding and following the image are lines and pixels containing metadata and synchronization information. This surrounding margin is known as a ''blanking interval'' or ''blanking region''; the horizontal and vertical [[Analog television#Structure of a video signal|front porch and back porch]] are the building blocks of the blanking interval.

===Computer displays===
[[Computer display standard]]s specify a combination of aspect ratio, display size, display resolution, color depth, and refresh rate. A [[list of common resolutions]] is available.

==Recording==
[[File:VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat.jpg|thumb|right|A [[VHS]] video cassette tape]]
Early television was almost exclusively a live medium, with some programs recorded to film for historical purposes using [[Kinescope]]. The analog [[video tape recorder]] was commercially introduced in 1951. The following list is in rough chronological order. All formats listed were sold to and used by broadcasters, video producers, or consumers; or were important historically.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Tozer |first=E.P.J. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1300579454 |title=Broadcast engineer's reference book |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-02417-7 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=470–476 |oclc=1300579454 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825125511/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1300579454 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Pizzi |first1=Skip |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879025861 |title=A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non-Engineers. |last2=Jones |first2=Graham |date=2014 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1-317-90683-4 |edition=4th |location=Hoboken |pages=145–152 |oclc=879025861 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825125510/https://www.worldcat.org/title/879025861 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[VERA videotape format|VERA]] ([[BBC]] experimental format ca. 1952)
* [[2" Quadruplex videotape]] ([[Ampex]] 1956)
* [[Type A videotape|1" Type A videotape]] ([[Ampex]])
* [[EIAJ-1|1/2" EIAJ]] (1969)
* [[U-matic]] 3/4" ([[Sony]])
* [[Cartrivision|1/2" Cartrivision]] ([[Avco]])
* [[Video Cassette Recording|VCR, VCR-LP, SVR]]
* [[1 inch type B videotape|1" Type B videotape]] ([[Robert Bosch GmbH]])
* [[1" Type C videotape]] ([[Ampex]], [[Marconi Company|Marconi]] and [[Sony]])
* [[IVC videotape format|2" Helical Scan Videotape]] ([[International Video Corporation|IVC]]) (1975)
* [[Betamax]] (Sony) (1975)
* [[VHS]] ([[JVC]]) (1976)
* [[Video 2000]] ([[Philips]]) (1979)
* [[Compact Video Cassette|1/4" CVC]] ([[Funai]]) (1980)
* [[Betacam]] (Sony) (1982)
* [[VHS-C]] ([[JVC]]) (1982)
* [[HDVS]] (Sony) (1984)<ref name="SonyFmt">{{cite web|title=Sony HD Formats Guide (2008)|url=https://pro.sony.com/bbsccms/assets/files/micro/xdcam/solutions/Sony_HD_Formats_Guide.pdf|website=pro.sony.com|access-date=November 16, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306093659/http://pro.sony.com/bbsccms/assets/files/micro/xdcam/solutions/Sony_HD_Formats_Guide.pdf|archive-date=March 6, 2015}}</ref>
* [[Video8]] ([[Sony]]) (1986)
* [[Betacam SP]] (Sony) (1987)
* [[S-VHS]] ([[JVC]]) (1987)
* [[Pixelvision]] ([[Fisher-Price]]) (1987)
* [[UniHi 1/2" HD]] (1988)<ref name="SonyFmt" />
* [[Hi8]] (Sony) (mid-1990s)
* [[W-VHS]] ([[JVC]]) (1994)
{{div col end}}

Digital video tape recorders offered improved quality compared to analog recorders.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ward |first=Peter |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/958102392 |title=Multiskilling for television production |date=2015 |publisher=Focal Press |others=Alan Bermingham, Chris Wherry |isbn=978-0-08-051230-3 |location=New York |chapter=Video Recording Formats |oclc=958102392 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825125517/https://www.worldcat.org/title/958102392 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Betacam IMX]] ([[Sony]])
* [[D-VHS]] ([[JVC]])
* [[D-Theater]]
* [[D1 (Sony)|D1]] ([[Sony]])
* [[D2 (video format)|D2]] ([[Sony]])
* [[D3 (video)|D3]]
* [[D5 HD]]
* [[D6 HDTV VTR|D6]] ([[Philips]])
* [[Digital-S]] D9 ([[JVC]])
* [[Digital Betacam]] ([[Sony]])
* [[Digital8]] ([[Sony]])
* [[DV (video format)|DV]] (including DVC-Pro)
* [[HDCAM]] ([[Sony]])
* [[HDV]]
* [[ProHD]] ([[JVC]])
* [[MicroMV]]
* [[MiniDV]]
{{div col end}}

Optical storage mediums offered an alternative, especially in consumer applications, to bulky tape formats.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1130315057 |title=The Sage international encyclopedia of mass media and society |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-4833-7551-9 |editor-last=Merskin |editor-first=Debra L. |location=Thousand Oaks, California |oclc=1130315057 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=June 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603202806/http://worldcat.org/oclc/1130315057 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Blu-ray Disc]] ([[Sony]])
* [[China Blue High-definition Disc]] (CBHD)
* [[DVD]] (was [[Super Density Disc]], [[DVD Forum]])
* [[Professional Disc]]
* [[Universal Media Disc]] (UMD) ([[Sony]])
* [[Enhanced Versatile Disc]] (EVD, Chinese government-sponsored)
* [[HD DVD]] ([[NEC]] and [[Toshiba]])
* [[HD-VMD]]
* [[Capacitance Electronic Disc]]
* [[Laserdisc]] ([[Music Corporation of America|MCA]] and [[Philips]])
* [[Television Electronic Disc]] ([[Teldec]] and [[Telefunken]])
* [[Video High Density|VHD]] ([[JVC]])
* [[Video CD]]

==Digital encoding formats==
{{See also|Video codec|List of codecs}}A video codec is [[software]] or [[Computer hardware|hardware]] that [[Data compression|compresses]] and [[Uncompressed video|decompresses]] [[digital video]]. In the context of video compression, ''[[codec]]'' is a [[portmanteau]] of ''encoder'' and ''decoder'', while a device that only compresses is typically called an ''[[Encoder (digital)|encoder]]'', and one that only decompresses is a ''decoder''. The compressed data format usually conforms to a standard [[video coding format]]. The compression is typically [[lossy]], meaning that the compressed video lacks some information present in the original video. A consequence of this is that decompressed video has lower quality than the original, uncompressed video because there is insufficient information to accurately reconstruct the original video.<ref name="Ghanbari">{{cite book |last1=Ghanbari |first1=Mohammed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuU8T3ooOAC&pg=PA1 |title=Standard Codecs: Image Compression to Advanced Video Coding |date=2003 |publisher=[[Institution of Engineering and Technology]] |isbn=9780852967102 |pages=1–12 |access-date=November 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808084018/https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuU8T3ooOAC&pg=PA1 |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[CCIR 601]] ([[ITU-T]])
* [[H.261]] ([[ITU-T]])
* [[H.263]] ([[ITU-T]])
* [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] ([[ITU-T]] + [[ISO]])
* [[H.265]]
* [[M-JPEG]] ([[ISO]])
* [[MPEG-1]] ([[ISO]])
* [[MPEG-2]] ([[ITU-T]] + [[ISO]])
* [[MPEG-4]] ([[ISO]])
* [[Ogg]]-[[Theora]]
* [[VP8]]-[[WebM]]
* [[VC-1]] ([[SMPTE]])
{{div col end}}

==See also==
; General
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Index of video-related articles]]
* [[Sound recording and reproduction]]
* [[Video editing]]
* [[Videography]]
{{div col end}}

; Video format
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[360-degree video]]
* [[Cable television]]
* [[Color television]]
* [[Telecine]]
* [[Timecode]]
* [[Volumetric capture]]
{{div col end}}

; Video usage
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Closed-circuit television]]
* [[Fulldome]]
* [[Interactive video]]
* [[Video art]]
* [[Video feedback]]
* [[Video sender]]
* [[Video synthesizer]]
* [[Videotelephony]]
{{div col end}}

; Video screen recording software
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Bandicam]]
* [[CamStudio]]
* [[Camtasia]]
* [[Zight App]]
* [[Fraps]]

{{div col end}}

== See also ==

* [[Viral video]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
<!-- PLEASE ONLY LIST SITES THAT EXPLAIN ABOUT VIDEO, NOT VIDEO HOSTING SITES. DO NOT LIST YOUTUBE. -->
{{Commons category|Video}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=no
|about=yes
|label=Video }}
* [https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/video_fdd.shtml Format Descriptions for Moving Images]
{{Analog video}}
{{Video formats}}
{{Video storage formats}}
{{Video digital distribution platforms}}
{{Compression methods}}
{{Independent production}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Video| ]]
[[Category:Digital television]]
[[Category:High-definition television]]
[[Category:Display technology]]
[[Category:Television terminology]]
[[Category:History of television]]
[[Category:Media formats]]
[[Category:Data compression]]