Editing Video editing

{{short description|Editing live television and video production}}
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{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}

'''Video editing''' is the post-production and arrangement of [[video]] shots. To showcase excellent video editing to the public, video editors must be reasonable and ensure they have a thorough understanding of film, television, and other sorts of videography.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wang |first=Zejun |title=2021 2nd International Conference on Computers, Information Processing and Advanced Education |chapter=Analysis on the Application of Video Editing Skills Based on Image Mosaic in Film and Television Works |date=2021-06-09 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3456887.3459697 |series=CIPAE 2021 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=1446–1449 |doi=10.1145/3456887.3459697 |isbn=978-1-4503-8996-9|s2cid=235381487 }}</ref> Video editing structures and presents all video information, including films and television shows, video advertisements and [[video essay]]s. Video editing has been dramatically democratized in recent years by editing software available for personal computers. Editing video can be difficult and tedious, so several technologies have been produced to aid people in this task. Overall, video editing has a wide variety of styles and applications.

==Types of editing==
Though once the province of expensive machines called [[video editor]]s, [[video editing software]] is now available for [[personal computer]]s and [[workstation]]s. Video editing includes cutting segments (trimming), re-sequencing clips, and adding transitions and other [[special effect]]s.<ref name="Editing Video">{{cite web|title=What is video editing?|date=6 October 1997|url=http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/video_editing.html|publisher=Webopedia|access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref>

* [[Linear video editing]] uses [[video tape]] and is edited sequentially. Several video clips from different tapes are recorded to one single tape in the order that they will appear.
*[[Non-linear editing system]]s (NLE) allow video(s) to be edited on computers with specialized software. This process is not destructive to the raw video footage and is done by using programs such as [[DaVinci Resolve]], [[Media Composer|Avid Media Composer]], [[Adobe Premiere Pro]] and [[Final Cut Pro]].
* [[Offline editing]] is the process by which raw footage is copied from an original source, without affecting the original film stock or video tape. Once the editing is complete, the original media is then re-assembled in the online editing stage.
* [[Online editing]] is the process of reassembling the edit to a full resolution video after an offline edit has been performed. It is done in the final stage of a video production.
* [[Cloud computing|Cloud-based]] editing is the process of utilising the internet to work with content remotely, collaboratively or of a time-critical nature such as [[Real-time video editing|editing of live sports events in real-time]] using video proxies (lower resolution copies) of original material.
* [[Vision mixing]] is used when working within [[live television]] and [[video production]] environments. A vision mixer is used to cut live feed coming from several cameras in real time.

==Background==
[[File:Risto-Jarva-1970s.jpg|thumb|Video editing table]]
Video editing is one of the most crucial steps of the [[post-production]] process. The process combines all motion [[video production]] footage, [[special effect]]s and sound recordings to create a compelling visual story. Before editing film, makers would require the camera to be stationary, with the action being distant from the camera. The video was captured with single shots strung together without regard for continuity, screen direction, lighting, emotional consideration, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 1 The Silent Period - The Technique of Film and Video Editing, 5th Edition [Book] |url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/the-technique-of/9780240813974/018_9781136052651_chapter1.html |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=www.oreilly.com |language=en}}</ref> Using video footage, a director can communicate non-fictional and fictional events. The goal of editing is to combine video and sound to communicate to the audience and allow them to feel emotionally connected to the story. It is a visual art.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 March 2012 |title=The Art Of Film And Video Editing Part-1 « Video University |url=http://www.videouniversity.com/articles/the-art-of-film-and-video-editing-part-1/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301084719/http://www.videouniversity.com/articles/the-art-of-film-and-video-editing-part-1/ |archive-date=1 March 2012 |access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref>

Motion picture [[film editing]] is a predecessor to video editing and, in several ways, video editing simulates motion picture film editing. Video editing was first introduced with the use of [[linear video editing]], which was performed before digital software. Followed by [[video editing software]] on [[non-linear editing system]]s (NLE).

=== Linear editing ===
The first type of editing in the early 1900s was made with scissors, tape, and an editing table. Since editors could not view their edits while in the process, holding the film to the light was their only way of viewing their work. With the invention of the Moviola in the 1920s, a machine that allowed editors to see the film and make precise edits to deliver a better film.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-30 |title=Evolution of Video Editing |url=https://www.skillmanvideogroup.com/evolution-of-video-editing/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=www.skillmanvideogroup.com |language=en-US}}</ref> this process was used for about fifty years and helped advance video editing.

In the 1950s, [[video tape recorder]]s (VTR) were invented and it was a defining element in the advancement of video editing. The VTR was the first device to use magnetic tape and was a revolutionary addition to video editing but had major drawbacks; the quality degradation caused by copying was so great, that a [[Quadruplex videotape|2-inch Quadruplex videotape]] was edited by visualizing the recorded track with [[ferrofluid]], cutting it with a [[razor|razor blade]] or [[guillotine]] cutter, and splicing with [[video tape]]. The two pieces of tape to be joined were painted with a solution of extremely fine iron filings suspended in [[carbon tetrachloride]], a toxic and carcinogenic compound. This "developed" the magnetic tracks (tape), making them visible when viewed through a [[microscope]] so that they could be aligned in a splicer designed for this task. The process allowed editors to play back their video but only at one speed and to mark the point of cut an editor had to be very precise. This process was used up until the late 1970s and early 1980s but the evolution of video editing continued. By the 1960s the EECO 900 was invented as well as the Ampex EDITEC which allowed for electronic editing and electronic editing controller.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

[[File:Mesa_de_vídeo_1.JPG|left|thumb|Vision mixer]]

Improvements in quality and economy, and the invention of the [[Videocassette recorder#Flying erase heads|flying erase-head]], allowed new video and audio material to be recorded over the material already present on an existing [[magnetic tape]]. This was introduced into the [[linear editing]] technique. If a scene closer to the beginning of the video tape needed to be changed in length, all later scenes would need to be recorded onto the video tape again in [[sequence]]. 
In addition, sources could be played back simultaneously through a [[vision mixer]] (video switcher) to create more complex transitions between scenes. A popular 1970-80s system for creating these transitions was the U-matic equipment (named for the U-shaped tape path). That system used two tape players and one tape recorder, and edits were done by automatically having the machines back up, then speed up together simultaneously, so that the edit didn't roll or glitch. Later, in the 1980-90's came the smaller beta equipment (named for the B-shaped tape path), and more complex controllers, some of which did the synchronizing electronically.

=== Non-linear editing ===
[[Non-linear editing]] (NLE) was first introduced in the 1970s with the CMX 600, which allowed editors to modify and edit the pieces of footage to be moved and placed in an alternate timeline and preserving the original footage, the ability to work on any segment in the video in any order.<ref name=":1" /> In 1984, the invention of the Editdroid created by LucasFilm allowed editors a computerized editing system that stored large quantities of high definition footage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucasfilm Originals: The EditDroid • Lucasfilm |url=https://www.lucasfilm.com/news/lucasfilm-originals-the-editdroid/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Lucasfilm |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Sony BVE-600 UMatic edit controller (44714270850).jpg|thumb|Video editing controller Sony BVE-600 for the analog [[U-Matic]] system, 1980s ]]There was a transitional analog period using multiple source [[videocassette recorder]]s (VCR) with the [[Montage Picture Processor]]<ref>American Cinemeditor Fall-88 Vol.38 #3 pg. Nine http://americancinemaeditors.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ce88fall88.pdf</ref> and [[Ediflex]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sontag |first=Sherry |date=1986-10-19 |title=FILM EDITING GOES ELECTRONIC |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/19/business/film-editing-goes-electronic.html |access-date=2022-09-09 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> or [[EditDroid]] using [[LaserDisc]] players, but modern NLE systems edit video digitally captured onto a [[Hard disk drive|hard drive]] from an [[analog video]] or [[digital video]] source. Content is ingested and recorded natively with the appropriate [[codec]] that the video editing software uses to process captured footage. With [[high-definition video]] becoming more popular and it can be readily edited using the same video editing software along with related [[motion graphics]] programs. In the late 1980s and early 1990s at home NLE software became more apparent on home computers using software such as Avid Media Composer and Adobe Premiere. The [[video clips]] are arranged on a timeline, music tracks, titles, [[digital on-screen graphic]]s are added, [[special effect]]s can be created, and the finished program is "[[rendering (computer graphics)|rendered]]" into a finished video. The video may then be distributed in a variety of ways including [[DVD]], [[Streaming media|web streaming]], [[QuickTime]] Movies, iPod, [[CD-ROM]], or video tape.

By the 2000s, NLE had become accessible to everyone, with advanced of central processing units (CPUs) on personal computers giving the ability to edit at home with higher resolutions.

==Home video editing==
[[File:A fabulous birthday (23491654620).jpg|thumb|A woman editing a video using [[iMovie]]|upright=1.2]]
Like some other technologies, the cost of video editing has declined over time. The original 2" Quadruplex system costs so much, that many television production facilities could only afford a single unit, and editing was a highly involved process that required special training.

In contrast to this, nearly any home computer sold since the year 2000 has the speed and storage capacity to digitize and edit [[standard-definition television]] (SDTV). The two major retail operating systems include basic video editing software – [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[iMovie]] and [[Microsoft]]'s [[Windows Movie Maker]]. Additional options exist, usually as more advanced commercial products. As well as these commercial products, there are [[open source|open-source]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://taleproduction.com/video-production/best-free-video-editing-software/|title=Best free video editing software|publisher=Tale Production|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825184404/https://taleproduction.com/video-production/best-free-video-editing-software/|url-status=dead}}</ref> video-editing programs. Automatic video editing products have also emerged, opening up video editing to a broader audience of amateurs and reducing the time it takes to edit videos. These exist usually as media storage services, such as [[Google]] with its [[Google Photos]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.google.com/photos/answer/6128826?co=GENIE.Platform=Android&hl=en|title=Create movies, animations & collages - Android - Google Photos Help|website=Support.google.com|access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref> or smaller companies like Vidify.

== Video editor ==
A video editor is someone involved in video production and the post-production of film making. Video editor's responsibilities involve decisions about the selection and combining of shots into sequences, as well as the addition of accompanying sound effects and music—to ultimately create a finished movie, television program, commercial, promo, or snipe. Video editors usually use non-linear editing software to accomplish the task of editing. A video editor is a technically inclined individual that makes creative video editing decisions.

A video editor can also refer to a computer device controller that controls video machines to mechanically put pieces of a film together using a 9-Pin Protocol. This is also referred to as machine to machine or linear.

A video editor is also used to refer to an application which can help users to combine different images or video parts and enhance their quality by applying effects and templates.

== Current applications ==
Video editing can be used for many purposes. Every [[social media]] app, workplace, [[YouTube]] video, and educational institute use this skill to create something visually appealing and informational.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mackay|first1=Wendy E.|last2=Davenport|first2=Glorianna|date=July 1989|title=Virtual video editing in interactive multimedia applications|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=32|issue=7|pages=802–810|doi=10.1145/65445.65447|s2cid=11325781}}</ref>

[[File:Editing_Department_of_Faculty_of_Dramatic_Arts_in_Belgrade,_students_work_(1).jpg|thumb|Collaborative video editing]]

*Personal use—Many programs online are easily obtainable to download from anyone's personal computer. [[Adobe Inc.|Adobe]], [[Canva]], and Filmora are a couple examples of programs that are downloadable for anyone to use.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Make Home Videos for Your Family Look Professional |url=https://www.movavi.com/support/how-to/how-to-make-home-movies.html |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=www.movavi.com}}</ref>
*[[Virtual reality]]—Advancements are being made to help with editing spherical video used in virtual reality settings. The ability to edit in virtual reality was created so that users would be able to check their video edits in real time, without having to continually view the video in a headset between edits.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Nguyen|first1=Cuong|last2=DiVerdi|first2=Stephen|last3=Hertzmann|first3=Aaron|last4=Liu|first4=Feng|title=Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=Vremiere |date=2017|chapter-url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3025453.3025675|series=Chi '17|location=Denver, Colorado, USA|publisher=ACM Press|pages=5428–5438|doi=10.1145/3025453.3025675|isbn=9781450346559|s2cid=10639858}}</ref>
*[[Social media]]—Video editing can be used for entertainment and other purposes on YouTube and other social media sites. School teachers have used video editing to help their students retain information and extend lessons outside the classroom.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dreon|first1=Oliver|last2=Kerper|first2=Richard M.|last3=Landis|first3=Jon|date=May 2011|title=Digital Storytelling: A Tool for Teaching and Learning in the YouTube Generation|journal=Middle School Journal|volume=42|issue=5|pages=4–10|doi=10.1080/00940771.2011.11461777|s2cid=12395064|issn=0094-0771}}</ref>

== Future applications ==

[[Extracurricular activity|Extracurricular courses]] in [[Primary school|elementary schools]] throughout the [[United States]] have been started to educate students on the importance of video editing and practice video production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Wylie |title=Students Adopt Software to Create Digital Stories |url=https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2018/01/students-adopt-software-create-digital-stories |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Technology Solutions That Drive Education |language=en}}</ref> Notable [[Theme (narrative)|themes]] of videos being taught in schools include [[music video]]s and [[Documentary film|short documentaries]]; some of which win [[award]]s such as one from [[Panasonic]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Film}}
* [[Edit decision list]]
* [[Mashup (video)|Video mashups]]
* [[Photo slideshow software]]
* [[Video scratching]]
* [[Video manipulation]]
* [[Video server]]
* [[List of video editing software]]
* [[Comparison of video editing software]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Video editing}}

{{Film Editing}}

[[Category:Film and video technology]]
[[Category:Film editing]]