Editing Vigilantism

{{short description|Civilian who undertakes law enforcement without legal authority}}
{{Redirect|Vigilante}}
{{distinguish|lynching}}
[[File:Bald Knobbers portray.jpg|thumb|right|The "[[Bald Knobbers]]", an 1880s vigilante group from [[Missouri]] &ndash; as portrayed in the 1919 film ''[[The Shepherd of the Hills (1919 film)|The Shepherd of the Hills]]'']]

'''Vigilantism''' ({{IPAc-en|v|ɪ|dʒ|ɪ|ˈ|l|æ|n|t|ɪ|z|əm}}) is the act of preventing, investigating, and punishing perceived offenses and crimes without [[Right|legal authority]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Bateson|first=Regina|date=2020|title=The Politics of Vigilantism|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020957692|journal=Comparative Political Studies|volume=54|issue=6|language=en|pages=923–955|doi=10.1177/0010414020957692|s2cid=224924776|issn=0010-4140|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=Dara Kay |last2=Jung |first2=Danielle F. |last3=Weintraub |first3=Michael |date=2022 |title=Collective Vigilantism in Global Comparative Perspective |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cuny/cp/pre-prints/content-jcpo2155;jsessionid=3lafmjvjqd9cu.x-ic-live-03 |journal=Comparative Politics |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=239–261 |language=en |doi=10.5129/001041523x16630894935073|s2cid=252721449 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

A '''vigilante''' is a person who practices or partakes in vigilantism, or undertakes public safety and [[retributive justice]] without commission.

==Definition==
The term is borrowed from Italian {{Lang|it|vigilante}}, which means 'sentinel' or 'watcher', from Latin {{Lang|la|vigilāns}}.  According to political scientist Regina Bateson, vigilantism is "the extralegal prevention, investigation, or punishment of offenses."<ref name=":0" /> The definition has three components:

# Extralegal: Vigilantism is done outside of the law (not necessarily in violation of the law)
# Prevention, investigation, or punishment: Vigilantism requires specific actions, not just attitudes or beliefs
# Offense: Vigilantism is a response to a perceived crime or violation of an authoritative norm

Other scholars have defined "collective vigilantism" as "group violence to punish perceived offenses to a community."<ref name=":1" />

Les Johnston argues that vigilantism has six necessary components:<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014083 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014083 | title=What is Vigilantism? | date=1996 | last1=Johnston | first1=L. | journal=British Journal of Criminology | volume=36 | issue=2 | pages=220–236 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> 
* it is planned or premeditated 
* it is carried out by private volunteers
* it is a social movement
* it involves or threatens the use of force
* it occurs when established societal norms are perceived to be threatened
* its primary goal is to enforce safety and security, especially to its participants, by combating crime

==History==
Vigilantism and the vigilante ethos existed long before the word ''vigilante'' was introduced into the English language. There are conceptual parallels between the medieval [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocratic]] custom of [[private war]] or [[Feud|vendetta]] and the modern vigilante philosophy.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Alexander of Hales on the Ethics of Vigilantism |journal=Philosophia |date=2019-06-17 |last=Dumsday |first=Travis |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=535–545 |doi=10.1007/s11406-019-00093-5 |s2cid=189951647 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333826687 |accessdate=2021-12-30 }}</ref>

Elements of the concept of vigilantism can be found in the biblical account in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 34 of the abduction and rape (or, by some interpretations, seduction) of [[Dinah]], the daughter of [[Jacob]], in the [[Canaan]]ite city of [[Shechem]] by the eponymous son of the ruler, and the violent reaction of her brothers [[Simeon (Hebrew Bible)|Simeon]] and [[Levi]], who slew all of the males of the city in revenge, rescued their sister and plundered Shechem. When Jacob protested that their actions might bring trouble upon him and his family, the brothers replied "Should he [i.e., Shechem] treat our sister as a harlot?"

In the [[western culture|Western]] literary and cultural tradition, characteristics of vigilantism have often been vested in folkloric heroes and [[outlaw]]s (e.g., [[Robin Hood]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6OZHSrJCRAC&q=%22robin+hood%22+vigilantism&pg=PA316|title=A Great Effusion of Blood?: Interpreting Medieval Violence|author=Mark D. Meyerson, Daniel Thiery|date=2004-11-01|publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9780802087744}}</ref>).

During medieval times, punishment of felons was sometimes exercised by such [[secret societies]] as the courts of the [[Vehm]]<ref>{{cite magazine | title = Germany: Die Feme | magazine = Time | date = Oct 16, 1944 | url = http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,885763-1,00.html}}</ref> ([[cf.]] the medieval Sardinian ''Gamurra'' later become ''Barracelli'', the Sicilian [[Vendicatori]] and the [[Beati Paoli]]), a type of early vigilante organization, which became extremely powerful in Westphalian Germany during the 15th century.

===Vigilantism in Mexico===
In some regions of Mexico, mainly in the state of [[Michoacan]], people affected by criminal groups like [[Los Zetas]] and [[La Familia Michoacana]], created vigilante groups called [[Grupos de autodefensa comunitaria]] in 2013. Their most notorious leader [[Hipólito Mora]], was assassinated in 2023.

===Other notable acts of vigilantism===
* In the early 20th century, the [[Whites (Finland)|White Finns]] founded the [[Suojeluskunta]] (Protection Corps) as a paramilitary vigilante organization in [[Finland]]. It formed the nucleus of the White Army in the [[Finnish Civil War]].
* A number of vigilante organizations were founded in the US around the time of World War I including the [[American Protective League]], [[National Security League]], [[Knights of Liberty (vigilante group)|Knights of Liberty]], and [[Boy Spies of America]], with the goal of targeting those suspected to be pro-German or insufficiently loyal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Capozzola |first=Christopher |date=March 2002 |title=The Only Badge Needed Is Your Patriotic Fervor: Vigilance, Coercion, and the Law in World War I America |url=https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/2700601 |journal=[[The Journal of American History]] |volume=88 |issue=4 |pages=1354–1382 |doi=10.2307/2700601|jstor=2700601 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hochschild |first=Adam |url=https://california.degruyter.com/view/title/555894 |title=Lessons from a Dark Time and Other Essays |date=October 2, 2018 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-96967-4 |pages=13 |chapter=1. Lessons from a Dark Time |doi=10.1525/9780520969674-fm}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite thesis |last=Levi |first=William |date=May 12, 2022 |title=Badger state nationalism: World War I, the Ku Klux Klan, and the politics of 'Americanism' in 1915-1930 Wisconsin |url=https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/masters202029/179 |pages=45–47 |access-date=February 6, 2024 |publisher=[[James Madison University]]}}</ref> Violent events by such groups included the [[Tulsa Outrage]], the [[lynching of Olli Kinkkonen]], and a number of other [[tarring and feathering]] events such as those in Wisconsin.<ref name=":2" />
*In the 1920s, the [[Big Sword Society]] of [[China]] protected life and property in a state of [[anarchy]].
* After [[World War II]], many alleged [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|Nazi collaborators]] were beaten up or killed for their activities by vigilantes.
*In 1954, the Thai [[Border Patrol Police]] formed the [[Village Scouts|Volunteer Defense Corps]] (also called the Village Scouts; {{langx|th|ลูกเสือชาวบ้าน}}) to provide law and order and emergency or natural disaster response. In 1974 it was expanded by the [[Internal Security Operations Command]] (ISOC)  to urban areas to fight left-wing political activism. The Village Scouts were subsequently involved in the [[Thammasat University massacre]] of 1976. Their 21st century [[Internet censorship]] vigilance groups are called {{lang|th|ลูกเสือบนเครือข่ายอินเทอร์เน็ต}} or '[[Cyber Scouts (Thailand)|Cyber Scouts]]'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2010/07/02/from-village-scouts-to-cyber-scouts/ |title=From Village Scouts to Cyber Scouts |author=Nicholas Farrelly  |date=July 2, 2010 |publisher=New Mandala|access-date=February 10, 2011}}</ref>
*Recognized since the 1980s, [[Sombra Negra]] ("Black Shadow") of [[El Salvador]] is a group of mostly retired police officers and military personnel whose sole duty is to cleanse the country of impure social elements by killing criminals and gang members. Along with several other organizations, Sombra Negra are a remnant of the [[death squads]] from the civil war of the 1970s and 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=39143 |title = RIGHTS-EL SALVADOR: Death Squads Still Operating |first = Raúl |last = Gutiérrez |date = 2007-09-04 |publisher = [[Inter Press Service]] |access-date  = 2007-11-07|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20071108233217/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=39143 |archive-date = 2007-11-08 |url-status = dead }}</ref>
*On the 5th of May, 1981 [[Marianne Bachmeier]] pulled out a handgun from the right side of her trench coat and shot her seven year old daughter's sexual abuser and murderer dead during his trial in the courtroom of Lübeck District Court.
*On March 16, 1984, [[Gary Plauché]] shot and killed Jeff Doucet, who was set to be arraigned on charges of aggravated kidnapping of Plauché's son. The case received wide publicity because some people questioned whether Plauché - acting on his belief Doucet had been sexually abusing his son - should have been charged with murder.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-15 |title=Father of Kidnapped Son gets Revenge-1984 Remember those moments on TV?-Jeffrey Doucet bites the bullet |website=Toluna |url=https://us.toluna.com/opinions/821543/Father-Kidnapped-gets-Revenge-1984-Remember.htm |access-date=2024-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722155659/https://us.toluna.com/opinions/821543/Father-Kidnapped-gets-Revenge-1984-Remember.htm |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref>
*In the Philippines in the mid-eighties, the [[Alsa Masa]] and the [[Kuratong Baleleng]] were formed to fight Communist insurgents.
*During the 1990s, the group [[Uralmash gang|City without Drugs]] publicly beat and murdered drug dealers and forced addicts to quit doing drugs in the city of [[Yekaterinburg]], [[Russia]].
*On the 28th of November, 1994, [[Jeffrey Dahmer]], a famous Milwaukee [[serial killer]] and [[Human cannibalism|cannibal]] was beaten to death by [[Christopher Scarver]], a fellow inmate at the [[Columbia Correctional Institution (Wisconsin)|Columbia Correctional Institution]] in [[Portage, Wisconsin]].
*Formed in 1996, the [[People Against Gangsterism and Drugs]] of [[Cape Town, South Africa]] fights drugs and gangs in their region. They have been linked to terrorism since they bombed some American targets in Cape Town.
*Formed in 1998, the [[Bakassi Boys]] of [[Nigeria]] were viewed as instrumental in decreasing the region's high crime.
*[[Los Pepes]] was a group formed in [[Colombia]] during the 1990s that committed acts of vigilantism against drug lord [[Pablo Escobar]] and his associates within the [[Medellín Cartel]].
*After the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, [[Jonathan Idema]], a self-proclaimed vigilante, entered [[Afghanistan]] and captured many people he claimed to be [[Terrorism|terrorists]]. Idema claimed he was collaborating with, and supported by, the [[United States Government]]. He sold news-media outlets tapes that he claimed showed an [[Al Qaeda]] training camp in action. His operations ended abruptly when he was arrested with his partners in 2004 and sentenced to 10 years in a notorious Afghan prison, before being pardoned in 2007.
*Formed in 2002, the [[Revolutionary Front (Sweden)|Revolutionary Front]] is a Swedish anti-fascist organization. Members have been known to orchestrate attacks against known/suspected fascist individuals. The attacks usually involve damaging property, or even attacking the person themselves.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-rise-of-swedens-far-left-militants/|title=The Rise of Sweden's Far-Left Militants|work=VICE|access-date=18 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531103657/http://www.vice.com/vice-news/the-rise-of-swedens-far-left-militants|archive-date=31 May 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* On August 13, 2004, [[Akku Yadav]] was lynched by a mob of around 200 women from Kasturba Nagar, India. It took them 15 minutes to hack to death the man they say raped them with impunity for more than a decade. Chilli powder was thrown in his face and stones hurled. As he flailed and fought, one of his alleged victims hacked off his penis with a vegetable knife. A further 70 stab wounds were left on his body.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prasad|first=Raekha|date=2005-09-16|title='Arrest us all': the 200 women who killed a rapist|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/sep/16/india.gender|access-date=2020-09-07|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Salwa Judum]], the anti-[[Naxalite]] group formed in 2005 in India are suspected to be helping the security forces in their fight against Naxals.
*In Hampshire, England, during 2006, a vigilante slashed the tires of more than twenty cars, leaving a note made from cut-out newsprint stating "Warning: you have been seen while using your mobile phone".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4791439.stm "Phone vigilante slashes car tires "] [[BBC News]] dated 14 August 2006. Recovered on unknown date.</ref> Driving whilst using a mobile is a [[Mobile phones and driving safety#List of countries with bans|criminal offense in the UK]], but critics feel the law is little observed or enforced.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6382077.stm|title= Careless talk|publisher=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2009-04-24 | date=2007-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23557108-details/500+drivers+a+week+flout+phone+ban/article.do|title=500 drivers a week flout phone ban|publisher=www.thisislondon.co.uk|access-date=2009-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502004313/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23557108-details/500+drivers+a+week+flout+phone+ban/article.do|archive-date=2009-05-02|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/mobilephonedrivingban/1100-fined-drivers-get-off.2620914.jp|title=1,100 fined drivers get off the hook - Scotland on Sunday|publisher=scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com|access-date=2009-04-24|archive-date=2012-07-18|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718204057/http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/mobilephonedrivingban/1100-fined-drivers-get-off.2620914.jp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The [[Gulabi Gang]], formed in 2006 in [[Uttar Pradesh]], is a female vigilante group dedicated to protecting women of all castes from domestic abuse, sexual violence, and oppression.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-25 |title=Women's Vigilantism in India: A Case Study of the Pink Sari Gang {{!}} Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/womens-vigilantism-india-case-study-pink-sari-gang.html |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=www.sciencespo.fr |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Irish National Liberation Army]] (INLA), an [[Irish republicanism|Irish republican]] [[socialism|socialist]] paramilitary group, maintains a presence in parts of Northern Ireland and has carried out punishment beatings on local alleged petty criminals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://irsm.org/statements/inla/040113.html|title=Action Taken Against Ardoyne Thug Necessary - INLA|access-date=18 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171651/http://irsm.org/statements/inla/040113.html|archive-date=2016-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2006, the INLA claimed to have put at least two drugs gangs out of business in Northern Ireland. After their raid on a criminal organization based in the north-west, they released a statement saying that "the Irish National Liberation Army will not allow the working-class people of this city to be used as cannon fodder by these criminals whose only concern is profit by whatever means available to them."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saoirse32.blogsome.com/2006/03/31/inla-hands-over-drugs-seized-from-cocaine-ring/|work=Belfast Telegraph|date=31 March 2006|title=INLA hands over drugs seized from cocaine ring|author=Brendan McDaid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517133620/http://saoirse32.blogsome.com/2006/03/31/inla-hands-over-drugs-seized-from-cocaine-ring/|archive-date=May 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.indymedia.ie/article/75297 INLA dismantles another criminal gang] April 07, 2006 10:51 Indymedia.ie</ref> On 15 February 2009, the INLA claimed responsibility for the shooting death of Derry drug-dealer Jim McConnell.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribune.ie/news/home-news/article/2009/feb/15/inla-claims-responsibility-for-murder-of-derry-dru/ |title=INLA claims responsibility for murder of Derry drug dealer | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306133837/http://www.tribune.ie/news/home-news/article/2009/feb/15/inla-claims-responsibility-for-murder-of-derry-dru/ |archive-date=March 6, 2016|access-date= 26 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 19 August 2009, the INLA shot and wounded a man in Derry. The INLA claimed that the man was involved in drug dealing although the injured man and his family denied the allegation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.derryjournal.com/journal/INLA-say-they-shot-fatherofthree.5576249.jp |title=INLA say they shot father-of-three|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090824192323/http://www.derryjournal.com/journal/INLA-say-they-shot-fatherofthree.5576249.jp |archive-date=2009-08-24 |work=Derry Journal |date = 21 August 2009| url-status=dead}}</ref> In a newspaper article on 28 August, however, the victim retracted his previous statement and admitted that he had been involved in small scale drug-dealing but has since ceased these activities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.derryjournal.com/journal/INLA-victim-tells-39Journal39-39I.5596482.jp |title= INLA victim tells 'Journal' 'I did deal in drugs - but not anymore'| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831002146/http://www.derryjournal.com/journal/INLA-victim-tells-39Journal39-39I.5596482.jp |archive-date=2009-08-31| newspaper=Derry Journal |date= 28 August 2009| url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Republican Action Against Drugs]] (RAAD) are an [[Irish Republicanism|Irish Republican]] vigilante organization active predominantly in and around [[Derry]]. Although often attributed as being a front for "[[Dissident Republican]]" groups by the media, the organization claim to have no allegiance to any particular Republican party or paramilitary. Formed in late 2008, RAAD originally offered an "amnesty" to all drug dealers, asking them to make themselves known to the group before giving an assurance that they had stopped dealing.<ref name="derryjournal.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.derryjournal.com/news/local/only_way_to_eradicate_drugs_scourge_is_to_remove_the_dealers_1_2139827 |title='Only way to eradicate drugs scourge is to remove the dealers' |newspaper = Derry Journal|access-date=2011-05-27 |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118065114/http://www.derryjournal.com/news/local/only_way_to_eradicate_drugs_scourge_is_to_remove_the_dealers_1_2139827 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  In an interview with the ''Derry Journal'' in August 2009, the group's leadership explained: "We would monitor the actions of those who have come forward and, given an adequate period of time, interest in those drug dealers would cease and they could start to lead normal lives".<ref name="derryjournal.com" /> Since then, RAAD have claimed responsibility for no less than 17 shootings as well as countless pipe bomb attacks (see [[Republican Action Against Drugs#Timeline]]).
*Other Irish republican [[paramilitary]] organizations have served and continue to serve as vigilantes. [[Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group)|Óglaigh na hÉireann]] for example in 2011 claimed responsibility for an arson attack on a taxi depot on Oldpark Road, Belfast, which led to the owners fleeing the country. It claimed that the owners were using the depot as a cover for drug dealing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://belfastmedia.com/home_article.php?ID=2320 |title=Belfast Media {{!}} News {{!}} ONH claim arson attack on depot |access-date=2011-05-26 |archive-date=2011-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707222508/http://belfastmedia.com/home_article.php?ID=2320 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010 [[Real Irish Republican Army|The Real Irish Republican Army]] shot a man in the legs in Derry. The man was a convicted sex offender.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.derryjournal.com/news/local/real_ira_shot_sex_offender_1_2148534 |title=Real IRA shot sex offender - Local - Derry Journal |access-date=2011-05-26 |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118070847/http://www.derryjournal.com/news/local/real_ira_shot_sex_offender_1_2148534 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Continuity Irish Republican Army|The Continuity Irish Republican Army]] in 2011 were blamed for the punishment beating of a heroin dealer in Clondalkin, Dublin. The man had previously been ordered to leave the country.<ref>{{cite news|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904164244/http://www.herald.ie/national-news/cira-blamed-for-attack-on-man-20-2581482.html|title= CIRA blamed for attack on man (20) |newspaper= Herald.ie|url-status=dead|url=http://www.herald.ie/national-news/cira-blamed-for-attack-on-man-20-2581482.html | author= Cormac Byrne | date= 16 March 2011|archive-date= 2012-09-04 }}</ref>
*On April 15, 2011, a group of women in [[Cherán]] armed with rocks and fireworks attacked a bus carrying [[Illegal logging|illegal loggers]] armed with machine guns in [[Michoacán]] associated with the [[Mexican drug cartel]] [[La Familia Michoacana]]. They assumed control over the town, expelled the police force and blocked roads leading to oak timber on a nearby mountain. Vigilante activity spread to the nearby community of [[Santa Clara del Cobre|Opopeo]]. They established [[Grupos de Autodefensa Comunitaria|Community self-defence groups]]. The government of Mexico has recognized Cherán as a self-governing indigenous community, but criminals continue to murder residents in the forest.<ref name="NYT8212">{{cite news|title=Reclaiming the Forests and the Right to Feel Safe|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/03/world/americas/in-mexico-reclaiming-the-forests-and-the-right-to-feel-safe.html|access-date=August 3, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 2, 2012|author=Karla Zabludovsky}}</ref>
* On June 13, 2014, Darius, a 16-year-old Romani residing in France and who has been several times interrogated by the police on the account of suspected burglaries and larcenies, was kidnapped, beaten up, and then left in a supermarket trolley by an unknown party after rumors circulated of him being implicated in a housebreaking, which happened several hours before in the city of Pierrefite-sur-Seine.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/17/roma-teenager-coma-attacked-residents-france|title = Roma teenager in coma after being attacked by residents of French estate|last = Willsher|first = Kim|date = June 17, 2014|work = The Guardian|access-date = June 19, 2014}}</ref>
* Since the [[2016 Philippine general election|May 9, 2016 Philippine elections]] and the start of [[Rodrigo Duterte]]'s term as the President of the Philippines, numerous suspects (particularly drug users and pushers) were killed by various unknown hitmen labelled as a [[summary execution]] during his [[Philippine Drug War|war on drugs]].<ref>{{cite news|url = http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/794598/kill-list-drugs-duterte|title = THE KILL LIST|date = July 7, 2016|newspaper = [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|access-date = July 30, 2016}}</ref> Duterte has been accused of being linked to the [[Davao Death Squad]], a vigilante group active since the mid-1990s in [[Davao City]], where Duterte had previously served as mayor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/20/asia/arturo-lascanas-philippines-death-squad/ |title=Ex-Davao Death Squad leader: Duterte ordered bombings |first1=Kathy |last1=Quiano |first2=Ben |last2=Westcott |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=2017-03-02 |access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
* {{annotated link|Bounty hunter}} 
* {{annotated link|Charivari}}
* {{annotated link|Detective#Citizen detectives|Citizen detective}}
* {{annotated link|Death squad}}
* {{annotated link|Extrajudicial punishment}}
* {{annotated link|Frankpledge}}, also an American form of frontier-vigilantism which emerged as a "mutation" of the Saxon tradition of ''frankpledge''
* {{annotated link|Frontier justice}}
* {{annotated link|Feud}}, a now-illegal form of non-governmental interpersonal violence which is currently practiced by feudal groups, [[Organized crime|organized criminals]] and [[gang]]s
* {{annotated link|Internet vigilantism}}
* {{annotated link|List of feuds in the United States}}
* {{annotated link|Law without the state}}
* {{annotated link|Lynching}}
* {{annotated link|Lynching in the United States}}
* {{annotated link|Malfeasance}} 
* {{annotated link|Mobbing}}
* {{annotated link|Neighborhood watch}}
* {{annotated link|Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland}}
* {{annotated link|Posse comitatus (common law)|''Posse comitatus''}}, an indirect descendant of the Northern Germanic [[hird]] or [[fyrd]] system, the "citizen enforcer" band is either capable of acting lawfully as an exceptional agent of justice; or it is in danger of deteriorating into lawlessness which is motivated by [[Populism|populist]] [[Malice (law)|malice]]
* {{annotated link|Presumption of guilt}}
* {{annotated link|Public humiliation}}
* {{annotated link|Real-life superhero}}, groups of vigilantes who wear comic book style costumes
* {{annotated link|Scam baiting}}, a form of vigilantism against [[scams]]
* {{annotated link|Tarring and feathering}}
* {{annotated link|Vigilante film}}
* {{annotated link|Vigilantism in the United States of America}}
* {{annotated link|Violent non-state actor}}
* {{annotated link|Whistleblower}}
* {{annotated link|Whitecapping}}
* {{annotated link|Vigilante violence in Kerala}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

* Bateson, Regina. "The politics of vigilantism." ''Comparative Political Studies'' 54.6 (2021): 923-955. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0010414020957692 online]

* Bjørgo, Tore, and Miroslav Mareš, eds. ''Vigilantism against Migrants and Minorities'' (Routledge, 2019), 19 essays by experts on Europe and North America.

*Comfort Ero, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928140913/http://www.accord.org.za/ct/2000-1/CT%201_2000%20pg25-29.pdf "Vigilantes, Civil Defense Forces and Militia Groups: The other side of the privatization of security in Africa,"] ''Conflict Trends'' (June 2000): 25–29.

* Culberson, William C. ''Vigilantism: Political history of private power in America'' (Greenwood, 1990).
* Faris, Stephen. "Nigeria's Vigilante Justice," ''Mother Jones'' (April 25, 2002) [https://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2002/04/bakassi.html  online]
*Huggins, Martha K. editor, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hp3pXKrcDqAC&dq=Vigilante&pg=PP1 ''Vigilantism and the State in Modern Latin America: Essays on Extralegal Violence''], Praeger/Greenwood, 1991.

* Johnston, Les. "What is vigilantism?." ''British Journal of Criminology'' 36.2 (1996): 220-236. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014083

* Kantor, Ana, and Mariam Persson. "Understanding vigilantism." in ''Informal security providers and Security Sector Reform in Liberia'' (Stockholm: Folke Bernadotte Akademin, 2010). [https://fba.se/contentassets/59ce4a18f4db4484ad1a4b8bcd1cbaf0/understanding-vigilantism-ssr-liberia-2.pdf online]
* Kowalewski, David. "Vigilantism." in ''International handbook of violence research'' (Springer Netherlands, 2003). 339-349.

* Moncada, Eduardo. "Varieties of vigilantism: Conceptual discord, meaning and strategies." ''Global Crime'' 18.4 (2017): 403-423. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eduardo-Moncada-3/publication/319725191_Varieties_of_vigilantism_conceptual_discord_meaning_and_strategies/links/5e00dbb892851c8364962314/Varieties-of-vigilantism-conceptual-discord-meaning-and-strategies.pdf online]
* Pratten, David. "The politics of protection: perspectives on vigilantism in Nigeria." ''Africa'' 78.1 (2008): 1-15. [https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0b6d39c2-1027-4587-bf1c-44ee96303c1a/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=The%2BPolitics%2Bof%2BProtection.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article online]
* Rosenbaum, H. Jon, and Peter C. Sederberg, eds. ''Vigilante politics'' (U of Pennsylvania Press, 1976), essays by experts on USA , Africa and Ireland. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JVIrEAAAQBAJ&q=%27%27Vigilantism:+Political+history+of+private+%22 online]
* Rosenbaum, H. Jon, and Peter C. Sederberg. "Vigilantism: An analysis of establishment violence." ''Comparative Politics'' 6.4 (1974): 541-570. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/421337 online]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wiktionary |vigilantism }}

*Tom O'Connor, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070820111032/http://faculty.ncwc.edu/TOCONNOR/300/300lect10.htm  "Vigilantism, Vigilante Justice, and Victim Self-help"]

*''EyeWitness to History'', [http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/vigilante.htm "Vigilante Justice, 1851"].

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Spanish words and phrases]]
[[Category:Vigilantism| ]]
[[Category:Vigilantes| ]]
[[Category:Vigilantism in the United States| ]]
[[Category:Law enforcement]]
[[Category:Revenge]]
[[Category:Abuse of the legal system]]