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{{Use American English|date=September 2024}} {{Short description|American Old West figure (1843–1905)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}} {{Infobox person | name = Virgil Earp | image = VirgilEarp.jpg | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Virgil Walter Earp | birth_date = {{Birth date|1843|07|18}} | birth_place = [[Hartford, Kentucky]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1905|10|19|1843|07|18}} | death_place = [[Goldfield, Nevada]] | restingplace = [[Portland, Oregon]] | nationality = American | other_names = | spouse = {{plainlist| * Magdalena Rysdam * Rosella Dragoo * Alvira "Allie" Earp (common-law wife) }} | children = 1 | parents = [[Nicholas Porter Earp]] and his second wife, Virginia Ann Cooksey | relatives = [[Wyatt Earp|Wyatt]], [[Morgan Earp|Morgan]], [[Newton Earp|Newton]], Mariah Ann, [[James Earp|James]], Martha, [[Warren Earp|Warren]], Virginia Ann, and Douglas Earp | known_for = Deputy [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshal]], [[Tombstone, Arizona]], and the [[Gunfight at the O.K. Corral]] | occupation = Union soldier, lawman, farmer, rail construction, stagecoach driver, sawyer, mailman, prospector, saloon-keeper {{Infobox military person |embed = yes |embed_title = Military Service |allegiance = United States |branch = [[Union Army]] |serviceyears = 1862-65 |unit = [[83rd Illinois Infantry Regiment|83rd Illinois Infantry]] |rank = Private |battles = [[American Civil War]] *[[Battle of Dover (1863)|Battle of Dover]] }} }} {{O.K. Corral}} '''Virgil Walter Earp''' (July 18, 1843 – October 19, 1905) was an American lawman. He was both deputy U.S. Marshal and City Marshal of [[Tombstone, Arizona|Tombstone]], [[Arizona Territory|Arizona]], when he led his younger brothers [[Wyatt Earp|Wyatt]] and [[Morgan Earp|Morgan]], and [[Doc Holliday]], in a confrontation with [[outlaw]] [[Cochise County Cowboys|Cowboys]] at the [[Gunfight at the O.K. Corral]] on October 26, 1881. They killed brothers [[Tom McLaury|Tom]] and [[Frank McLaury]] and [[Billy Clanton]]. All three Earp brothers had been the target of repeated death threats made by the Cowboys who were upset by the Earps' interference in their illegal activities. All four lawmen were charged with murder by [[Ike Clanton]], who had run from the gunfight. During a month-long preliminary hearing, Judge [[Wells Spicer]] exonerated the men, concluding they had been performing their duty. But two months later on December 28, friends of the slain outlaws retaliated, ambushing Virgil. They shot him in the back, hitting him with three shotgun rounds, shattering his left arm and leaving him permanently maimed. The Cowboys suspected were let off for lack of evidence.<ref name="roberts" />{{rp|242}} His brother [[Morgan Earp]] was assassinated in March 1882. Charges against those suspected were dismissed on a technicality.{{clarify|date=November 2019}}<ref name="historynet" /> Wyatt Earp, appointed as deputy [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshal]] to replace Virgil, concluded he could not rely on civil justice and decided to take matters into his own hands.<ref name="historynet" /><ref name="WGBH" /> Wyatt assembled a federal posse that included their brother [[Warren Earp]] and set out on a [[Earp Vendetta Ride|vendetta]] to kill those they felt were responsible. Virgil left Tombstone to recuperate from his wounds in [[Colton, California]], where his parents lived. Virgil married before he left to serve in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]. When he returned, his wife and child had left. He held a variety of other jobs throughout his life, though he primarily worked in law enforcement. His younger brother [[Wyatt Earp|Wyatt]], who spent most of his life as a gambler, became better known as a lawman because of writer [[Stuart N. Lake]]'s fictionalized 1931 biography ''[[Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal]]'' and later portrayals of him in movies and fiction as [[American Old West|Old West's]] "toughest and deadliest gunmen of his day."<ref name="earpnet" /><ref name="aRMRP" /> In 1898, Virgil learned that his first wife Ellen Rysdam and their daughter were living in [[Oregon]] and reestablished contact with them. After suffering from [[pneumonia]] for six months, Virgil died on October 19, 1905. ==Early life== Virgil Earp was born in [[Hartford, Kentucky]], the second son of [[Nicholas Porter Earp|Nicholas Earp]] and Virginia Ann Cooksey.<ref name="Spartacus" /> ===Marriage to Ellen Rysdam=== In February 1860, while living in [[Pella, Iowa]], 16-year-old Virgil [[elope]]d with 17-year-old Dutch immigrant Magdalena C. "Ellen" Rysdam (October 25, 1842, in [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]], Netherlands – May 3, 1910, in [[Cornelius, Oregon]]<ref name="scholton" />). One report states that they saw each other only occasionally and kept their marriage secret until Ellen was about to deliver their first child. When her parents Gerrit Rysdam and Magdalena Catrina Van Velzen learned of the marriage, they were furious, as they preferred that she marry a man who was also Dutch.<ref name="g-forum" /> Virgil's father thought he was too young to marry. Both parents wanted to get the marriage annulled. One source reports that Rysdam was successful, but another says her father failed because Virgil and Ellen refused to reveal where they had been married. They also claimed they had used false names, which would have made the marriage invalid in any case.<ref name="gormley" /> Virgil and Ellen remained together for a year in spite of his and her parents' disapproval. On July 26, 1861, Virgil enlisted at age 18 in the [[Union Army]]. Ellen had a daughter named Nellie Jane, born January 7, 1862<ref name="scholton" /><ref name="IGswe" /> or in July 1862.<ref name="g-forum" /><ref name="historynetvirgil" /> Virgil was mustered in to the Illinois Volunteer Infantry for three years on September 21, 1862.<ref name="gormley" /> ===Civil War Service=== Virgil enlisted as a Private in Company C of the [[83rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment|83rd Illinois Infantry]] on July 26, 1862, and mustered into service on August 21. The 83rd fought at the [[Battle of Dover (1863)|Battle of Dover]] and then was primarily on garrison duty in Tennessee.<ref name="TYWLK" /> Virgil was court-martialed for a minor offense and docked two weeks pay as punishment.<ref name="gormley" /> In the summer of 1863 while Virgil was on active duty, Ellen's father told her that Virgil had been killed in Tennessee. In early 1864, Ellen married a Dutch man named John Van Rossum, and in May of that year they joined a large group who relocated from Pella, Iowa, to the [[Oregon Territory]].<ref name="Beltman" /> When Virgil was discharged from the military on June 26, 1865, he returned to Iowa but could not find his wife and daughter. He hired on at a local farm and helped operate a grocery store, before leaving for California to join the rest of the Earp family. In 1868, Nicholas Earp took the family east again, eventually settling in [[Lamar, Missouri]]. On August 28, 1870, Virgil married Rosella Dragoo (born in France in 1853) in Lamar.<ref name="gormley" /> His father as [[justice of the peace]] married them, but there are no further records of Rosella.<ref name="historynetvirgil" /> ===Allie Sullivan=== [[File:Allie Packingham Sullivan Earp.jpg|thumb|Alvira "Allie" P Sullivan, Virgil Earp's future wife, at age 16. They met in Council Bluffs, Iowa, in 1874, when she was 25]] Virgil later met Alvira "Allie" Sullivan from [[Florence]], Nebraska, in 1874. She was a waitress at the Planter's House Hotel in Council Bluffs, Iowa.<ref name="waitress" /> They never married but remained together the rest of his life. During the remainder of his life, Virgil worked at a variety of jobs, including peace officer, farmer, rail construction in [[Wyoming]], [[stagecoach]] driver, [[sawmill]] sawyer in [[Prescott, Arizona|Prescott, Arizona Territory]], mailman, and later in life, prospector. The Earp brothers were close and often moved together, seeking a better life. Virgil spent time in [[Dodge City, Kansas]], in 1877 with his younger brother Wyatt. Although there is no record of Virgil ever holding any law enforcement position there, Allie claimed he briefly worked as a deputy town marshal with Wyatt. ===Arrival in Arizona=== From Dodge City, Virgil and Allie arrived in [[Yavapai County, Arizona]], in July 1877. Virgil lived in [[Camp Verde, Arizona]], where he first delivered mail and drove passengers between Camp Verde and Prescott on the Star Line stage. By October 1877 Virgil and Allie had moved to [[Prescott, Arizona]], where he later owned a saw mill outside of town. On October 16, 1877, [[U.S. Marshal]] Wiley Standifer, [[Yavapai County]] Sheriff [[Edward Franklin Bowers]], Prescott [[Constables in the United States#Arizona|Constable]] Frank Murray, Virgil Earp, and Colonel William Henry McCall attempted to arrest John Tallos and accused murderer George Wilson. While the others rode on horseback or carriages, Virgil ran on foot after the posse that pursued the two men to the edge of town, where a gun fight broke out. Virgil spotted one of the two men under a tree, reloading his pistol. Using a Winchester rifle from a distance, Virgil shot him through the head, killing him.<ref name="Isen" /><ref name="OldWest" /><ref name="guinn" /> Virgil was shortly afterwards offered a job as a driver for Patterson, Caldwell & Levally, a local freight company, during which he met [[John J. Gosper]], Secretary of the Arizona Territory. Gosper was acting Governor in the place of Governor [[John C. Frémont]], who was frequently absent. When Crawley Dake was appointed U.S. Marshal, he and Virgil became friends. In 1878, Virgil was appointed as Prescott's night watchman, which paid $75 a month. In November 1878, he was elected as [[Constables in the United States#Arizona|constable]] for Prescott, for which he received fees for serving summonses, subpoenas, writs and warrants.<ref name="guinn" /> While constable, Virgil wrote his brother Wyatt about the opportunities in the silver-mining [[boomtown]] of [[Tombstone, Arizona|Tombstone]]. In September 1879, Wyatt resigned as assistant marshal in Dodge City. Accompanied by his [[Common-law marriage|common-law wife]] [[Mattie Blaylock]], his brother [[James Earp|Jim]] and his wife Bessie, they left for [[Las Vegas, New Mexico|Las Vegas]] in the New Mexico Territory. There they were reconnected with [[Doc Holliday]] and his common-law wife [[Big Nose Kate|Kate Horony]], who had been running a gambling business until the territorial legislature banned gambling.<ref name="guinn" /><ref name="monahan" />{{rp|18}}<ref name="marks" />{{rp|30–31}} Virgil and his wife met the others in Prescott. ==Appointed deputy U.S. marshal== Knowing Virgil was moving to Tombstone, U.S. Marshal [[Crawley P. Dake|Crawley Dake]] appointed Virgil as deputy U.S. marshal for the Tombstone District of Pima County on November 27, 1879. He was instructed by Dake to help resolve ongoing problems with outlaw [[Cochise County Cowboys|Cowboys]]. But the job did not pay much. He was mostly on call helping county and city officials.<ref name="marks" />{{rp|113}} In an interview after he left Tombstone, Virgil said that "The first stage that went out of Prescott toward Tombstone was robbed. Robberies were frequent and became expensive."<ref name="arizona" /> Virgil and his brothers Wyatt and [[James Earp|Jim]] and their wives arrived together in [[Tombstone, Arizona|Tombstone]] on December 1, 1879. ===Tombstone City Marshal=== On October 30, 1880, after [[Town Marshal#law enforcement|town marshal]] [[Fred White (marshal)|Fred White]] was accidentally shot and killed by outlaw and gunman [[William Brocius|"Curly Bill" Brocius]], Virgil was appointed acting town marshal of Tombstone. Virgil now held both the more powerful local town marshal position and the prestigious federal law enforcement appointment. As town marshal, Virgil earned a regular salary of $100 a month plus a percentage of city taxes he collected.<ref name="marks" />{{rp|114}} But Virgil did not hold the job for long. The city held a special election on November 13, and Tombstone city policemen James Flynn and [[Ben Sippy]] competed for the job. But then Flynn dropped out of the race and Sippy beat Virgil for the office, 311 votes to Earp's 259. On January 4, 1881, the city held its first regular election, and Virgil lost to Sippy once again.<ref name="RAdams" /> However, Sippy was known to be in financial trouble. He requested a two-week leave of absence on June 6, 1881, and never returned. The city council once again appointed Virgil as temporary city marshal. On June 22, the center section of Tombstone was devastated by a fire. Virgil kept looting under control and chased off lot jumpers who tried to take over property. On June 28, it was learned that Sippy had left about $3,000 in bad debt and financial improprieties in his office. Virgil was appointed by Tombstone Mayor [[John Clum]] as the permanent city marshal and paid $150.00 per month.<ref name="WExplore" /> ===Conflict with Cowboys=== {{further|Cochise County in the Old West}} To reduce crime in Tombstone, the City Council enacted an [[Cochise County Cowboys#Weapon ordinance|ordinance]] in April 1881 that prohibited anyone from carrying a deadly weapon in town. Everyone was required to deposit their weapons at a [[livery stable|livery]] or saloon soon after entering town. A long-simmering feud between the Earps and some of the Cowboys played a big role in a gunfight that broke out when Virgil decided to enforce the ordinance on Wednesday, October 26, 1881.<ref name="ordinance" /> Virgil was told by several concerned citizens that several [[Cochise County Cowboys|Cowboys]], who had been threatening the Earps for several months, were in town and armed in violation of the ordinance. Assisted by his deputy Morgan Earp and temporary deputies Wyatt Earp and [[Doc Holliday|John "Doc" Holliday]], Virgil went to disarm [[Frank McLaury|Frank]] and [[Tom McLaury]], [[Ike Clanton|Ike]] and [[Billy Clanton]], and [[Billy Claiborne]]. That confrontation turned into a shootout now known as the [[Gunfight at the O.K. Corral]]. ===Gunfight at the O.K. Corral=== {{main|Gunfight at the O.K. Corral}} Modern media depictions of Wyatt Earp made him into a legend. He is often depicted as the central lawman in the shootout, but Virgil was Tombstone City Marshal and a Deputy U.S. Marshal. Although Wyatt had previously served in [[Wichita, Kansas]], and Dodge City as a lawman, Virgil had three years of Civil War service, and had previously worked in law enforcement as a sheriff, constable, and marshal. Virgil made the decision to enforce a [[Cochise County Cowboys#Weapon ordinance|city ordinance]] prohibiting carrying weapons in town and to disarm the Cowboys. While Wyatt had acted as city marshal the week prior when Virgil was out of town, Wyatt was on that day only a temporary assistant marshal to his brother.<ref name="OKCorral">{{cite web|title=Gunfight at the OK Corral – The Aftermath – Part One|url=http://www.americancowboychronicles.com/2012/11/gunfight-at-ok-corral-aftermath-part-one.html|access-date=May 16, 2015|first1=Tom|last1=Correa|date=November 27, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518103543/http://www.americancowboychronicles.com/2012/11/gunfight-at-ok-corral-aftermath-part-one.html|archive-date=May 18, 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://www.historynet.com/brothers-shadow-virgil-earp/ VIRGIL EARP: IN A BROTHER’S SHADOW]</ref> Before the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, Virgil and Wyatt had been in only one shootout each, and Morgan had never been in any gun battles. [[Billy Claiborne]] had been in one gunfight prior to the shootout and was the only member of the Cowboy faction that had prior gunfighting experience (not counting the Skeleton Canyon massacre, in which the McLaurys and Clantons took part). Doc Holliday, despite his reputation, had not taken part in any gunfights, although he was involved in several drunken brawls involving both guns and knives.<ref name="Family" /> Both Tom and Ike had spent the night before the gunfight gambling, drinking heavily, and without sleep. Now they were both outdoors, wounded from having been [[Pistol-whipping|pistol-whipped]] by the Earps earlier that morning, and at least Ike was still drunk.<ref name="WGBH" /><ref name="rosen" />{{rp|138|date=November 2012}} Virgil initially avoided a confrontation with Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton, who had arrived in town early that afternoon and had not yet deposited their weapons at a hotel or stable after their arrival, as required by [[The Cowboys (Cochise County)#Cowboys and the law|ordinance#9]].<ref name="LAW" /><ref name="johnson" /> Virgil had been offered armed assistance from the town Vigilance committee and the town militia, but he declined the help. Around 1:00 p.m., a miner named Ruben F. Coleman told Virgil that the Cowboys had left the Dunbar and Dexter Stable for the O.K. Corral and were still armed, and Virgil decided he had to disarm them.<ref name="testimony" /> Virgil testified after the shootout that he thought he saw Ike Clanton, Billy Clanton, Frank McLaury, and Tom McLaury buying cartridges at Spangenberg's gun shop beforehand.<ref name="testimony" /> He went by the [[Wells Fargo]] office around the corner on Allen Street and picked up a 10- or 12-gauge [[coach gun|short, double-barreled shotgun]].<ref name="weir" />{{rp|185|date=November 2012}} It was an unusually cold and windy day in Tombstone, and Virgil was wearing a [[Duster (clothing)|long overcoat]]. To avoid alarming Tombstone's public, Virgil hid the shotgun under his overcoat when he returned to Hafford's Saloon.<ref name="testimony" /> Virgil, his brothers Wyatt and Morgan, and Doc Holliday confronted the Cowboys in a narrow lot on Fremont Street. Virgil was not expecting a fight. He later testified that when he saw the Cowboys, he immediately commanded them to "Throw up your hands, I want your guns!"<ref name="testimony" /> But shooting broke out almost immediately. Witnesses were conflicted about who fired first. During the gunfight, Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Virgil was shot through the calf (he thought by Billy Clanton). Three days after the O.K. Corral gunfight, the city council suspended Virgil as city marshal pending outcome of the [[O.K. Corral hearing and aftermath|preliminary hearing]]. Virgil was eventually exonerated of wrongdoing, but his reputation suffered thereafter. ==Assassination attempt== {{further|Earp Vendetta Ride}} [[File:Historic Longhorn Restaurant.jpg|200px|thumb|The Longhorn Restaurant is located where the Huachuca Water Company and the Meyers Brothers clothing store were located. The original building burned in 1942. Virgil Earp was shot from the second floor.<ref name="Schnoz" />]] After the [[Gunfight at the O.K. Corral]] the Earps relocated their families to the Cosmopolitan Hotel for mutual support and protection.<ref name="explorers" /> At about 11:30 pm on December 28, 1881, Virgil was ambushed as he walked from the Oriental Saloon to his room. The ''Sacramento Daily Record-Union'' reported that "he was fired upon with double-barreled shotguns, loaded with buckshot, by three men concealed in an unfinished building diagonally across on Allen street."<ref name="sacrecord" /> Virgil was hit in the back and left arm by three loads of buckshot from about {{convert|60|ft}}.<ref name="Intervw" /> The Crystal Palace Saloon and the Eagle Brewery beyond Virgil were struck by nineteen buckshot; three passed through the window and one about a foot over the heads of some men standing by a faro-table.<ref name="marks" />{{rp|317}}<ref name="Spart-OK" /> [[George W. Parsons|George Parsons]] wrote that he heard "four shots in quick succession." Critically wounded, Virgil staggered into the hotel.<ref name="historynet" /> Earp's upper arm was longitudinally fractured, and Dr. [[George E. Goodfellow]] removed {{convert|4|in}} of shattered [[humerus]] bone and his elbow, leaving his arm permanently crippled. Virgil told his wife Allie, "Never mind, I've got one arm left to hug you with."<ref name="explorers" /> Virgil was also shot through the back above the hip, and Goodfellow removed twenty buckshot that penetrated his body and lodged near the hip bone above the groin.<ref name="sacrecord" /> The ''Los Angeles Daily Herald'' reported that the "cow-boys are bent on vengeance for the slaughter of their companeros a few weeks ago." "The doctor says there are four chances in five that he will die."<ref name="laherald" /> George W. Parsons, who had been treated by Goodfellow for an injury he received, was staying in Goodfellow's office while he recuperated. He kept a journal, in which he recorded:<ref name="bell2005" /> {{blockquote|Longitudinal fracture, so [Virgil's] elbow joint had to be taken out today and we've got that and some of the shattered bone in room. Patient doing well. It is surmised that Ike Clanton, Curly Bill [Brocius] and [Will] McLaury did the shooting. Bad state of affairs here. Something will have to be done.}} ===Others threatened=== Wyatt, assuming that Virgil was dying, telegraphed U.S. Marshal [[Crawley P. Dake|Crawley Dake]] asking him to name him as Virgil's replacement as deputy U.S. marshal:<ref name="historynet" /> {{blockquote| Tombstone, Arizona Territory, December 29, 1881 Virgil Earp was shot by concealed assassins last night. His wounds are fatal. Telegraph me appointment with power to appoint deputies. Local authorities are doing nothing. The lives of other citizens are threatened. Wyatt Earp<ref name="historynet" />}} Commenting on the telegram received by Dake, the ''[[Weekly Arizona Miner]]'' wrote about the repeated threats received by the Earps and others. <blockquote>For some time, the Earps, Doc Holliday, Tom Fitch and others who upheld and defended the Earps in their late trial have received, almost daily, anonymous letters, warning them to leave town or suffer death, supposed to have been written by friends of the Clanton and McLowry boys, three of whom the Earps and Holliday killed and little attention was paid to them as they were believed to be idle boasts but the shooting of Virgil Earp last night shows that the men were in earnest.<ref name="azminer" /> The ''Los Angeles Herald'' reported on December 30 that "the "local authorities are doing nothing to capture the assassins so far as is known ... Judge Spicer, Marshal Williams, Wyatt Earp, Rickabaugh and other are in momentary danger of assassination."<ref name="laherald" /></blockquote> ===Suspects=== The suspected shooters were later identified as [[Phineas Clanton|Phin Clanton]], [[Ike Clanton]], Johnny Barnes, [[Johnny Ringo]], Hank Swilling and [[Pete Spence]].<ref name="murray" /> On Tuesday, January 31, 1882, Ike and Phin were brought before Judge William H. Stilwell on suspicion of shooting Virgil. The district attorney asked that bail be set at $5,000, but the judge released both men on $1,500 bond, indicating he thought the prosecution's case was weak.<ref name="BarbedW" />{{rp|241}} Although a hat that Wyatt later claimed belonged to Ike Clanton was found near the shooting, the evidence was circumstantial.<ref name="murray" /> [[Sherman McMaster]] provided the most convincing evidence. He testified that he saw Ike later that night in nearby Charleston. He said he asked Clanton "about the shooting, at which Clanton replied that he 'would have to go back and do the job over.'"<ref name="bell2005" /> On February 2, Clanton's attorney brought in seven witnesses who provided an [[alibi]] for Clanton. They all testified that Clanton had been in Charleston at the time of Virgil's shooting. Spicer was compelled to release Clanton.<ref name="roberts" />{{rp|242}} ===Morgan Earp murdered=== After his shooting, Virgil spent the next three months recuperating. He was just starting to get back on his feet when on Saturday, March 18, 1882, Virgil's younger brother [[Morgan Earp]] was killed in another ambush.<ref name="guinn" /> On Monday, March 20, Virgil and Allie were escorted by Wyatt and deputies Warren Earp, [[Doc Holliday]], Sherman McMaster, and [[Jack Johnson (gunfighter)|"Turkey Creek" Jack Johnson]] to Contention, where they drove two wagons to the Arizona and New Mexico Railroad terminal {{convert|25|mi}} away in [[Benson, Arizona|Benson]]. Wyatt and his deputies had initially planned to travel only as far as Benson. Wyatt reported later that he received word in Contention that Ike Clanton, [[Frank Stilwell]], Hank Swilling, and another cowboy were watching the passenger trains in Tucson with the aim to kill Virgil. Wyatt and the rest of the posse remained with Virgil and Allie through to Tucson.<ref name="historynet" /> The men were well armed with pistols, rifles and shotguns. McMaster wore two cartridge belts. Allie wore Virgil's pistol belt during the journey so it would be handy.<ref name="Tefer" />{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} Virgil told the ''San Francisco Examiner'' two months later that upon getting off the train in Tucson, "Almost the first men we met on the platform there were Stilwell and his friends, armed to the teeth." "They fell back into the crowd as soon as they saw I had an escort, and the boys took me to the hotel to supper."<ref name="banks" /> Guarded by his brothers and the deputies, Virgil and Allie had dinner at Porter's Hotel in Tucson. Virgil was so weak he had to be carried up the steps of the train. Once they were safely seated, the rest of the guards kept watch for the Cowboys.<ref name="historynet" /> Virgil and Allie along with James accompanied Morgan's body to the Earp family home in [[Colton, California]]. As Virgil's train was pulling out of Tucson on its way to California, gunfire was heard. Witnesses gave contradictory accounts about the number of men seen near the tracks and numbers of shots fired. Some said the Earps were armed after leaving Porter's Hotel and others said they were not. Witnesses saw men running with weapons but could not identify anyone in the dark.<ref name="marks">{{cite book|last=Marks|first=Paula Mitchell|title=And Die in the West: the Story of O.K. Corral Gunfight|year=1996|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman|isbn=978-0806128887|edition=Oklahoma Paperbacks}}</ref> Wyatt said later that he and his deputies spotted Frank Stilwell and another man he believed to be Ike Clanton armed with shotguns lying on a [[flatcar]]. When Wyatt and his men approached, the two men ran. Stilwell may have stumbled or been wounded, allowing Wyatt to reach him. Wyatt later said he shot Stilwell as Stilwell attempted to push the barrel of Earp's shotgun away. Wyatt, quoted in the ''Denver Republican'', said "I ran straight for Stilwell. It was he who killed my brother. What a coward he was! He couldn't shoot when I came near him. He stood there helpless and trembling for his life. As I rushed upon him he put out his hands and clutched at my shotgun. I let go both barrels, and he tumbled down dead and mangled at my feet."<ref name="Miller-0" /> He said Stilwell cried "Morg!" before he was killed. Stilwell's body, riddled with buckshot from two shotgun rounds, one in his leg and the second in his chest with powder burns, and four other bullet wounds, was found the next morning near the tracks.<ref name="historynet" /><ref name="stilwellmurder" /> Ike Clanton got away. When the Tucson sheriff learned who was responsible for Stilwell's death, he issued warrants for the lawmen's arrest. Clanton gave an interview afterward to the newspapers in which he claimed that he and Stilwell had been in Tucson to respond to federal charges about interfering with a U.S. mail carrier, stemming from his alleged involvement in robbing the Sandy Bob line of the Bisbee stage on September 8, 1881.<ref name="Miller" /><ref name="tanner" /> Clanton said that they had heard that the Earps were coming via the train and they had plans to kill Stilwell. According to Clanton, Stilwell disappeared from the hotel before he was found several blocks away, shot dead by the tracks. ==Later life and death== After Virgil was ambushed and maimed in Tombstone, he and Allie moved to his parents' home in [[Colton, California]], to recover from his wounds, which took almost two years. He sought treatment for his wounds in San Francisco and was interviewed on the Southern Pacific train by a reporter whose story was printed in the ''[[San Francisco Examiner]]'' on May 27, 1882. The reporter described Virgil's appearance: {{blockquote|His face, voice and manner were prepossessing. He is close to six feet in height, of medium build, chestnut hair, sandy mustache, light eyebrows, quiet, blue eyes and frank expression. He wore a wide-brimmed, slate-colored slouch hat, pants of a brown and white stripe, and a blue diagonal coat and vest, both the latter with bullet holes in them, bearing testimony of a recent fight when he was shot in the back, the bullet coming out of the front of his vest. His left arm was carried in a sling, also a memento of his last fight, when he received a bullet in his arm, since causing the loss of about six inches of bone which crippled him for life. The wounded arm is the cause of his visit to this city, where he seeks surgical aid in hope of so far recovering its use that he may be able to dress himself unaided.}} Despite the use of only one arm, Virgil was hired by the [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific Railroad]] to guard its tracks in Colton's famous "[[Colton Crossing|battle of the crossing]]". Virgil carried a top break revolver that could be reloaded with one hand.<ref name="goldfield" /> Southern Pacific was attempting to stop the [[California Southern Railroad]], a subsidiary of the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway]], from installing a crossing over the Southern Pacific tracks in Colton to gain access to California, which resulted in the [[frog war]]. Governor Waterman deputized a posse from [[San Bernardino, California]] and came down in person to enforce construction of the crossing, ending the Southern Pacific's railroad monopoly in Southern California.<ref name="historynetvirgil" /> In 1884 Earp's father, Nicholas Porter Earp was elected [[justice of the peace]] in Colton. Two years later, Virgil Earp opened a [[private investigator|private detective]] agency, which by all accounts he had quit by 1886, when he was elected village [[constable#california|constable]] in July.<ref name="historynetvirgil" /> When Colton was incorporated as a city, Earp was elected as Colton's first City Marshal on July 11, 1887. He was paid $75 a month and was re-elected to another term in 1888. Among other duties, he was reported to have cleared blocked sewers and kept track of the electric light bulbs.<ref name="historynetvirgil" /> Virgil and Allie Earp's Colton home still stands at 528 West "H" Street. In 1888 Earp resigned as city marshal and he and Allie left Colton for [[San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino]]. Five years later, in 1893, he and his wife moved to the short-lived mining town [[Vanderbilt, California]]. He owned and operated the only two-story building in town, Earp's Hall, a saloon and meeting hall used for public gatherings and even the town's church services. His business success in Vanderbilt did not match his success in politics, and he lost the election for town constable in 1894.<ref name="historynetvirgil" /> In 1895, Virgil and Allie traveled to Cripple Creek, [[Colorado]], where they met Virgil's brother Wyatt.<ref name="historynetvirgil" /> They stayed briefly and soon moved back to [[Prescott, Arizona|Prescott]] in [[Yavapai County, Arizona]],<ref name="Ancestry.com" /> where Virgil became involved in mining. Virgil started mining in the Hassayampa district in partnership with W.H. Harlon. They leased the Grizzly mine owned by W.C. Hanson. The Prescott ''[[Weekly Journal-Miner]]'' reported on November 8, 1896, that the day before "a serious accident had occurred at this mine. Virgil Earp and W. H. Harlon were working in a tunnel. The ground caved catching Mr. Earp and pinning him to the ground. He was unconscious for several hours and Dr. Abbott, was called to dress his wounds." The doctor told Earp he had dislocated his right hip. Both his feet and ankles were badly crushed, he had a serious cut on his head and bruises all over his body. The doctor said it would be several weeks before Virgil would be able to move around again, but it took him much longer to recover.<ref name="Prescott" /> They moved south after that and began ranching in the [[Kirkland, Arizona|Kirkland Valley]]. Virgil was nominated as a candidate for [[Yavapai County Sheriff's Office|Yavapai county sheriff]] in 1900, but declined the nomination, possibly for health reasons.<ref name="historynetvirgil" /> ===Reunites with first wife=== In 1898 Earp received a startling letter from a Mrs. Levi Law. At the end of the Civil War, his wife Ellen was told by her family that Virgil had been killed. Her family had been against their marriage. They took her and the baby daughter Nellie to Walla Walla, Washington, where she later married Thomas Eaton. She had four more children. Mrs. Levi Law was Virgil's daughter, Nellie. The next year, encouraged by his wife, Virgil traveled to [[Portland, Oregon]], where he was reunited with Ellen and Nellie Jane Law.<ref name="historynetvirgil" /> On April 22, 1898, [[The Oregonian]] reported that Earp "... is now enjoying a very pleasant visit with her and his two grandchildren at her home, which is near that of Mrs. Eaton, in North Portland." He also met three grandchildren he never knew existed.<ref name="Fletcher" /> Later that year, according to her letter to [[The Oregonian]], Nellie Jane visited Virgil and Allie Earp at their home in Arizona.<ref name="historynetvirgil" /> ===Death in Nevada=== [[File:Virgil Earp - Headstone.jpg|thumb|Virgil Earp Headstone located in River View Cemetery, Portland, Oregon]] [[File:Virgil Earp - Headstone at River View Cemetery.jpg|thumb|Virgil Earp grave site in River View Cemetery, Portland, Oregon]] Before 1904, Virgil and Allie returned to Colton, where city records show that he along with three others unsuccessfully petitioned the city leaders to repeal a temperance law that allowed only one [[Western saloon|saloon]] in town. In 1904, they left California for the last time and moved to the boom town of [[Goldfield, Nevada|Goldfield]] in [[Esmeralda County, Nevada]], where Virgil planned to open a saloon. He quickly discovered there was plenty of competition and realized he didn't have the capital required. Virgil and Allie were down to their last dollar so he took up gambling, at which he had been good. In January 1905 he was hired as a deputy sheriff for Esmeralda County, where he was essentially a county paid security guard at the National Club.<ref name="goldfield" /> Virgil caught [[pneumonia]] in February 1905. His brother Wyatt was also living in Goldfield and visited with him. Earp slowly got better and attended an Order of Eagles meeting in May.<ref name="goldfield" /> The serious injuries he had sustained during the mine cave-in several years earlier had left him debilitated and he never recovered his full health. Earp's recovery from pneumonia did not last and in early October he had a relapse. On October 19, 1905, Earp died at St. Mary's hospital in Goldfield.<ref name="goldfield" /> In her memoirs, Allie wrote that Virgil's last words were, "Light my cigar, and stay here and hold my hand."<ref name="historynetvirgil" /><ref name="hdeIu" /> His brother Wyatt was the last surviving participant of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Virgil was also survived by his father [[Nicholas Porter Earp|Nicholas]], brothers [[James Earp|James]] and [[Newton Earp|Newton]], wife Allie, and daughter Nellie. At the request of his daughter, Nellie Jane Bohn, Allie sent his body to [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], Oregon, and he was buried in the [[River View Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)|River View Cemetery]] there.<ref name="historynetvirgil" /> ==In popular culture== Virgil Earp has been portrayed by several actors. * [[Rex Bell]] in the 1942 film ''[[Tombstone, the Town Too Tough to Die]]''. * [[Tim Holt]] in the 1946 film ''[[My Darling Clementine]]''. * [[John Hudson (American actor)|John Hudson]] in the 1957 film ''[[Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (film)|Gunfight at the O.K. Corral]]'' * [[John Anderson (actor)|John Anderson]] in five episodes (1960–1961) of the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] western television series, ''[[The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp]]''.<ref name="IMDB-wy" /> * [[Ross Elliott]] in ''The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp'' during 1958 and 1959. * [[Victor Carin]] in the 1966 ''[[Doctor Who]]'' serial "[[The Gunfighters (Doctor Who)|The Gunfighters]]". * [[Frank Converse]] in the 1967 film ''[[Hour of the Gun]]'' * [[Charles Maxwell (actor)|Charles Maxwell]] in the 1968 ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' episode "[[Spectre of the Gun]]". * [[Sam Elliott]] in the 1993 film ''[[Tombstone (film)|Tombstone]]''.<ref name="IMDb-t" /> * [[Michael Madsen]] in the 1994 film ''[[Wyatt Earp (film)|Wyatt Earp]]''. ==Further reading== Boessenecker, John (2020). Ride the Devil's Herd: Wyatt Earp's Epic Battle Against the West's Biggest Outlaw Gang. New York: Hanover Square Press. ==References== {{reflist|1=30em|refs= <ref name="historynet">{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/wyatt-earps-vendetta-posse.htm |title=Wyatt Earp's Vendetta Posse |date=January 29, 2007 |access-date=February 18, 2011 |publisher=HistoryNet.com}}</ref> <ref name="earpnet">{{cite web|first=Steve |last=Gatto |url=http://www.wyattearp.net/ |title=Wyatt Earp History Page |publisher=WyattEarp.Net |access-date=February 25, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="scholton">{{cite web |last1=Scholten |first1=Ju |title=Magdalena C Ellen Rydsam (1842–1910) » Stamboom Berenpas Scholten » Genealogie Online |url=https://www.genealogieonline.nl/en/stamboom-familie-scholten/I10239.php |website=Genealogie Online |access-date=June 8, 2018 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="g-forum">{{cite web|title=Virgil Walter Earp|url=http://www.gfo.org/deaths_ore/virgil-w-earp.htm |website=Genealogy Forum of Oregon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228031514/http://www.gfo.org/deaths_ore/virgil-w-earp.htm |access-date=December 2, 2015|archive-date=February 28, 2016 }}</ref> <ref name="Beltman">{{cite web |url=http://www.aadas.nl/sites/default/files/proceedings/1997_12_Beltman.pdf |title=Nineteenth-Century Dutch Migrants Extraordinaire on the Prairie-Plans |first=Brian W. |last=Beltman |publisher=Association for the Advancement of Dutch Americans |access-date=April 18, 2014 |archive-date=April 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015011/http://www.aadas.nl/sites/default/files/proceedings/1997_12_Beltman.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="gormley">{{cite journal|last=Gormley|first=Myra Vanderpool|title=Wild West Personalities Produce Bang-Up Pedigree|url=http://www.genealogymagazine.com/wyattearp.html|access-date=February 20, 2014|journal=American Genealogy Magazine|volume=9|number=4|archive-date=March 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326012516/http://www.genealogymagazine.com/wyattearp.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="historynetvirgil">{{cite web|title=Frontier Lawman Virgil Earp|url=http://www.historynet.com/frontier-lawman-virgil-earp.htm|date=June 12, 2006 |access-date=February 26, 2015 |first1=Jan S. |last1=Paul |first2=Gene |last2=Carlisle |work=Wild West |publisher=HistoryNet}}</ref> <ref name="waitress">{{cite web |title=Just what is Virgil Earp's connection to Prescott ? {{!}} Prescott Reenactors |url=http://www.prescottreenactors.com/just-what-is-virgil-earps.html |website=www.prescottreenactors.com |access-date=June 7, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141320/http://www.prescottreenactors.com/just-what-is-virgil-earps.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="arizona">{{cite web|title=An Interview With Virgil W. Earp|work=Arizona Affairs|access-date=May 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423122018/http://www.angelfire.com/co4/earpgang/interviewtwo.html|archive-date=April 23, 2009|url-status=live|url=https://www.angelfire.com/co4/earpgang/interviewtwo.html}} First published in ''Real West'' Magazine in January 1982. Annotated by Robert F. Palmquist</ref> <ref name="monahan">{{cite book |title=Mrs. Earp | first= Sherry |last=Monahan |year=2013 |publisher=TwoDot |edition=First |asin= B00I1LVKYA}}</ref> <ref name="RAdams">{{cite book|last1=Adams Jr.|first1=Ramon F.|title=Burs Under the saddle: A Second Look at Books and Histories of the West|date=1989|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman|isbn=978-0806121703|page=336|edition=First}}</ref> <ref name="ordinance">{{cite web|url=http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/earp/ordinances.html|title=Ordinances Enforced by the Earps in the OK Corral Shoot-out|access-date=February 6, 2011|year=2005|author=Douglas Linder|work=Famous Trials: The O.K. Corral Trial|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203135216/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/earp/ordinances.html|archive-date=February 3, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="WGBH">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/transcript/wyatt-transcript/ |title=WGBH American Experience: Wyatt Earp, Complete Program Transcript |date=January 25, 2010 |series=22 |volume=2 |type=Television production |access-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-date=January 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130081133/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/transcript/wyatt-transcript/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="rosen">{{Cite book | last1 = Rosen | first1 = Fred | title = The Historical Atlas of American Crime | date = 2005 | publisher = Facts on File | location = New York | isbn = 978-0816048410 | page = [https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000rose/page/298 298] | url = https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000rose/page/298}}</ref> <ref name="johnson">{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=David|title=John Ringo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mT_E8MS2koC&pg=PA137|year=1996|publisher=Barbed Wire Press|location=Stillwater, OK|isbn=978-0935269239|edition=first}}</ref> <ref name="testimony">{{cite web|url=http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/earp/vearptestimony.html|title=Testimony of Virgil Earp in the Preliminary Hearing in the Earp Case|access-date=February 6, 2011|year=2005|editor-first=Douglas|editor-last=Linder|work=Famous Trials: The O. K. Corral Trial|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203142604/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/earp/vearptestimony.html|archive-date=February 3, 2011}} From Turner, Alford (Ed.), ''The O. K. Corral Inquest'' (1992)</ref> <ref name="weir">{{Cite book | last1=Weir | first1=William | title=History's Greatest Lies: the Startling Truths Behind World Events our History Books Got Wrong | url=https://archive.org/details/historysgreatest00weir_076 | url-access=limited | year=2009 | publisher=Fair Winds Press | location=Beverly, MA | isbn=978-1592333363 | page=[https://archive.org/details/historysgreatest00weir_076/page/n289 288]}}</ref> <ref name="sacrecord">{{cite news | publisher=Sacramento Daily Record-Union |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014381/1881-12-30/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=1872&index=1&rows=20&words=Earp+Wyatt&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=California&date2=1881&proxtext=wyatt+earp+&y=20&x=15&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 |page=3|date=December 30, 1881 |volume=56 |number=9594 |title=Attempted Assassination}}</ref> <ref name="explorers">{{cite web |last=Rose|first=John|url=http://www.wyattearpexplorers.com/wyatts-house.html |title=Wyatt's House |access-date=February 11, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="bell2005">{{cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=Bob Boze|title=Shotguns at Midnight|journal=True West|date=June 1, 2005|url=http://www.truewestmagazine.com/shotguns-at-midnight/|access-date=July 2, 2016|archive-date=August 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817082947/http://www.truewestmagazine.com/shotguns-at-midnight/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="azminer">{{cite news|title=Earps (1882)|work=[[Weekly Arizona Miner]]|date=December 30, 1881|volume=3|issue=3|url=http://www.ahfweb.org/sacks/node/24925|access-date=May 23, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725183753/http://www.ahfweb.org/sacks/node/24925|archive-date=July 25, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="laherald">{{cite news | publisher=Los Angeles Herald |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042459/1881-12-30/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1872&index=0&rows=20&words=Earp+Wyatt&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=California&date2=1881&proxtext=wyatt+earp+&y=20&x=15&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 |date=December 30, 1881 |volume=16 |number=11 |title=Eyewitnesses in Tombstone – Condition of Marshal Earp}}</ref> <ref name="murray">{{cite web|last=Murray|first=Virgil|title=Warren Earp: The Little Brother|url=http://www.jcs-group.com/oldwest/tombstone/earp3.html|access-date=May 26, 2011 |work=the Spell of the West}}</ref> <ref name="roberts">{{Cite book | last1 = Roberts | first1 = Gary L. | title = Doc Holliday: The Life and Legend | year = 2007 | publisher = Wiley, J | location = New York| isbn = 978-0470128220 | page = 544}}</ref> <ref name="guinn">{{cite book|last=Guinn|first=Jeff|title=The last Gunfight: the Real Story of the Shootout at the O.K. Corral and How it Changed the American West|date=May 17, 2011|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-1439154243|edition=1st Simon & Schuster}}</ref> <ref name="banks">{{cite web |url=http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/the-return-of-wyatt-earp/Content?oid=1075940 |title=The Return of Wyatt Earp |first=Leo W. |last=Banks |date=April 22, 2004 |publisher=Tucson Weekly |location=Tucson, Arizona}}</ref> <ref name="stilwellmurder">{{cite web|publisher=The Tombstone Epitaph|date=March 27, 1882|title=Another Assassination Frank Stilwell Found Dead this Morning Being Another Chapter in the Earp-Clanton Tragedy|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84021939/1882-03-27/ed-1/seq-4|page=4}}</ref> <ref name="tanner">{{Cite book|last1=Tanner|first1=Karen Holliday|last2=DeArment|first2=Robert K.|title=Doc Holliday: A Family Portrait|date=2001|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0806133201|page=368}}</ref> <ref name="goldfield">{{Cite web|url=http://www.goldfieldhistoricalsociety.com/featured-storyVirgilWalterEarpGoldfield.html|title=Goldfield Historical Society - Virgil Walter Earp in Goldfield|website=www.goldfieldhistoricalsociety.com|access-date=August 18, 2019|archive-date=April 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413070704/http://www.goldfieldhistoricalsociety.com/featured-storyVirgilWalterEarpGoldfield.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="aRMRP">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film—first-action-hero-wyatt-earp-was-an-elderly-movie-groupie-who-failed-to-make-it-as-an-extra-then-stuart-n-lake-wrote-his-spurious-biography-and-the-starspangled-hero-of-the-o-k-corral-was-born-as-two-new-films-strip-the-myth-to-its-bones-david-ashford-charts-the-making-of-a-hollywood-cowboy-1446479.html |title=First action hero: Wyatt Earp was an elderly movie groupie who failed to make it as an extra ...|access-date=January 10, 2011 |first=David |last=Ashford|date=September 3, 1994 |location=London |work=The Independent}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> <ref name="Spartacus">{{cite web|title=Virgil Earp|url=http://spartacus-educational.com/WWearpV.htm|publisher=Spartacus Educational|access-date=January 8, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="IGswe">{{cite book|first1=Ralph |last1=Friedman |edition= Photos by Phoebe L. Friedman |title=Tracking Down Oregon|date=1978|publisher=Caxton Printers|location=Caldwell, Idaho|isbn=978-0870042577|url=https://archive.org/details/trackingdownoreg00frie |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/trackingdownoreg00frie/page/71 71]|access-date=December 2, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="TYWLK">{{cite web|title=Earps Were Shooting Long Before the OK Corral|url=http://www.civilwarprimer.com/2010/07/earps-were-shooting-long-before-the-ok-corral/|publisher=CivilWarPrimer.com|first1=Pat |last1=Granstra|access-date=February 20, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="Isen">{{cite book|last1=Isenberg|first1=Andrew C.|title=Wyatt Earp: A Vigilante Life|date=June 25, 2013|publisher=Macmillan|asin=B009LRWHV8}}</ref> <ref name="OldWest">{{cite web|last1=Boyle|first1=R. W.|title=Old West Daily Reader|url=http://oldwestdailyreader.com/week/_42/|access-date=March 12, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="WExplore">{{cite web |url=http://www.wyattearpexplorers.com/wyatts-house.html |title=Wyatt's House |access-date=February 11, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="Family">{{cite book|last=Holliday|first=Karen Tanner|title=Doc Holliday: A Family Portrait|year=2001|publisher=University Of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman|isbn=978-0806133201}}</ref> <ref name="LAW">{{cite web|title=The Law in Tombstone|url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/earp/ordinances.html/|access-date=March 8, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213174105/http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/earp/ordinances.html|archive-date=December 13, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Schnoz">{{cite web |url=http://www.bignosekates.info/longhorn.html |title=The Longhorn Restaurant |publisher=Bignosekates.info |access-date=October 31, 2012 |archive-date=November 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102131835/http://www.bignosekates.info/longhorn.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Intervw">{{cite web|title=An Interview With Virgil W. Earp|work=Arizona Affairs|access-date=May 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423122018/http://www.angelfire.com/co4/earpgang/interviewtwo.html|archive-date=April 23, 2009|quote=Originally reported in the ''San Francisco Examiner'' on May 27, 1882|url-status=live|url=https://www.angelfire.com/co4/earpgang/interviewtwo.html}}</ref> <ref name="Spart-OK">{{cite web |url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WWokcorral.htm |title=Gunfight at the OK Corral |access-date=July 23, 2012 |archive-date=June 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608080758/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WWokcorral.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="BarbedW">{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=David|title=John Ringo|year=1996|publisher=Barbed Wire Press|location=Stillwater, OK |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mT_E8MS2koC&pg=PA241|isbn=978-0935269239|edition=first}}</ref> <ref name="Tefer">{{cite book|first=Casey|last=Tefertiller|title=Wyatt Earp: the Life Behind the Legend|year=1999|publisher=Wiley|location=New York|isbn=978-0471283621|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/wyattearplifebeh00tefe}}</ref> <ref name="Miller-0">{{cite book |first=Joseph |last=Miller |title=Arizona:The Last Frontier |publisher=Hastings House |date=January 1, 1956}}</ref> <ref name="Miller">{{cite book|first=Joseph |last=Miller |title=Arizona: The Last Frontier |url=https://archive.org/details/arizonalastfront00mill |url-access=registration |publisher=Hastings House |date=January 1, 1956}}</ref> <ref name="Ancestry.com">{{cite web | title=Arizona, Voter Registrations, 1866–1955 |website=[[Ancestry.com]] |url=https://www.ancestry.com/interactive/60875/43146_542797-00095 |date=July 15, 1896}}</ref> <ref name="Prescott">{{cite web |title=Just what is Virgil Earp's connection to Prescott ? {{!}} Prescott Reenactors |url=http://www.prescottreenactors.com/just-what-is-virgil-earps.html |website=www.prescottreenactors.com |access-date=June 8, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141320/http://www.prescottreenactors.com/just-what-is-virgil-earps.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Fletcher">{{Cite book |last1 = Fletcher |first1 = Randol B.|title = Hidden History of Civil War Oregon|publisher = The History Press |year = 2011|location = Charleston, SC|isbn = 978-1609494247}}</ref> <ref name="hdeIu">Soodalter, Ron [http://nevadamagazine.com/home/inside-the-magazine/history/the-earps-in-nevada/ Wyatt Earp: Law, Order, and a Game of Chance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204141530/http://nevadamagazine.com/home/inside-the-magazine/history/the-earps-in-nevada/ |date=February 4, 2018 }} March 2016</ref> <ref name="IMDB-wy">{{IMDb title|tt0047750|The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp}}</ref> <ref name="IMDb-t">{{IMDb title|tt0108358|Tombstone}}</ref> }} ==External links== * [http://www.historynet.com/frontier-lawman-virgil-earp.htm Frontier Lawman Virgil Earp] * [https://www.fold3.com/page/386-civil-war-pension-index-cards-of-newton-earp-james-earp-and-virgil-earp Civil War Pension Index Card for Virgil Earp] {{s-start}} {{s-civ|pol}} {{succession box| before=New position| title=[[Deputy U.S. Marshal]] of [[Tombstone District]] of [[Pima County, Arizona]]| years=November 27, 1879–December 29, 1881 | after=[[Wyatt Earp]]}} {{succession box| before=[[Fred White (marshal)|Fred White]]| title=[[City Marshal]] of [[Tombstone, Arizona]]<br />(acting)| years=October 30, 1880–November 12, 1880 | after=[[Ben Sippy]]}} {{succession box| before=[[Ben Sippy]]| title=[[City Marshal]] of [[Tombstone, Arizona]]| years=June 18, 1881–October 29, 1881 | after=[[James Flynn (marshal)|James Flynn]]}} {{s-end}} {{Wild West}} {{Cochise County conflict}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Earp, Virgil}} [[Category:1843 births]] [[Category:1905 deaths]] [[Category:American deputy sheriffs]] [[Category:American people of English descent]] [[Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent]] [[Category:American town marshals]] [[Category:Arizona folklore]] [[Category:Burials at River View Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)]] [[Category:Earp family|Virgil]] [[Category:Gunslingers of the American Old West]] [[Category:Law enforcement officials from Arizona]] [[Category:Lawmen of the American Old West]] [[Category:People from Arizona Territory]] [[Category:People from Colton, California]] [[Category:People from Hartford, Kentucky]] [[Category:People from Lamar, Missouri]] [[Category:People from Tombstone, Arizona]] [[Category:People of the Cochise County conflict]] [[Category:Union army soldiers]] [[Category:19th-century United States Marshals]] [[Category:Western (genre) heroes and heroines]]
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