Editing VistaVision

{{short description|Motion picture camera film format}}
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{{primary sources|date=March 2010}}
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[[Image:VistaVision_Logo_001.svg|right|thumb|300px|[[Logotype]] of the VistaVision format.]]
[[File:VistaVision 8 perf 35 mm film.png|right|thumb|300px|A VistaVision 35&nbsp;mm film frame (the dotted area shows a 1.85:1 aspect ratio crop).]]

'''VistaVision''' is a higher resolution, [[widescreen]] variant of the [[35 mm movie film|35&nbsp;mm motion picture film]] format that was created by engineers at [[Paramount Pictures]] in 1954.

Paramount did not use [[anamorphic]] processes such as [[CinemaScope]] but refined the quality of its flat widescreen system by orienting the 35&nbsp;mm negative horizontally in the camera gate and shooting onto a larger area, which yielded a finer-grained projection print.

As finer-grained film stocks appeared on the market, VistaVision became obsolete. Paramount dropped the format after only seven years, although for another 40 years the format was used by some European and Japanese producers for feature films and by [[American films]] such as the first three ''[[Star Wars]]'' films for [[high-resolution]] [[Special effect|special-effects]] sequences.

In many ways, VistaVision was a testing ground for cinematography ideas that evolved into [[70 mm film|70&nbsp;mm]] [[IMAX]] and [[OMNIMAX]] film formats in the 1970s. Both IMAX and OMNIMAX are oriented sideways, as is VistaVision.

==History==
As a response to an industry recession caused largely by the popularity of [[television]], the Hollywood studios turned to large-format films in order to regain audience attendance. In 1952, the spherical format [[Cinerama]] debuted in September, and consisted of three strips of 35&nbsp;mm film projected side-by-side onto a giant, [[curved screen]], augmented by seven channels of [[stereophonic sound]]. In 1953, [[20th Century Studios|Twentieth Century-Fox]] announced the introduction of a simpler version of Cinerama using [[anamorphic]] lenses instead of multiple film strips, a widescreen process later known as [[CinemaScope]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/americancinemato34unse/page/113/mode/2up |title=CinemaScope--What It Is, How It Works |magazine=[[American Cinematographer]] |date=March 1953 |pages=112–113 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> 

By January 1953, Paramount Pictures decided to convert ''[[Sangaree (film)|Sangaree]]'' (1953) into a 3D production, which had originally been filmed "flat" for the prior two weeks.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/01/27/archives/paramount-starts-3dimension-movie-sangaree-being-filmed-flat-for.html |title=Paramount Starts 3-Dimension Movie |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 27, 1953 |page=22 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> When the film was screened for Paramount president [[Barney Balaban]], he talked in length with [[Spyros Skouras]], president of Twentieth Century-Fox, in which Balaban stated he had preferred the CinemaScope process.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/variety189-1953-02/page/n6/mode/1up |title=No Letup in 3-D |magazine=Variety |date=February 4, 1953 |page=7 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> By the next month, Paramount Pictures devised its own system to augment its [[3-D film|3-D]] process, known as Paravision. This process utilized a screen size that yielded an [[Aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]] of five units wide by three units high.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/variety189-1953-02/page/n202/mode/1up |title=Clarify 3-D Systems |date=February 25, 1953 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |page=7 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Par. Rides Bandwagon with 3-Dimension |date=February 12, 1953 |page=5 |magazine=The Film Weekly |location=Sydney, Australia |issn=0015-1467}}</ref> The first film released by Paramount to use the Paravision process was ''[[Red Garters (film)|Red Garters]]'' (1954).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/01/30/archives/studios-push-films-in-stereoscopics-paramount-metro-warners-to.html |title=Studios Push Films in Stereoscopics |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 30, 1953 |page=24 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> 

This "flat" widescreen process was adopted by other studios, and by the end of 1953, more than half of the theaters in the U.S. had installed wide screens. However, because a smaller portion of the image was used and magnification was increased, excessive grain and soft images plagued early widescreen presentations. Some studios sought to compensate for these effects by shooting color films with a full aperture gate (rather than the academy aperture) and then reducing the image in [[Technicolor]]'s optical printer. This process is a predecessor of today's [[Super 35]] format, which also uses a 1.85:1 ratio but one-third more frame area than does a standard 1.85:1 matted into a [[Aspect ratio (image)|4:3]] ratio.

The idea behind VistaVision originated with John R. Bishop, the head of Paramount's camera department. He had been impressed with the Cinerama process, although he took exception to the blow-up process.  He told ''[[Popular Science Magazine]]'': "the negative is the bad boy. We simply can't store enough detail in its small size. Sit close to the screen, and your eyes tire. Too fuzzy, too grainy."<ref name="HollywoodNowShoots">{{cite magazine |last=Boone |first=Andrew R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA62 |title=Hollywood Now Shoots |magazine=Popular Science |date=July 1954 |pages=61–64 |issn=0161-7370 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> He became interested in projecting the widescreen image in sharp detail. He installed a Leica lens in a [[Mitchell Camera]] after remembering an abandoned two-frame color system developed by the William P. Stein Company that exposed both negatives to form a single projection image. Bishop turned the camera on its side and shot a film test which proved successful.<ref name="HollywoodNowShoots" /> In shooting in the VistaVision process, the film was run horizontally rather than vertically, and instead of exposing two simultaneous four-perforation frames, the entire eight perforations were used for one image.<ref name="WideScreen1">{{cite web|url=http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/wingvv1.htm |title=The VistaVision Wing |website=Widescreen Museum |access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref> The negative frame area was approximated to be 1.472 x 0.997 inches.<ref name="Lazy8">{{cite magazine |last1=Bishop |first1=John R. |last2=Ryder |first2=Loren L. |url=https://archive.org/details/american-cinematographer-1953-12-cbz/page/n19/mode/2up |title=Paramount's 'Lazy-8' Double-Frame Camera |magazine=American Cinematographer |date=December 1953 |volume=34 |issue=12 |pages=588–589 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Raimondo-Souto |first=H. Mario |title=Motion Picture Photography: A History, 1891–1960 |year=2014 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |page=315 |isbn=978-0-786-48407-2}}</ref> 

During its technical development, Paramount's camera technicians dubbed this process the "Lazy 8" system, by which the term "lazy" stood for the horizontal film path, and "8" for the eight-sprocket image width.<ref name="Lazy8" /> Paramount trade-named the process "VistaVision" early in 1954, and the first production to utilize the camera process was ''[[White Christmas (film)|White Christmas]]'' (1954).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gavin |first=Arthur E. |url=https://archive.org/details/americancinemato35unse/page/174/mode/2up |title=Tomorrow's Wide-Screen Camera... |magazine=American Cinematographer |date=April 1954 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=174–175 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The process afforded a wider [[aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]] of 1.5:1 versus the conventional 1.37:1 Academy ratio, and a much larger image area. In order to satisfy theaters with various screen sizes, VistaVision films were shot so that they could be shown in one of three recommended [[Aspect ratio|aspect ratios]]: 1.66:1, 1.85:1 and 2.00:1.<ref name="WideScreen1" />

In its lead-up to ''White Christmas'', Paramount Pictures' publicity department stressed the CinemaScope process was "uncomfortably wide", in which their "VistaVision" process would emphasize that "height is as important as width."<ref name="HistoryofAmericanCinema">{{cite book |last=Lev |first=Peter |title=History of the American Cinema, Volume 7: 1950–1959 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900520249669/ |year=1994 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900520249669/page/120/mode/2up 120–121] |isbn=978-0-520-24966-0}}</ref> By then, several theaters had been equipped with horizontal screen projectors for VistaVision's eight-sprocket image frame. For theater exhibitors that were not equipped, an alternate 35 mm film print was used with a compatible sound system known as the "[[Perspecta|Perspecta Stereo]]", encoded in the optical track.<ref name="HistoryofAmericanCinema" /> The VistaVision fanfare, heard in most of the films produced in this ratio, was composed by [[Van Cleave|Nathan Van Cleave]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The VistaVision Wing |url=http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/wingvv2.htm |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=Widescreen Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115083247/https://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/wingvv2.htm |archive-date=2025-01-15 |url-status=live}}</ref>

''White Christmas'' held its West Coast premiere at the Warner Beverly Hills Theatre on October 27, 1954. The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' detailed the VistaVision process was "a simple innovation, but not easy to grasp" by which they noted the "enlargement and compression process gives the picture a depth of focus which enhances its clarity."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/385837725/ |title=VistaVision Debut Nears |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |at=Part I, p. 13 |date=October 16, 1954 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |via=Newspapers.com |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Prior to its release, in March 1954, Paramount chief engineer [[Loren L. Ryder]] believed that VistaVision would become the forerunner of widescreen projection for the following reasons:
* VistaVision could be shown at widescreen aspect ratios between 1.66 and 2.00:1.
* VistaVision could be (and most often was) further printed down to standard vertical 35&nbsp;mm reels, keeping its 1.66:1 widescreen aspect ratio, which meant that exhibitors did not need to purchase additional projection equipment, as was often required for [[CinemaScope]].
* VistaVision did not force the elimination of seats in any theater (as did [[Cinerama]], and CinemaScope at first).
* VistaVision allowed patrons to see more and therefore gain more enjoyment from a film.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ryder |first=Loren L. |url=https://archive.org/details/independentfilmj3233unse/page/n673/mode/1up?q=ryder |title=Para's Vista Vision System Offers Benefits To Theatre |journal=Independent Film Journal |volume=33 |issue=5 |page=26 |date=March 20, 1954 |access-date=January 31, 2025 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

Following the film's release, Paramount reiterated its policy to have their standard film prints "available to play in any theatre anywhere in the world with no requirement that the exhibitor alter [their] equipment in order to play a VistaVision picture."<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Ryder |first1=Loren R. |last2=Bishop |first2=John R. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-cinematographer_1954-11_35_11/page/552/mode/2up |title=VistaVision Moves Forward |magazine=American Cinematographer |pages=552–553 |date=November 1954 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Subsequent Paramount films including ''[[Strategic Air Command (film)|Strategic Air Command]]'' (1955), ''[[To Catch a Thief (film)|To Catch a Thief]]'' (1955), ''[[The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956 film)|The Man Who Knew Too Much]]'' (1956), ''[[The Ten Commandments (1956 film)|The Ten Commandments]]'' (1956), ''[[Funny Face]]'' (1957), and ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' (1958) were filmed in VistaVision.<ref name="HistoryofAmericanCinema" /> Though it was not as prevalent as CinemaScope, rival studios adopted the VistaVision process, including MGM's ''[[High Society (1956 film)|High Society]]'' (1956), Warner Bros.' ''[[The Searchers]]'' (1956), and [[United Artists]]' ''[[The Vikings (film)|The Vikings]]'' (1958).<ref name="HistoryofAmericanCinema" /> 

By the late 1950s, VistaVision became obsolete with the industry preference for [[Panavision]] and more refinements in [[Eastmancolor]] film stock. Paramount produced their last Vistavision film, ''[[One-Eyed Jacks]]'' in 1961. By the 1960s, they adopted [[Technirama]] as its primary widescreen projection system.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hart |first=Martin |url=https://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/vvstory.htm |title=The Development of VistaVision: Paramount Marches to a Different Drummer |website=Widescreen Museum |date=1996 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118232840/http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/vvstory.htm |archive-date=January 18, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> 

Since the last American VistaVision film, ''One-Eyed Jacks'' which began shooting in 1958 but was not released until 1961, the format would not be used as a primary imaging system for a feature film until 2024. However, VistaVision's high resolution made it attractive for some special-effects work within some later feature films.

==Special-effects usage==
{{Unreferenced_section|date=December 2009}}
In 1975, a small group of artists and technicians (including [[Richard Edlund]], who was to receive two Academy Awards for his work) revived the long-dormant format to create the special effects shots for [[George Lucas]]'s space epic ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]''. A retooled VistaVision camera dubbed the [[Dykstraflex]] (named for special effects master [[John Dykstra]]) was used by the group (later called [[Industrial Light & Magic]]) in complex process shots. For more than two decades after this, VistaVision was often used as an originating and intermediate format for shooting [[special effect]]s because a larger negative area compensates against the increased grain created when shots are optically composited. By the early 21st century, [[computer-generated imagery]], advanced film scanning, [[digital intermediate]] methods and [[film stock]]s with higher resolutions optimized for special effects work had together rendered VistaVision mostly obsolete even for special effects work. Nevertheless, in 2008, ILM was still using the format in some production steps, such as for ''[[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull]]'', and a VistaVision camera was used in the semi-trailer flip scene in ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' because there were not enough IMAX cameras to cover all of the angles needed for the shot. In 2010, certain key sequences of the film ''[[Inception]]'' were shot in VistaVision, and in the film ''[[Scott Pilgrim vs. the World]]'', shots that needed to be optically enlarged were shot in VistaVision.

==Technical specifications==
;VistaVision (8/35)
* Spherical lenses, usually adapted and remounted [[Leica Camera|Leica]] full-frame [[Rangefinder]] camera lenses;{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} SOM Berthiot made a special zoom just for VistaVision applications, but it saw very little use.
* Eight perforations per frame.
* Horizontal pulldown from right to left (viewed from emulsion side).
* Slightly less depth of field than that of vertical pulldown 35&nbsp;mm.
* Camera [[aperture]] of 1.485&nbsp;inches (37.72&nbsp;mm) by 0.981&nbsp;inches (24.92&nbsp;mm).

==Films shot in VistaVision==
{{main|List of VistaVision films}}

1954's ''[[White Christmas (film)|White Christmas]]'' was the first Paramount film to utilize the VistaVision method, but perhaps the most well-known film to be filmed completely in VistaVision format is Alfred Hitchcock's 1958 film ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]''. The use of VistaVision faded by the beginning of the 1960s, with ''[[One-Eyed Jacks]]'' in 1961 being the last American film of the 20th Century to be shot entirely using the VistaVision process. 

By the 21st century, however, the format saw a revival with ''[[The Brutalist]]'' in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tangcay |first1=Jazz |last2=Saavedra |first2=Mitch |url=https://variety.com/2024/artisans/news/the-brutalist-marble-quarry-active-mine-scene-1236256188/ |title='The Brutalist' Cinematographer Lol Crawley Breaks Down Filming in VistaVision in an Active Marble Mine in Tuscany |work=Variety |date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=April 29, 2025}}</ref> That same year, it was reported that [[Paul Thomas Anderson]] filmed his 2025 film ''[[One Battle After Another]]'' in VistaVision,<ref>{{cite web |last=Raup |first=Jordan |url=https://thefilmstage.com/paul-thomas-andersons-next-film-sets-august-2025-release-including-imax-theaters/ |title=Paul Thomas Anderson’s Next Film Sets August 2025 Release, Including IMAX Theaters |website=The Film Stage |date=March 13, 2024 |access-date=April 29, 2025}}</ref> as well as [[Yorgos Lanthimos]]'s ''[[Bugonia (film)|Bugonia]]'' (2025) and [[Alejandro González Iñárritu]]'s [[Untitled Alejandro G. Iñárritu film|untitled 2026 film]] starring [[Tom Cruise]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Pennington |first=Adam |url=https://definitionmagazine.com/features/taking-stock/ |title=Taking Stock — Shooting on Film |website=Definition Magazine |date=February 23, 2025 |access-date=April 29, 2025}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The camera numbered VistaVision #1 that was used on [[Cecil B. DeMille]]'s ''[[The Ten Commandments (1956 film)|The Ten Commandments]]'' and several [[Alfred Hitchcock]] films was offered at auction on September 30, 2015 by [[Profiles in History]] with an estimated value of US$30,000 to $50,000, with a winning bid of US$65,000.<ref name="HwdAuction74-VV1">{{cite book  | title = Hollywood Auction 74 | date = 2015 | publisher = [[Profiles in History]] | location = California | page = 419 | quote = Lot 1217. Historic Ten Commandments VistaVision #1 (VV1) motion picture camera. . . . VistaVision #1 (VV1) was the very first Mitchell VistaVision camera ever built, having started its service project, Cecil B. DeMille's 1956 epic ''The Ten Commandments'' and ten additional years of very difficult production as Hollywood moved out of the safety of sound stages into the rugged extremes of spectacular distant location productions. According to very limited surviving camera reports VV1 was one of six cameras on Alfred Hitchcock's ''Vertigo''. Included with the camera are: VV1 blimp in case (hand-built by studio craftsmen), lens shade kit for blimp with case, VV1 motor with case, a removable through-the-lens viewfinder system, VistaVision Mitchell geared head, Cooke Panchro lens and bellows, (2) vintage camera cases, (2) 1000-ft. magazine sets, lens shade kit with accessories, external viewfinder and Fearless camera dolly. Comes with a letter of provenance by Roy H. Wagner, ASC, who states, "The camera worked its way through every picture that Paramount ever did in VistaVision, and went on to do substantial visual effects work on films in the 1960s and 70s. . . . In the last 35 years I've never seen a VistaVision camera this complete." From the collection of Debbie Reynolds. EST US$30,000–$50,000 (winning bid US$65,000).}} (Auction took place September 30, 2015. Catalog 83MB PDF and Prices Realized List PDF available at [https://www.profilesinhistory.com/buyers/auction-archives/ ProfilesinHistory.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906204431/https://www.profilesinhistory.com/buyers/auction-archives/ |date=2015-09-06 }}.)</ref> Also offered at the same auction was VistaVision High Speed #1 (VVHS1), which was used to film the parting of the [[Red Sea]] in ''The Ten Commandments'' and [[Special effect|special effects]] for ''Star Wars'' (winning bid: US$60,000.)<ref name="HwdAuction74-VVHS1">{{cite book  | title = Hollywood Auction 74 | date = 2015 | publisher = [[Profiles in History]] | location = California | page = 505 | quote = Lot 1542. Mitchell VistaVision High Speed #1 (VVHS1) used on ''Star Wars''. Quite possibly the most influential and important motion picture camera in history, VistaVision High Speed #1's first project started with one of Hollywood's grandest illusions: the parting of the Red Sea in Cecil B. DeMille's ''The Ten Commandments'' (1956) (only two Mitchell VistaVision High Speed cameras were ever made). When 20th Century Fox was faced with the visual effects challenges of ''Star Wars'', the experts concurred that the VistaVision process was the best system available. Having not been properly maintained for over ten years, Paramount sent a large shipment of cameras for the visual effects team to sort through, of which VVHS1 played a very important part. George Lucas tasked Richard Edlund and his future-ILM effects wizards to use VVHS1 to photograph a great number of high-speed miniature effects shots, including the explosion of the Death Star, according to their own camera reports. Measures 31 in. long × 17 in. tall × 18 in. wide. Accompanied with original Mitchell geared head, original case (and spare VVHS2 case), lens shade kit with case, (2) 2,000-ft. magazines sets, external viewfinder with case, high speed motor in original case, backup high speed motor with original case, VistaVision studio power unit with original case and an additional original case with accessories. This camera started the VistaVision renaissance for using its unique capabilities for special effects that continued for two decades. . . . Comes with a letter of provenance from Roy H. Wagner, ASC. US$60,000–$80,000 (winning bid US$60,000).}} (Auction took place September 30, 2015. Catalog 83MB PDF and Prices Realized List PDF available at [https://www.profilesinhistory.com/buyers/auction-archives/ ProfilesinHistory.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906204431/https://www.profilesinhistory.com/buyers/auction-archives/ |date=2015-09-06 }}.)</ref>

The [[Red Digital Cinema|RED]] Monstro & V-Raptor 8K VV sensors are modern incarnations of the VistaVision film format. Cameras that utilize the Monstro sensor include the Red Ranger Monstro, DSMC2 Monstro<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dent |first=Steve |date=Oct 9, 2017 |title=Red's new flagship camera is the $80,000 Monstro 8K VV |url=https://www.engadget.com/2017-10-09-red-camera-8k-monstro-vv.html }}</ref> and the [[Panavision]] Millennium DXL & DXL2.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} Cameras that utilize the V-Raptor 8K VV sensor include the Red V-Raptor and the Red V-Raptor XL.

==See also==
* [[Technirama]]
* [[List of film formats]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite web|last=Hart|first=Martin|year=1996|url=http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/vvstory.htm|title=The Development of VistaVision: Paramount Marches to a Different Drummer|access-date=2004-12-28}}
{{Refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* "The Story of VistaVision" by Keith Wilson, ''[[Cinema Retro]],'' Vol. 11, Issue 31, 2015 (on US newsstands Feb 2015), pages 40–41. Large format magazine article with nine photos, including technical.

==External links==
* [https://www.in70mm.com/presents/1954_vistavision/index.htm VistaVision] at in70mm
* [https://www.imdb.com/SearchTechnical?PCS:VistaVision VistaVision titles] at [[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]]
* [http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/wingvv1.htm VistaVision Wing] at the Widescreen Museum
* [http://archive.thedigitalbits.com/articles/robertharris/harris041403.html Motion Picture High Fidelity] by [[Robert A. Harris]]
* [https://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/vistavisionref.htm VistaVision Reference] at the Widescreen Museum
* [https://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/vistavision.htm The Story of VistaVision] at the Widescreen Museum
* [https://www.in70mm.com/presents/1954_vistavision/process/index.htm The Paramount VistaVision Process] in the ''Theatre Catalog 1954-55''

{{Film formats}}

[[Category:Motion picture film formats]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures]]