Editing Visual inspection

{{Short description|Common method of quality control, data acquisition, and data analysis}}
'''Visual inspection''' is a common method of [[quality control]], [[data acquisition]], and [[data analysis]].
Visual Inspection, used in maintenance of facilities, mean inspection of equipment and structures using either or all of raw human senses such as vision, hearing, touch and smell and/or any non-specialized inspection equipment.
Inspections requiring Ultrasonic, X-Ray equipment, [[Infrared]], etc. are not typically regarded as visual inspection as these Inspection methodologies require specialized equipment, training and certification.

==Quality control==
A study of the visual inspection of small [[integrated circuit]]s found that the modal duration of eye fixations of trained inspectors was about 200&nbsp;ms. The most accurate inspectors made the fewest eye fixations and were the fastest. When the same chip was judged more than once by an individual inspector the consistency of judgment was very high whereas the consistency between inspectors was somewhat less. Variation by a factor of six in inspection speed led to variation of less than a factor of two in inspection accuracy. Visual inspection had a [[false positive]] rate of 2% and a [[false negative]] rate of 23%.<ref>{{citation|title=Studies of Visual Inspection|author1=J. W. Schoonahd |author2=J. D. Gould |author3=L. A. Miller |journal=Ergonomics|publisher=Taylor & Francis|volume=16|date= July 1973|pages= 365–379|doi=10.1080/00140137308924528|pmid=28086275 |issue=4}}</ref>

==Humorous terminology==
To do an '''eyeball search''' is to look for something specific in a mass of [[source code|code]] or data with [[human eye|one's own eyes]], as opposed to using some sort of [[pattern matching]] software like [[grep]] or any other automated search tool. Also known as '''vgrep''' or '''ogrep''', i.e., "visual/optical grep".<ref>''[[Jargon File]]'', version 4.4.6, 25 Oct 2003''
</ref> See also [[vdiff]].

"Eyeballing" is the most common and readily available method of initial data assessment.<ref>Srinika Jayaratne, Rona L. Levy (1979) "Empirical Clinical Practice", {{ISBN|0-231-04188-8}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tkQFKoyPsegC&dq=eyeballing&pg=PA110 p. 110]</ref> This method is effective for identifying patterns or anomalies in complex data but can be time-intensive and error-prone.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hrymak |first1=Victor |last2=Vries |first2=Jam |year=2019 |title=The development and trial of systematic visual search: a visual inspection method designed to improve current workplace risk assessment practice |journal=Policy and Practice in Health and Safety |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=9-24 |publisher=Taylor & Francis|doi=10.1080/14773996.2019.1708615}}</ref> Although low-cost and adaptable, its efficiency and [[Return on investment|ROI]] often fall short compared to automated tools, which offer greater scalability and consistency.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://averroes.ai/blog/visual-inspection-system-cost-breakdown |title=Visual Inspection System Cost Breakdown & Calculating ROI |website=Averroes |date=Jun 18, 2024 |access-date=Nov 26, 2024}}</ref> However, switching from manual visual inspection to automated methods depends on the task's complexity, scale, and the balance between upfront costs and long-term efficiency.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Behrisch |first1=Michael |last2=Krueger |first2=Robert |year=2018 |title=Visual Pattern-Driven Exploration of Big Data |publisher=IEEE |location=Germany |pages=1-11 |doi=10.1109/BDVA.2018.8534028|arxiv=1807.01364 }}</ref>

Experts in [[pattern recognition]] maintain that the "eyeball" technique is still the most effective procedure for searching arbitrary, possibly unknown structures in data.<ref>Hans-Jürgen Zimmermann (2001) "Fuzzy Set Theory--and Its Applications", {{ISBN|0-7923-7435-5}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hz_mvNU8YHYC&dq=%22eyeball+search%22&pg=PA278 p. 278]</ref>

In the military, applying this sort of search to real-world terrain is often referred to as "using the '''Mark I Eyeball'''"  device (pronounced as Mark One Eyeball), the U.S. military adopting it in 1950s.<ref>"Contemporary Geodesy" (Proceedings of a Conference Held at the Harvard College Observatory - Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA, December 1–2, 1958). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vtg_AAAAIAAJ&q=%22mark+I+eyeball%22 P. 68] says: "Now the first type of optical tracking, the most elementary, is that using merely the naked eye — as I heard a Navy man say the other day, 'Mark I eyeball' ".</ref> The term is an allusion on military nomenclature, "Mark I" being the first version of a military vehicle or weapon.

==See also==
*[[Automated optical inspection]]
*[[Inspection]]
*[[Inspection (medicine)]]
*[[Statistical graphics]]
*[[Visual search]]
*[[Visual comparison]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Quality control]]
[[Category:Data analysis]]
[[Category:Vision]]
[[Category:Computer humour]]
[[Category:Computer jargon]]
[[Category:Military humor]]
[[Category:Nondestructive testing]]