Editing Voiced alveolar fricative

{{Short description|Consonantal sound often represented by ⟨z⟩ in IPA}}
The '''voiced alveolar fricatives''' are [[consonant]]al sounds. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents these sounds depends on whether a [[sibilant]] or non-sibilant fricative is being described.
* The symbol for the alveolar '''sibilant''' is {{angbr IPA|z}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>z</code>. The IPA letter {{angbr|z}} is not normally used for [[Dental consonant|dental]] or [[Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic ({{angbr IPA|z̪}} and {{angbr IPA|z̠}} respectively).
* The IPA symbol for the alveolar '''non-sibilant fricative''' is derived by means of [[diacritic]]s; it can be {{angbr IPA|ð̠}} or {{angbr IPA|ɹ̝}}.

{{TOC right}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Voiced [[Coronal consonant|coronal]] fricatives
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Denti-alveolar consonant|Denti-<br>alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="4" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alveolar]]
|-
! <small>[[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|Retracted]]</small>
! <small>[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]</small>
! <small>[[Palato-alveolar consonant|Palato-<br>alveolar]]</small>
! <small>[[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-<br>palatal]]</small>
|-
! [[Sibilant]]
! rowspan="2" | plain
| [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced dental sibilant|{{IPA|z̪|cat=no}}]]
| [[Voiced dental fricative#Voiced denti-alveolar sibilant|{{IPA|z̟|cat=no}}]]
| [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|{{IPA|z͇|cat=no}}]]
| [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant|{{IPA|z̠|cat=no}}]]
| [[Voiced retroflex sibilant|{{IPA|ʐ|cat=no}}]]
| [[Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant|{{IPA|ʒ|cat=no}}]]
| [[Voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant|{{IPA|ʑ|cat=no}}]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | Non-sibilant
| {{IPA link|ð}}
|
| {{IPA link|ð͇}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɻ̝}}
|
|
|-
! tapped
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ̞}}
|
|
|
|
|}
{{Clear}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Coronal sibilants
! colspan="2" |
! IPA<br>symbol
! meaning
|-
! rowspan="13" | [[place of articulation|place<br>of articulation]]
! rowspan="4" | [[Place of articulation#Place of articulation (active)|passive<br>(mouth)]]
! {{angbr IPA|z&#810;}}
| [[dental consonant|dental]]
|-
! {{angbr IPA|z̟}}
| [[advanced articulation|advanced]]<br>([[denti-alveolar consonant|denti-alveolar]])
|-
! {{angbr IPA|z͇}}
| [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
|-
! {{angbr IPA|z̠}}
| [[retracted articulation|retracted]]<br>([[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]])
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Place of articulation#Place of articulation (active)|active<br>(tongue)]]
! {{angbr IPA|z̺}}
| [[apical consonant|apical]]
|-
! {{angbr IPA|z̻}}
| [[laminal]]
|-
! {{angbr IPA|ʐ}}
| [[retroflex]]
|-
! rowspan="6" | [[secondary articulation|secondary]]
! {{angbr IPA|zʲ}}
| [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] coronal
|-
! {{angbr IPA|ʑ}}
| [[alveolo-palatal]]
|-
! {{angbr IPA|ʒ}}
| [[palato-alveolar]]
|-
! {{angbr IPA|zʷ}}
| [[labialized]] coronal
|-
! {{angbr IPA|zˠ}}
| [[velarized]] coronal
|-
! {{angbr IPA|zˤ}}
| [[pharyngealized]] coronal
|-
! colspan="2" | [[voice-onset time]]
! {{angbr IPA|zʱ}}
| [[breathy voice|breathy]] coronal
<!-- If there are additions, copy this and use it:
|-
! {{angbr IPA|}}
| -->
|}

==Voiced alveolar sibilant==
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=z
|ipa number=133
|decimal=122
|x-sampa=z
|braille=z
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x007A.svg
}}
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiced laminal dentalized alveolar sibilant
|ipa symbol=z̪
}}
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiced laminal predorsal alveolar sibilant
|ipa symbol=z̟
}}
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant
|decimal1=122
|decimal2=826
|ipa symbol=z̠
|ipa symbol2=zᶾ
}}
The '''voiced alveolar sibilant''' is common across [[languages of Europe|European languages]], but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to the [[voiceless alveolar sibilant|voiceless variant]]. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of {{IPA|[z]}} are languages of [[Europe]], [[Africa]], or [[Western Asia]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

===Features===

{{sibilant}}
*There are at least three specific variants of {{IPA|[z]}}:
** Dentalized laminal [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of {{IPA|[z]}} is very strong.<ref name="PNFK">{{Harvcoltxt|Puppel|Nawrocka-Fisiak|Krassowska|1977|p=149}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=154}}</ref>
** Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the [[alveolar ridge]], termed respectively ''[[apical consonant|apical]]'' and ''[[laminal consonant|laminal]]''. According to {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996}} about half of [[English language|English]] speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
** Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively ''apical'' and ''laminal''. Acoustically, it is close to {{IPAblink|ʒ}} or laminal {{IPAblink|ʐ}}.
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

===Occurrence===

====Dentalized laminal alveolar====
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]]||[[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]{{sfnp|Kozintseva|1995|p=7}} || {{lang| am|[[Armenian alphabet|'''զ'''արդ/zart]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|zɑɾtʰ.ogg|[z̪ɑɾt̪ʰ]}} || 'decoration' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]{{sfnp|Axundov|1983|pp=115, 136, 139–142}} || {{lang|az-Latn|[[Azerbaijani alphabet|'''z'''oğ]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪ɔʁ]}} || 'sprout' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]{{sfnp|Padluzhny|1989|p=47}} || {{lang|be|[[Belarusian alphabet|ба'''з'''а/baza]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈbäz̪ä]}} || 'base' || Contrasts with [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] form. See [[Belarusian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]{{sfnp|Klagstad|1958|p=46}} || {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|е'''з'''еро/ezero]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈɛz̪ɛro]}} || 'lake' || Contrasts with palatalized form.
|-

|-
|colspan=2| [[Czech language|Czech]]{{sfnp|Palková|1994|p=228}} || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|'''z'''ima]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈz̪ɪmä]}} || 'winter' || See [[Czech phonology]]
|-
| [[English language|English]] || [[Multicultural London English|Multicultural London]]<ref>{{cite web|title=english speech services {{!}} Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE|date=31 December 2011|url=http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/accent-of-the-year-sibilants-in-mle/|access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref> || ''[[English orthography|'''z'''oo]]'' || {{IPA|[z̪ʏˑy̯]}} || 'zoo' || See [[English phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[French language|French]]{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=288}}{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1999|p=79}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|'''z'''èbre]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|LL-Q150 (fra)-LoquaxFR-zèbre.wav|[z̪ɛbʁ]}} || 'zebra' || See [[French phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]{{sfnp|Szende|1999|p=104}} || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|'''z'''álog]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈz̪äːl̪oɡ]}} || '[[pledge (law)|pledge]]' || See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Fonetyka i fonologia|author=Jerzy Treder|url=http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> ||colspan=2 align=center| {{example needed|date=November 2013}} || ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]{{sfnp|Kara|2002|p=10}} || {{lang|kk|[[Kazakh alphabets|'''з'''аң/'''z'''ań]]}}|| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[z̪ɑŋ]}} || rowspan="2" | 'law' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=11}} || {{lang|ky|[[Kyrgyz alphabet|'''з'''аң/zań]]}} ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Latvian language|Latvian]]{{sfnp|Nau|1998|p=6}} || {{lang|lv|[[Latvian alphabet|'''z'''ars]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪ärs̪]}} || 'branch' || See [[Latvian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]{{sfnp|Lunt|1952|p=1}} || {{lang|mk|[[Macedonian alphabet|'''з'''ошто/zošto]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈz̪ɔʃt̪ɔ]}} || 'why' || See [[Macedonian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]] || {{lang|mwl|[[Portuguese orthography|daprendi'''z'''aige]]}} || {{IPA|[d̪əpɾẽd̪iˈz̪ajʒ(ɯ̽)]}} || 'learning' || Contrasts seven [[sibilant consonant|sibilants]] altogether, preserving medieval [[Ibero-Romance]] contrasts.
|-
|colspan=2| [[Polish language|Polish]]<ref name=PNFK/>{{sfnp|Rocławski|1976|pp=149}} || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''z'''ero]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-zero.ogg|[ˈz̪ɛrɔ]}} || 'zero' || See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || Most speakers || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|Estado'''s''' Unidos]]}} || {{IPA|[isˈt̪ad̪uz̪‿ʉˈnid͡zᶶ(ˢ)]}} || 'United States' || See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Ovidiu Drăghici|title=Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie|url=http://cis01.central.ucv.ro/litere/idd/cursuri/an_1/limba_rom_cont/lrc_an1_draghici.pdf|access-date=April 19, 2013}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|'''z'''ar]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪är]}} || 'dice'|| See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Chew|2003|p=67}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''з'''аезжать]] / [[Romanization of Russian|'''z'''aězžať]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Ru-заезжать.ogg|[z̪əɪˈʑʑætʲ]}} || 'to pick up' || Contrasts with palatalized form. See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Kordić|2006|p=5}}{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''з'''ајам]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''z'''ajam]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪ǎːjäm]}} || 'loan' || See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak alphabet|'''z'''ima]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈz̪imä]}} || 'winter' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Slovene language|Slovene]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Pretnar|Tokarz|1980|p=21}}</ref> || {{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|'''z'''ima]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈz̪ìːmá]}}|| 'winter' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=288}}{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=154}} || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|gö'''z''']]}} || {{IPA|[ɟø̞̈z̪]}} || 'eye' || See [[Turkish phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Buk|first1=Solomija|last2=Mačutek|first2=Ján|last3=Rovenchak|first3=Andrij|year=2008|title=Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system|journal=Glottometrics|volume=16|issue=16|pages=63–79|arxiv=0802.4198|bibcode=2008arXiv0802.4198B}} (PDF [https://www.ram-verlag.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/g16zeit.pdf#page=66 ram-verlag.eu])</ref> || {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|'''з'''уб/zub]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪ub]}} || 'tooth' || Contrasts with [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] form. See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=22, 38, 39}} || ''ko'''z'''a'' || {{IPA|[ˈkɔz̪ä]}} || 'goat' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=11}} || {{lang|uz-Latn|[[Uzbek alphabet|'''z'''afar]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪äˈfäɾ]}}|| 'victory'
| 
|-
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] || Hanoi{{sfnp|Thompson|1987|pp=5 and 7}} || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|'''d'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪äː]}} || 'skin' || See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
|}

====Non-retracted alveolar====
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|colspan=2| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''з'''ы]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Ady-зы.ogg|[ˈzə]}}|| 'one'||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Albanian language|Albanian]]|| {{lang|sq|[[Albanian alphabet|'''z'''jarr]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[zjar]}}|| 'fire'||
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || Standard{{sfnp|Thelwall|1990|p=37}} || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|زائِر]]|rtl=yes}}|| {{IPA|[ˈzaːʔir]}}||'visitor'|| See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || {{lang|as|[[Assamese alphabet|'''জ'''লকীয়া]]}} || {{IPA|[zɔlɔkija]}} || 'chili' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]]|| ܙܢ̱ܓܐ '''z'''ìga||{{IPA|[ziɡa]}}|| 'bell'||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|নামা'''জ''']]}} ||{{IPA|[namaz]}} || '[[Salah]]' || Mostly in loanwords and often replaced by {{IPAblink|dʒ}}. <br> See [[Bengali phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Breton language|Breton]]|| {{lang|br|ili'''z'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[iliz]}}|| 'church'||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Chechen language|Chechen]]|| [[Cyrillic script|'''з'''урма]] / {{lang|ce-Latn|'''z'''urma}} || {{IPA|[zuɾma]}} || 'music'||
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Belgian Standard{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=190}} || rowspan=2 | {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''z'''eep]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Nl-zeep (Belgium).ogg|[zeːpʰ]|help=no}} || rowspan=2 | ‘soap’ || Laminal.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=190}} See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| Northern Standard{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=145, 190}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=75}} || {{Audio-IPA|Nl-zeep.ogg|[zeɪpʰ]|help=no}} || Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction. It is often [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Retracted alveolar|retracted]] when preconsonantal, after rounded vowels and {{IPA|/r/}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=145, 190}} <br> See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
|[[Emilian dialects|Emilian]] ||[[Bolognese dialect|Bolognese]]
|ra'''ṡ'''ån || {{IPA|[raːz̺ʌŋ]}} ||'reason'
|Palatalized apical; may be {{IPAblink|ʐ}} or {{IPAblink|ʒ}} instead.
|-
|colspan=2| [[English language|English]] || ''[[English orthography|'''z'''oo]]'' || {{Audio-IPA|zoo-pronunciation-audio-nonmulticultural.ogg|[zuː]|help=no}} || 'zoo' || Absent from some Scottish and Asian dialects. See [[English phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Esperanto]] || {{lang|eo|[[Esperanto orthography|ku'''z'''o]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkuzo]}}|| 'cousin' || See [[Esperanto phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Georgian language|Georgian]]{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|p=255}} || {{lang|ka|[[Georgian alphabet|'''ზ'''არი]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈzɑɾi]}} || 'bell' ||
|-
|[[Greek language|Greek]] || Athens dialect{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=283}} || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|'''ζ'''άλη]]}} / [[Romanization of Greek|'''''z'''áli'']] || {{IPA|[ˈz̻ali]}}|| 'dizziness' || See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] || {{lang|he|[[Hebrew orthography|זאב]]|rtl=yes}} || {{IPA|[zeˈʔev]}}|| 'wolf'|| See [[Modern Hebrew phonology]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
|[[Hindi]]
|{{lang|hi|[[Devanagri|'''ज़'''मीन]]}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPA|[zəmiːn]}}
|rowspan=2|'land'
|rowspan=2|May be replaced in Hindi by {{IPAblink|dʒ}}. See [[Hindustani phonology]]
|-
|[[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|{{lang|ur|[[nasta'liq|زمین]]|rtl=yes}}
|-
|colspan=2| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=117}} || {{lang|ja-Hani|[[kanji|全部]]}} / {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Romanization of Japanese|'''z'''enbu]]}}|| {{IPA|[zembɯ]}}|| 'everything'|| Might be replaced with {{IPAblink|dz}}. See [[Japanese phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''з'''ы]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Ady-зы.ogg|[ˈzə]}}|| 'one'||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Kalaw Lagaw Ya]] || {{lang|mwp-Latn|'''z'''ilami'''z'''}}|| {{IPA|[zilʌmiz]}}|| 'go'||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] || {{lang|hi|[[Devanagri|ज़ानुन]]}} / {{lang|ur|[[nasta'liq|زانُن]]|rtl=yes}}|| {{IPA|[zaːnun]}}|| 'to know'||
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|បែលហ្ស៊ិក]]}} / {{Transliteration|km|bêl'''hs'''ĭk}} || {{IPA|[ɓaelzɨk]}} || ''noun'': 'Belgium', 'Belgian(s)'<br />''adjective'': 'Belgian' || See [[Khmer phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Konda language (Dravidian)|Konda]]{{sfnp|Emeneau|1970}}{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=70}}
| ''sun'''z'''''
| {{IPA|[sunz]}}
| 'to sleep'
|
|-
|colspan=2| [[Malay language|Malay]] || [[Malay alphabet|''be'''z'''a'']] || {{IPA|[bezə]}} || 'difference' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Maltese language|Maltese]]|| {{lang|mt|[[Maltese alphabet|'''ż'''elu]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[zelu]}}|| 'zeal' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]|| {{lang|mr|[[Devanagari|'''ज'''र]]}} || {{IPA|[zər]}}|| 'if' || See [[Marathi phonology]].
|-
|colspan=2 rowspan=4| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]|| {{lang|ne|[[Devanagari|ह'''जा'''र]]}}|| {{IPA|[ɦʌzäɾ]}}|| 'thousand' ||rowspan=4| Coda and intervocalic allophone of /d͡z/ and /d͡zʱ/.<ref name="pokharel">{{citation|last=Pokharel|first=Madhav Prasad|year=1989|title=Experimental analysis of Nepali sound system|type=PhD|publisher=University of Pune, India}}</ref>
|- 
|{{lang|ne|[[Devanagari|काग'''ज''']]}}|| {{IPA|[käɣʌz]}}|| 'paper'  
|-
| {{lang|ne|[[Devanagari|बु'''झा'''उनु]]}}|| {{IPA|[buzäu̯nu]}}|| 'to explain'
|- 
| {{lang|ne|[[Devanagari|मा'''झ''']]}} || {{IPA|[mäz]}}|| 'middle'  
|-
| [[Occitan language|Occitan]] || [[Limousin dialect|Limousin]]|| '''''j'''òune'' || {{IPA|[ˈzɒwne]}}|| 'young' || See [[Occitan phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Persian language|Persian]] || {{lang|fa|رو'''ز'''}}|| [ɾuːz] || 'day' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|ca'''s'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkazɐ]}}|| 'house'|| See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] 
| [[Gurmukhi]]
| {{lang|pa|[[Gurmukhi|ਹ'''ਜ਼ਾ'''ਰ]]}}
|rowspan=2| {{IPA|[həˈzaːr]}}
|rowspan=2| 'thousand'
|rowspan=2|May be replaced by {{IPAblink|dʒ}} in [[Gurmukhi]] (Indian) varieties.
|-
| [[Shahmukhi]]
| {{lang|pa|[[shahmukhi|ہزار]]|rtl=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Andalusian Spanish|Andalusian]] ||rowspan=3| {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|comuni'''s'''mo]]|italic=yes}} ||rowspan=3| {{IPA|[ko̞muˈnizmo̞]}} ||rowspan=3| '[[Communism]]' ||rowspan=3| Allophone of {{IPA|/s/}} before voiced consonants, when it is not [[Debuccalization|debuccalized]] to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|h}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɦ}}]}}. Present in dialects which realize {{IPA|/s/}} as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before {{IPA|/d/}} it is dental {{IPA|[z̪]}}.
|-
| [[Latin American Spanish|Latin American]]
|-
| [[Philippine Spanish|Filipino]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Swahili language|Swahili]]|| {{lang|sw|[[Latin script|la'''z'''ima]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[lɑzimɑ]}}|| 'must'||
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Jaffna Tamil dialect|Jaffna Tamil]]
| {{lang|sq|[[Tamil script|கடுதா'''சி''']]}}
| {{IPA|[kɐɖuðaːzi]}}
| 'letter'
| Was only reported for 1 speaker in the sample but he pronounced it regularly.<ref>{{cite book 
|first=Kamil
|last=Zvelebil
|title=Some features of Ceylon Tamil
|series=Indo-Iranian Journal
|year=1965
|volume=9
|issue=2
|pages=113–138
|publisher=JSTOR
|jstor=24650188
|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24650188
}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=2| [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]{{sfnp|Sipma|1913|p=16}} || {{lang|fy|si'''zz'''e|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈsɪzə]}} || 'to say' || It never occurs in word-initial positions. See [[West Frisian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Nuosu language|Yi]] || {{lang|ii|[[Yi script|ꍂ]]}} / {{lang|ii|[[Yi script|'''ss'''y]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[zɹ̩˧]}} || 'generation' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] || {{lang|yi|[[Yiddish orthography|'''ז'''ון]]}} / {{lang|yi-Latn|[[Yiddish orthography|'''z'''ien]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[zin]}} || 'son' ||
|-
| [[Zapotec language|Zapotec]]|| [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=108}} || ''guana'''z''''' || {{IPA|[ɡʷanaz]}} || 'went to grab'||
|}

{{anchor|Voiced alveolar retracted fricative|Voiced apico-alveolar fricative|Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant}}

====Retracted alveolar====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|colspan=2| [[Catalan language|Catalan]]{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=54}}{{sfnp|Torreblanca|1988|p=347}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|'''z'''el]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈz̺ɛɫ]}} || 'zeal' || Apical. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Dutch language|Dutch]]{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=75}}
|'''''z'''at''
|{{Audio-IPA|Nl-zat.ogg|[ˈz̺ɑtʰ]|help=no}}
|'full', 'fed (up)'
|
|-
|colspan=2| [[Galician language|Galician]] || ''me'''s'''mo'' || {{IPA|[ˈme̞z̺mo̞]}} || 'same' || Apical. Allophone of {{IPA|/s/}} before voiced consonants. Before {{IPA|/d/}} it is pronounced dentally {{IPA|[z̪]}}.
|-
|colspan=2| [[Greek language|Greek]]{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=12}} || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|μά'''ζ'''α]]}} / {{Transliteration|el|ISO|[[Romanization of Greek|''má'''z'''a'']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmɐz̠ɐ]}} || 'mass' || See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
|rowspan=3| [[Italian language|Italian]] || Central Italy{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}} ||rowspan=3| {{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|ca'''s'''o]]}} ||rowspan=3| {{IPA|[ˈkäːz̠o]}} ||rowspan=3| 'case' || Present in [[Lazio]] north of Cape Linaro,{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}} most of [[Umbria]]{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}} (save [[Perugia]] and the extreme south){{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}} and [[Le Marche]] south of the [[Potenza]].{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}}
|-
| Northern Italy{{sfnp|Adams|1975|pp=285–286}}{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=71-72}} || Apical.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=72}} Present in many areas north of the [[La Spezia–Rimini Line]].{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=71}}{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=285}} See [[Italian phonology]]
|-
| [[Sicily]]{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}} || Present south and west of a line drawn from [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] to [[Cefalù]].{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}}
|-
|colspan=2| [[Low German]]{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=289}} || {{example needed|date=June 2014}} || || || 
|-
|colspan=2| [[Maldivian language|Maldivian]] || '''''z'''araafaa'' || {{IPA|[z̺aˈraːfaː]}} || 'giraffe' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]] || {{lang|mwl|[[Portuguese orthography|ei'''s'''istir]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[e̞jz̺is̺ˈtiɾ]}}|| 'to exist' || Apical. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaeval [[Ibero-Romance]] sibilants: {{angbr|ch}} {{IPAslink|tʃ}}, {{angbr|x}} {{IPAslink|ʃ}}, {{angbr|g}}/{{angbr|j}} {{IPAslink|ʒ}}, {{angbr|c}}/{{angbr|ç}} {{IPAslink|s̪}}, {{angbr|z}} {{IPA|/z̪/}}, {{angbr|s}}/-{{angbr|ss}}- {{IPAslink|s̺}}, -{{angbr|s}}- {{IPA|/z̺/}}
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Occitan language|Occitan]] || [[Gascon language|Gascon]] || ''ca'''s'''èrna'' || {{IPA|[kaz̺ɛrno]}} || 'barracks' || rowspan="2" | See [[Occitan phonology]]
|-
| [[Languedocien language|Languedocien]] || ''vé'''s'''er'' || {{IPA|[bez̺e]}} || 'to see'
|-
|colspan=2| [[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]]|| ''ami'''s'''''|| {{IPA|[aˈmiz̠]}} || 'friend' || Apical. See [[Piedmontese phonology|Piemontese phonology]]
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || Coastal Northern [[European Portuguese|European]] || {{example needed|date=November 2012}} || || || Merges with non-retracted {{IPA|/z/}}. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| Inland Northern [[European Portuguese|European]] || {{example needed|date=November 2012}}|| || || Apical. Contrasts with non-retracted {{IPA|/z/}}. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
|rowspan=3| [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Andean Spanish|Andean]] ||rowspan=3| ''mi'''s'''mo'' ||rowspan=3| {{IPA|[ˈmiz̺mo̞]}} ||rowspan=3| 'same' ||rowspan=3| Apical. Allophone of {{IPA|/s/}} before voiced consonants. Before {{IPA|/d/}} it is pronounced dentally {{IPA|[z̪]}}. See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| [[Castilian Spanish|Castilian]] 
|-
| [[Paisa Region]]
|-
|}

====Variable====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Mangold|2005|p=50}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''s'''auber]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈzäʊ̯bɐ]}} || 'clean' || Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.{{sfnp|Mangold|2005|p=50}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Italian language|Italian]] || Standard{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=68}} || rowspan=2| {{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|ca'''s'''o]]|italic=yes}} || rowspan=2 | {{IPA|[ˈkäːzo]}} || rowspan=2 | 'case' || Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=68}} See [[Italian phonology]]
|-
| [[Ticino]]{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=72}} || Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|pp=68 and 72}} Both variants may be labiodentalized.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=72}} See [[Italian phonology]]
|}

==Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative==
{{Infobox IPA
|above = Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
|decimal1 = 240
|decimal2 = 800
|ipa symbol = ð̠
|ipa symbol2 = ð͇
|ipa symbol3 = ɹ̝
|ipa symbol4 = d̞
}}
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiced alveolar tapped fricative
|ipa symbol=ɾ̞
|ipa symbol2=ɹ̝̆
|ipa number=124 430
}}

The '''voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative ''' is a consonantal sound. As the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all [[coronal consonant|coronal]] places of articulation that are not [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]), it can represent the sound as in a number of ways including {{angbr IPA|ð̠}} or {{angbr IPA|ð͇}} ([[Retraction (phonetics)|retracted]] or alveolarized {{IPA|[ð]}}, respectively), {{angbr IPA|ɹ̝}} (constricted {{IPA|[ɹ]}}), or {{angbr IPA|d̞}} (lowered {{IPA|[d]}}).

Few languages also have the '''voiced alveolar tapped fricative''', which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.{{sfnp|Laver|1994|p=263}}

===Features===
{{fricative}} However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
{{alveolar}}
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

===Occurrence===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] || [[Aragonese dialects|Chistabino]]{{sfnp|Mott|2007|pp=104, 112}} || {{lang|an|ai'''r'''e|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞]}} || 'air' || Tapped; common realization of {{IPA|/ɾ/}}.{{sfnp|Mott|2007|pp=104, 112}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Czech language|Czech]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=228–230 and 233}} || {{lang|cs|[[Czech alphabet|čty'''ř'''i]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈt͡ʃtɪɹ̝ɪ]}} || 'four' || May be a [[Voiced alveolar fricative trill|fricative trill]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=228–230 and 233}} or a [[Alveolar tap#Voiced alveolar raised non-sonorant tap|tap fricative]] instead.{{sfnp|Šimáčková|Podlipský|Chládková|2012|p=226}} It contrasts with {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}. See [[Czech phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|p=34}}</ref> || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[káð̠i]}} || 'work' || Apical; only weakly fricated. It is a common intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/d̠/}}, and may be an approximant {{IPAblink|ð̠˕}} or simply a plosive {{IPAblink|d}} instead.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|pp=28, 34}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<ref name="CM199">{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|p=199}}. Authors do not say where exactly it is used.</ref> || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|voo'''r''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[vöːɹ̝]}} || 'for' || One of many possible realizations of {{IPA|/r/}}; distribution unclear. See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
|[[Emilian language|Emilian]]
|[[Bolognese dialect|Bolognese]]
|{{lang|egl|chè'''ṡ'''}}
|{{IPA|[ˈkɛːð̠]}}
|'case'
|Laminal
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[English language|English]] || [[Scouse]]{{sfnp|Watson|2007|pp=352–353}} || ''[[English orthography|mai'''d''']]'' || {{IPA|[meɪð̠] }} || 'maid' || Allophone of {{IPA|/d/}}. See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=236}}{{sfnp|Ogden|2009|p=92}} || ''[[English orthography|'''r'''ound]]'' || {{IPA|[ɹ̝æʊ̯nd]}} || 'round' || Apical,{{sfnp|Ogden|2009|p=92}} present in some urban dialects.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=236}} See [[South African English phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]<ref name="Pétursson">{{Harvcoltxt|Pétursson|1971|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=145}}</ref><ref name="Grønnum">{{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|2005|p=139}}</ref> || {{lang|is|[[Icelandic orthography|bró'''ð'''ir]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpro͡uːð̠ɪr]}} || 'brother' || Usually apical,<ref name="Pétursson"/><ref name="Grønnum"/> may be closer to an [[alveolar approximant|approximant]]. See [[Icelandic phonology]]
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]] ||[[Sicily]]{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|pp=64–65}}||{{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|te'''rr'''a]]|italic=yes}}||{{IPA|[ˈt̪ɛɹ̝ä]}}|| 'earth' || Apical; corresponds to {{IPA|/rr/}} in standard Italian.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|pp=64–65}} See [[Italian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Manx language|Manx]]{{sfnp|Broderick|1986|p=17}} || {{lang|gv|mooa'''r'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[muːɹ̝]}} || 'big' || Pre-consonantal and word-final realization of {{IPA|/r/}}, in [[free variation]] with other allophones.
|-
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Mott|2007|p=112}} ||Aragonese || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|ai'''r'''e]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞]}} || 'air' || Tapped; possible realization of {{IPA|/ɾ/}}.{{sfnp|Mott|2007|p=112}} See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|pp=141}}{{sfnp|Engstrand|2004|p=167}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish orthography|vand'''r'''are]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[²vän̪ːd̪ɹ̝äɹɛ]}} || 'wanderer' || Allophone of {{IPA|/r/}} around the Stockholm area. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tacana language|Tacana]]<ref name="tacana">{{cite web|title=UPSID r[F|url=http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/S/S0777.html|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref> || colspan="2" | {{example needed|date=January 2016}} || || Tapped.<ref name="tacana"/>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]{{sfnp|Yavuz|Balcı|2011|p=25}} || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|'''r'''üya]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈɾ̞yːjɑ]}} || 'dream' || Tapped; word-initial allophone of {{IPA|/ɾ/}}.{{sfnp|Yavuz|Balcı|2011|p=25}} See [[Turkish phonology]]
|}

==Voiced lateral-median fricative==
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ʫ
|ipa symbol2=ð̠ˡ
|ipa symbol3=ɮ͡ð̠
|ipa symbol4=ɮ͡z
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x02AB.svg
}}
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiceless dental lateral–median fricative
|ipa symbol=ʫ̪
|ipa symbol2=ðˡ
|ipa symbol3=ɮ̪͡ð
|ipa symbol4=ɮ̪͡z̪
}}

The '''voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative''' (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.

===Features===
{{fricative}} However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
{{alveolar}}
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{lateral}}
{{pulmonic}}

===Occurrence===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Arabic dialects|Arabic]]<ref>Heselwood (2013) ''Phonetic transcription in theory and practice'', p 122–123</ref><ref name="Janet Watson">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/8283145|title=Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri|author=Janet Watson|work=academia.edu|date=January 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/8283071 | title=Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubūʽah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence | journal=Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold | date=January 2013 | last1=Watson | first1=Janet }}</ref>
| [[Rijal Alma (speech variety)|Rijal Almaʽa]]
| {{lang|ar|'''ض'''بع}}
| {{IPA|[ðˡˤabʕ]}}
| 'hyena'
| Classical Arabic {{IPA|*ɮˁ}} and Modern Standard Arabic {{IPA|[dˤ]}}
|-
|colspan=2| [[Mehri language|Mehri]]<ref name="Janet Watson"/>
| {{lang|gdq|'''ذ'''وفر}}
| {{IPA|[ðˡˤoːfar]}}
| 'plait'
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Tongue shape]]
* [[Apical consonant]]
* [[Laminal consonant]]
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
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{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|z}}
* {{phoible|ɹ̝}}
* {{phoible|ɾ̞}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Alveolar consonants]]
[[Category:Fricative consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]
[[Category:Voiced oral consonants]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]