Editing Voiced glottal fricative

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɦ⟩ in IPA}}
{{for|consonants followed by superscript ʱ|voiced aspirate}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ɦ
|ipa number=147
|decimal=614
|xsampa=h\
|braille=“
|braille2=h
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0266.svg
|imagesize=150px
}}

The '''voiced glottal fricative''', sometimes called '''breathy-voiced glottal transition''', is a type of sound used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s which patterns like a [[fricative]] or [[approximant]] [[consonant]] ''[[phonology|phonologically]]'', but often lacks the usual ''[[phonetics|phonetic]]'' characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɦ}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>h\</code>.

In many languages, {{IPA|/ɦ/}} has no inherent place or manner of articulation. Thus, it has been described as a [[breathy voice|breathy-voiced]] counterpart of the following [[vowel]] from a phonetic point of view. However, its characteristics are also influenced by the ''preceding'' vowels and whatever other sounds surround it. Therefore, it can be described as a segment whose only consistent feature is its breathy voice [[phonation]] in such languages.<ref name=lagandmad>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=325–326}}</ref> It may have real glottal constriction in a number of languages (such as [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Laufer|1991|p=91}}</ref>), making it a fricative.

[[Northern Wu]] languages such as [[Shanghainese]] contrast the voiced and [[Voiceless glottal fricative|voiceless glottal fricatives]].<ref>Qian 2003, pp.14-16.</ref> The two glottal fricatives pattern like plosives.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gu|first=Qin|title={{lang|zh|最新派上海市区方言语音的研究分析}}|trans-title=A Study and Analysis on the Phonology of Newest Period Urban Shanghainese|year=2008|issue=2|journal={{lang|zh|东方语言学}}|institution=Shanghai Normal University}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Koenig|first1=Laura L.|last2=Shi|first2=Lu-Feng|title=3aSC18: Measures of spectral tilt in Shanghainese stops and glottal fricatives|location=Providence|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|year=2014|doi=10.1121/1.4877532 }}</ref>

==Features==
Features of the voiced glottal fricative:
* Its [[phonation]] is [[breathy voice]]d, or ''murmured'', which means the vocal cords are loosely vibrating, with more air escaping than in a modally voiced sound. It is sometimes referred to as a "voiced h". Strictly speaking this is incorrect, as there is no voicing.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A course in phonetics|last1=Ladefoged|first1=Peter|last2=Keith|first2=Johnson|publisher=Wadsworth Publishing|year=2011|isbn=9781428231269|edition= Sixth|location=Boston, MA|pages=149|oclc=613523782}}</ref>
* In some languages, it has the constricted [[manner of articulation]] of a [[fricative consonant|fricative]]. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract, most phoneticians no longer consider {{IPA|[ɦ]}} to be a fricative. True fricatives may have a murmured phonation ''in addition'' to producing friction elsewhere. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for the historical reasons.
* It may have a [[glottal consonant|glottal]] [[place of articulation]]. However, it may have no fricative articulation, making the term [[glottal consonant|glottal]] mean that it is articulated by the [[vocal folds]], but this is the nature of its phonation rather than a separate articulation. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation {{IPA|[ɦ]}}, and accordingly {{IPA|[ɦ]}} has only the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.
{{oral}}
{{central-lateral}}
{{pulmonic}}

==Occurrence==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]|| Standard || {{lang|af|'''h'''oekom}} || {{IPA|[ɦu.kɔm]}}|| 'why' ||
|-
| [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]]|| Standard || {{lang|az|mö'''h'''kəm}} / {{lang|az-Arab|مؤ'''ح'''کم}} || {{IPA|[mœːɦcæm]}}|| 'solid' ||
|-
|[[Albanian language|Albanian]]
|Northern [[Tosk Albanian|Tosk]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Coretta |first1=Stefano |last2=Riverin-Coutlée |first2=Josiane |last3=Kapia |first3=Enkeleida |last4=Nichols |first4=Stephen |date=n.d. |title=Northern Tosk Albanian |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=53 |issue=3 |language=en |pages=1122–1144 |doi=10.1017/S0025100322000044 |issn=0025-1003|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11820/ebce2ea3-f955-4fa5-9178-e1626fbae15f |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|{{lang|als|dhe}} {{lang|als|menjë'''h'''erë}} {{lang|als|udhëtari}}
|{{IPA|[ðɛ miɲɜˈɦɛɹoθˈtaɽ̞i]}}
|'and immediately the traveller'
|Occasional allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} in connected speech.
|-
| [[Basque language|Basque]] ||Northeastern dialects<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hualde|Ortiz de Urbina|2003|p=24}}</ref> || {{lang|eu|'''h'''emen}} || {{IPA|[ɦemen]}}|| 'here' || Can be voiceless {{IPAblink|h}} instead.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Czech language|Czech]] || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|'''h'''lava]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈɦlävä]}}|| 'head' || See [[Czech phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Danish language|Danish]]<ref name="gr125">{{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|2005|p=125}}</ref>|| {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|Mon det '''h'''ar regnet?]]}} || {{IPA|[- te̝ ɦɑ -]}} || 'I wonder if it has rained.' || Common allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} between vowels.<ref name="gr125"/> See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|1992|p=45}}</ref> || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''h'''aat]]}} || {{IPA|[ɦaːt]}} || 'hate' || See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[English language|English]] || [[Australian English|Australian]]<ref name="coxflet">{{Harvcoltxt|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=159}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | [[English orthography|''be'''h'''ind'']] || {{IPA|[bəˈɦɑe̯nd]}} || rowspan="2" | 'behind' || rowspan="2" | Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} between voiced sounds.<ref name="coxflet"/><ref name="roach">{{Harvcoltxt|Roach|2004|p=241}}</ref> See [[Australian English phonology]] and [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[Received Pronunciation]]<ref name="roach"/> || {{IPA|[bɪˈɦaɪ̯nd]}}
|-
| Broad [[South African English|South African]] || [[English orthography|'''''h'''and'']] || {{IPA|[ˈɦɛn̪t̪]}} || 'hand' || Some speakers, only before a stressed vowel.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]|| rowspan="2" | {{lang|et|[[Estonian alphabet|ra'''h'''a]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ˈrɑɦɑ]}}|| rowspan="2" | 'money' || rowspan="2" | Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} between voiced sounds. See [[Estonian phonology]] and [[Finnish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
|-
| [[French language|French]] || [[Quebec French|Quebec]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|April|2007}}</ref> || {{lang|fr|man'''g'''er}} || {{IPA|[mãɦe]}}|| 'to eat' || Limited to a minority of speakers. Can also be realized as a voiceless {{IPAblink|h}}.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]|| {{Script/Hebrew|[[Hebrew alphabet|מַהֵר]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|maheʁ.ogg|[mäɦe̞ʁ]}}|| 'fast' || Occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} between voiced sounds. See [[Modern Hebrew phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]|| {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|हूँ]]}} / {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[nasta'liq|ہوں]]}}}} || {{IPA|[ɦũː]}}|| 'am' || See [[Hindustani phonology]]
|-
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || Some speakers || {{lang|hu|te'''h'''át}} || {{IPA|[tɛɦaːt]}}|| 'so' || Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}. Occurs as voiceless {{IPA|/h/}} for other speakers. See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]] || Some speakers || 少し'''話'''して / sukoshi '''h'''anashite{{sfnp|Arai|Warner|Greenberg|2007|p=47}}|| {{IPA|[sɯkoɕi ɦanaɕi̥te]}}||'speak a little bit'||
|-
| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] || Some speakers || ''ba'''h'''an'' || {{IPA|[baˈɦan]}} || 'ingredient' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kalabari language|Kalabari]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Harry|2003|p=113}}</ref> ||'''''h'''óín''|| {{IPA|[ɦóĩ́]}}|| 'introduction' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko|[[Hangul|여행]]}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|yeo'''h'''aeng]]}} || {{IPA|[jʌɦεŋ]}}|| 'travel' || Occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} between voiced sounds. See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=155}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Verhoeven|2007|p=219}}</ref> || {{lang|li|'''h'''art}} || {{IPA|[ɦɑ̽ʀ̝t]}} || 'heart' || The example word is from the [[Maastrichtian dialect]]. See [[Maastrichtian dialect phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] || {{lang|lt|'''h'''umoras}} || {{IPA|[ˈɦʊmɔrɐs̪]}}|| 'humour'|| Often pronounced instead of [ɣ]. See [[Lithuanian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|[[Devanāgarī|'''हा'''र]]}} || {{IPA|[ɦaːɾ]}} || 'garland' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Odia language|Odia]] || {{lang|or|[[Odia script|'''ହ'''ଳ]]}}/haḷa ||{{IPA|[ɦɔɭɔ]}} || 'plough' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] ||{{lang|Ne|[[Devanāgarī|हल]]}}||{{IPA|[ɦʌl]}}|| 'solution'|| See [[Nepali phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Parkari Koli language|Parkari Koli]] || {{lang|kvx|{{script/Arabic|'''ۿُ'''ونَواڙ}}}} || {{IPA|[ɦuːnaʋaːɽ]}} || 'desolate, deserted' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Polish language|Polish]]||[[Podhale]] dialect || rowspan="2" | {{lang|pl|[[Polish alphabet|'''h'''ydrant]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ˈɦɘ̟d̪rän̪t̪]}} || rowspan="2" | 'fire hydrant' || rowspan="2" | Contrasts with {{IPAslink|x}}. Standard Polish possesses only {{IPA|/x/}}. See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
|[[Kresy]] dialect
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || Many Brazilian dialects || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|esse '''r'''apaz]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈesi ɦaˈpajs]}} || 'this youth' (m.) || rowspan="2" | Allophone of {{IPA|/ʁ/}}. {{IPA|[h, ɦ]}} are marginal sounds to many speakers, particularly out of Brazil. See [[Portuguese phonology]] and [[guttural R]]
|-
| Many speakers || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|'''h'''ashi]]}} || {{IPA|[ɦɐˈʃi]}} || 'chopsticks'
|-
| Some [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]]<ref>{{cite |url=http://www.ufpa.br/alipa/realato_arlon1.htm |publisher=Pará Federal University |title=The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's Portuguese |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707081516/http://www.ufpa.br/alipa/realato_arlon1.htm |archive-date=2013-07-07 |language=pt }}</ref><ref>{{cite |url=http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/SantosDR.pdf |publisher=Rio de Janeiro Federal University |title=The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215182241/http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/SantosDR.pdf |archive-date=2017-12-15 |language=pt }}</ref> dialects || {{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese orthography|me'''s'''mo]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmeɦmu]}} || 'same' || Corresponds to either {{IPA|/s/}} or {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (depending on dialect) in the syllable coda. Might also be deleted.
|-
| [[Cearense dialect]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.profala.ufc.br/Trabalho3.pdf |title=A neutralização dos Fonemas / v – z - Z / No Falar de Fortalexa |publisher=profala.ufc.br |access-date=23 April 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222645/http://www.profala.ufc.br/Trabalho3.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> || {{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese orthography|'''g'''ente]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈɦẽt͡ʃi]}}|| 'people' || [[Debuccalization|Debuccalized]] from {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{IPA|[v]}} or {{IPA|[z]}}.
|-
| [[Mineiro|Mineiro dialect]] || {{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese orthography|do'''r'''mir]]}} || {{IPA|[doɦˈmi(h)]}} || 'to sleep' || Before other voiced consonants, otherwise realized as {{IPA|[h]}}.
|-
|colspan=2| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || {{lang|pa|[[Gurmukhi|ਹਵਾ]]}} / {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[Shahmukhi|ہوا]]}}}} || {{IPA|[ɦə̀ʋä̌ː]}}<!-- Low and then rising tone, based on sound file in http://ialtrust.com/swadeshlanguagelist/swadeshLanguageTable.php?language14=Punjabi --> || 'air' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tarifit|Riffian Berber]] || {{lang|rif|'''h'''wa}} || {{IPA|[ɦwæ]}} || 'to go down' ||
|-
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]|| [[Transylvanian varieties of Romanian|Transylvanian dialects]]{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=30}} || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|'''h'''aină]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈɦajnə]}} || 'coat' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|h}} in standard Romanian. See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Sanskrit]]
|हस्त / hasta
|{{IPA|[ˈɦɐs̪t̪ɐ]}}
|'hand'
|See [[Sanskrit phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Silesian language|Silesian]]|| [[Silesian alphabet|'''''h'''angrys'']] || {{IPA|[ˈɦaŋɡrɨs]}}|| 'gooseberry' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Slovak language|Slovak]]|| rowspan="4" | {{lang|sk|'''h'''ora}}||{{Audio-IPA|SK-hora.ogg|[ˈɦɔ̝rä]}}|| rowspan="4" | 'mountain' ||See [[Slovak phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Slovene language|Slovene]] || [[Littoral dialect group|Littoral dialects]] || rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[ˈɦɔra]}} || rowspan="3" | This is a general feature of all [[Slovene dialects]] west of the [[Škofja Loka]]–[[Planina, Postojna|Planina]] line. Corresponds to {{IPA|[ɡ]}} in other dialects. See [[Slovene phonology]]
|-
|[[Rovte dialect group|Rovte dialects]]
|-
|[[Rosen Valley dialect]]
|
|-
|colspan=2| [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] || {{lang|syl|{{script|Sylo|[[Sylheti Nagari|'''ꠢꠥ'''ꠐꠇꠤ]]}}}} / {{lang|syl|{{script|Beng|'''হু'''টকি}}}} || {{IPA|[ɦuʈki]}} || 'dried fish' ||
|-
|colspan="2"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{lang|te|హల్లు}} || {{IPA|[ɦəlːu]}}|| 'Consonant'|| 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]|| {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|'''г'''олос]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈɦɔlos]}}|| 'voice' || Also described as pharyngeal {{IPAblink|ʕ}}{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}. See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Wu Chinese|Wu]] || [[Shanghainese]] || {{lang|wuu|[[Chinese characters|閒話]]}} / {{lang|wuu-Latn|[[Romanization of Wu Chinese|ghe-gho]]}} || {{IPA|[ɦɛ˩ ɦo˦]}}|| 'language' || rowspan=2|See [[Northern Wu phonology]]
|-
| [[Suzhou dialect|Suzhounese]] || {{lang|wuu|[[Chinese characters|四號]]}} / {{lang|wuu-Latn|[[Romanization of Wu Chinese|sy<sub>5</sub>-ghau<sub>6</sub>]]}}|| {{IPA|[sz̩˥˩ ɦæ˧˩]}} ||'fourth day of a Western month'
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Zulu language|Zulu]]|| {{lang|zu|i'''hh'''ashi}} || {{IPA|[iːˈɦaːʃi]}}|| 'horse'||
|}

==See also==
*[[Creaky-voiced glottal approximant]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
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{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|ɦ}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Glottal consonants]]
[[Category:Approximant-fricative consonants]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Voiced oral consonants]]