Editing Voiced labial–velar approximant

{{short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨w⟩ in IPA}}
{{redirect|w (IPA)|consonants followed by superscript ʷ|Labialization}}
{{Infobox IPA
|above = Voiced labial–velar approximant
|ipa symbol=w
|ipa number=170
|decimal=119
|x-sampa=w
|kirshenbaum=w
|braille=w
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0077.svg
}}
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Compressed labial–velar approximant
|ipa symbol = w͍
|ipa symbol2 = ɰᵝ
|showbelow = no
}}

The '''voiced labial–velar approximant''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in certain [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s, including English. It is the sound denoted by the letter {{angbr|w}} in the English alphabet;<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.u.arizona.edu/~ohalad/Phonetics/docs/TransGuid.PDF |title=Guidelines for Transcription of English Consonants and Vowels}}; ''see'' the examples on the fifth page.</ref> likewise, the symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|w}}, or rarely {{IPA|[ɰʷ]}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>w</code>. In most languages it is the [[semivowel|semivocalic]] counterpart of the [[close back rounded vowel]] {{IPA|[u]}}. In inventory charts of languages with other [[labialized velar consonant]]s, {{IPA|/w/}} will be placed in the same column as those consonants. When consonant charts have only labial and velar columns, {{IPA|/w/}} may be placed in the velar column, (bi)labial column, or both. The placement may have more to do with phonological criteria than phonetic ones.{{sfnp|Ohala|Lorentz|1977|p=577}}

Some languages have a '''voiced labial–prevelar approximant''',{{efn|Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".}} which is more fronted than the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced labialized velar approximant, though not as front as the prototypical [[labialized palatal approximant]].

==Features==
Features of the voiced labial–velar approximant:

{{approximant}} The type of approximant is ''glide'' or ''semivowel''. The term ''glide'' emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of {{IPA|/w/}} from the {{IPA|/u/}} vowel position to a following vowel position. The term ''semivowel'' emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable).
{{labiovelar}} Some languages, such as [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and perhaps the Northern [[Iroquoian languages]], have a sound typically transcribed as {{IPA|[w]}} where the lips are [[rounded vowel|compressed]] (or at least not rounded), which is a true [[labial–velar consonant|labial–velar]] (as opposed to labialized velar) consonant. Close transcriptions may avoid the symbol {{IPA|[w]}} in such cases, or may use the under-rounding diacritic, {{IPA|[w̜]}}.
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

==Occurrence==
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|colspan=2| [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || [[Abkhaz alphabet|а'''у'''аҩы]]/awawë ||{{IPA|[awaˈɥə]}} || 'human' || See [[Abkhaz phonology]]
|-
|[[Alemannic German|Alemannic]] || [[Bernese German]] || {{lang|als|Gie'''l'''}} ||{{IPA|[ɡ̊iə̯w]}} || 'boy' || Allophone of {{IPAblink|l}}
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]]{{sfnp|Watson|2002|p=13}} || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|وَرْد]]|rtl=yes}}/ward ||{{IPA|[ward]}} || 'rose' || See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || [[Assamese alphabet|ৱাশ্বিংটন]]/Wašińton ||{{IPA|[wasiŋtɔn]}} || '[[Washington (disambiguation)|Washington]]' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Basque language|Basque]] || {{lang|eu|[[Basque alphabet|la'''u''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[law]}} || 'four' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] || {{lang|be|[[Belarusian alphabet|во'''ў'''к]]}}/voŭk ||{{IPA|[vɔwk]}}|| 'wolf' || See [[Belarusian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|ওয়াদা]]}}/wada ||{{IPA|[wada]}} || 'promise' || Fortitional allophone of the semivowels {{IPAblink|o̯}} and {{IPAblink|u̯}}, especially in loan words. See [[Bengali phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Berber languages|Berber]]
|{{lang|ber|ⴰ'''ⵡ'''ⴰⵍ}}/äwäl
|{{IPA|[æwæl]}}
|'speech'
|
|-

| colspan="2" | [[Breton language|Breton]]||{{lang|br|na'''v'''}} || {{IPA|[ˈnaw]}} || 'nine'
|-

|rowspan=3| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || Colloquial || rowspan=2| {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|'''л'''опата]]}}/lopata || rowspan=2| {{IPA|[wo'patɐ]}} || rowspan=2| 'shovel' || Contemporary pronunciation of /{{IPAlink|ɫ}}/, an ongoing [[sound change]]. See [[Bulgarian phonology]].
|-
| Pernik dialects || This dialect has a long-standing tradition of pronouncing /ɫ/ as /w/, similar to the Polish language. Independent of the similar sound change happening in the standard language.
|-
| Standard Bulgarian || {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|'''у'''иски]]}}/uiski ||{{IPA|['wisk̟i]}} || 'whiskey' || Appears in borrowings. See [[Bulgarian phonology]]
|-

|colspan=2| [[Catalan language|Catalan]]{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=55}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|q'''u'''art]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkwɑɾt]}} || 'fourth' || Post-lexically after {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Cantonese Chinese|Cantonese]] || {{lang|zh-Hani|[[Chinese characters|挖]]}}/{{lang|zh-Latn|[[Yale romanization of Cantonese|'''w'''aat]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Yue-waat3.ogg|[wɑːt̚˧]|help=no}} ||rowspan=2| 'dig' || See [[Cantonese phonology]]
|-
| [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] || {{lang|zh-Hani|[[Chinese characters|挖]]}}/{{lang|zh-Latn|[[Pinyin|'''w'''ā]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Zh-wa.ogg|[wa̠˥]|help=no}} || See [[Mandarin phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Danish language|Danish]] || {{lang|da|[[Danish orthography|ha'''v''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[hɑw]}} || 'ocean' || Allophone of {{IPAblink|v}}
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Colloquial || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch alphabet|kou'''w'''e]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkʌu̯wə]}} || 'cold' || Lenited allophone of {{IPA|/d/}} after {{IPA|/ʌu̯/}}. See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| Standard [[Surinamese Dutch|Surinamese]] || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch alphabet|'''w'''elp]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[wɛɫp]}} || 'cub' || May also occur in this context in some continental Dutch accents and/or dialects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.meertens.knaw.nl/ndb/soundbites.php?p=E041p|title=Recording dialect from Egmond aan Zee (Bergen), North Holland)|website=www.meertens.knaw.nl|access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsnQaXSuMso&t=97s|title=Recording and video from dialect of Katwijk, South Holland|website=YouTube |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> Corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʋ}} in most of the Netherlands and to {{IPAblink|β̞}} in Belgium and (southern) parts of the Netherlands. See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[English language|English]] || {{lang|en|[[English orthography|'''w'''eep]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[wiːp]}} || 'weep' || See [[English phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[French language|French]]{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=75}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|'''ou'''i]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[wi]}} || 'yes' || See [[French phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[German language|German]] || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|Q'''u'''elle]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[kweːlə]}} || 'source' || Some regions {{citation needed|date=September 2022}}
|-
|colspan=2| [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]{{sfnp|Pukui|Elbert|1986|p=xvii}} || {{lang|haw|[[Hawaiian alphabet|'''w'''iki'''w'''iki]]}} || {{IPA|[wikiwiki]}} || 'fast' || May also be realized as {{IPA|[v]}}. See [[Hawaiian phonology]]
|-
| [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] || [[Mizrahi Hebrew|Mizrahi]] || {{lang|he|[[Hebrew orthography|כּוֹחַ]]|rtl=yes}}/kowaḥ ||{{IPA|[ˈkowaħ]}} || 'power' || See [[Modern Hebrew phonology]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=141}}
|[[Hindi]]
|{{lang|hi|[[Devanāgarī|विश्'''वा'''स/višwas]]}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPA|[ʋɪʃwaːs]}}
|rowspan=2|'believe'
|rowspan=2|See [[Hindustani phonology]]
|-
|[[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|{{lang|ur|[[nasta'liq|višwas/وش'''و'''اس]]|rtl=yes}}
|-
|colspan=2| [[Irish language|Irish]] || {{lang|ga|[[Irish orthography|'''v'''óta]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈwoːt̪ˠə]}} || 'vote' || See [[Irish phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Italian language|Italian]]{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|'''u'''omo]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈwɔːmo]}} || 'man' || See [[Italian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || {{lang|kbd|[[Cyrillic script|'''у'''э]]}}/wa ||{{Audio-IPA|Уэ.ogg|[wa]}} || 'you' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || {{lang|kk|[[Cyrillic script|а'''у'''а]]}}/awa ||[awa] || 'air' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko-Hang|[[Hangul|왜가리]]}}/{{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|'''w'''aegari]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[wɛɡɐɾi]}} || 'heron' || See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Lao language|Lao]] || {{lang|lo|[[Lao script|ຫວານ]]}}/{{lang|lo-Latn|'''w'''an}} || {{IPA|[wǎːn]}} || 'sweet' || See [[Lao phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|pp=67, 69}} || {{lang|lb|z'''w'''ee|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[t͡swe̝ː]}} || 'two' || Allophone of {{IPA|/v/}} after {{IPA|/k, t͡s, ʃ/}}.{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=69}} See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Malay language|Malay]] || {{lang|ms|[[Malay alphabet|'''w'''ang]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[waŋ]}} || 'money' ||
|-
|colspan=2|  [[Malayalam]]
|ഉവ്വ/uvva
|{{IPA|[uwːɐ]}}
|'Yes'
|/ʋ/ around rounded vowels for some speakers.
|-
|[[Mayan languages|Mayan]]
|[[Yucatec Maya language|Yucatec]]
|'''w'''itz
|{{IPA|[wit͡s]}}
|'mountain'
|
|-
|colspan=2| [[Mongolian language|Mongol]]
|га'''в'''ал/ᠭᠠᠪᠠᠯᠠ
|{{IPA|[ɢaw̜əɮ]}}
|'skull'
|
|-
|colspan=2| [[Nepali language|Nepali]] ||{{lang|Ne|[[Devanāgarī|हा'''वा'''/hawa]]|rtl=yes}}||{{IPA|[ɦäwä]}}|| '[[wind]]' ||See [[Nepali phonology]] 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Odia language|Odia]]{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=107}} || [[Odia script|ଅଗ୍ରୱାଲ୍]]/ogrowal ||{{IPA|[ɔgɾɔwäl]}} || 'Agrawal' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Pashto language|Pashto]] || {{lang|ps|[[Perso-Arabic alphabet|ﻭﺍﺭ]]|rtl=yes}}/war ||{{IPA|[wɑr]}} || 'one time' ||
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Persian language|Persian]] || [[Dari]] || {{lang|fa|[[Perso-Arabic alphabet|وَ'''رزِش''']]|rtl=yes}}/warziš ||{{IPA|[warzɪʃ]}} || 'sport' || may approach [[/ʋ/]] in some regional dialects.
|-
| [[Iranian Persian]] || {{lang|fa|[[Perso-Arabic alphabet|نَو]]|rtl=yes}}/now || {{IPA|[now]}} || 'new' || Only as a diphthong or colloquially.
|-
|colspan=2| [[Polish language|Polish]]{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=103}} || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''ł'''aska]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-łaska.ogg|[ˈwäskä]}} || 'grace' || See [[Polish phonology]]. Corresponds to {{IPA|[ɫ]}} in older pronunciation and eastern dialects
|-
|rowspan=3| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{sfnp|Barbosa|Albano|2004|p=230}} ||rowspan=2| Most dialects || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|q'''u'''ando]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkwɐ̃du]}} || 'when' || Post-lexically after {{IPAslink|k}} and {{IPAslink|ɡ}}. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
|{{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|b'''oa''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈbow.wɐ]}} || 'good' (f.) || Epenthetic glide or allophone of {{IPAslink|u}}, following a stressed rounded vowel and preceding an unrounded one.{{sfnp|France|2004}}
|-
| General [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]] || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|qua'''l''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkwaw]}} || 'which' || Allophone of {{IPAslink|l}} in coda position for most Brazilian dialects.{{sfnp|Barbosa|Albano|2004|p=230}}
|-
|colspan=2| [[Romanian language|Romanian]] || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian orthography|dulă'''u''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[d̪uˈl̪əw]}} || 'mastiff' || See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Russian language|Russian]] || {{lang|be|[[Russian alphabet|'''в'''о'''л'''к]]}}/volk ||{{IPA|[wou̯k]}}|| 'wolf' || Southern dialects.
|-
| [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]] || [[Croatian language|Croatian]]{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=68}} || {{lang|sh|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''v'''uk]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[wûːk]}} || 'wolf' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ʋ/}} before {{IPA|/u/}}.{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=68}} See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Seri language|Seri]] || {{lang|sei|[[Seri alphabet|c'''m'''iique]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkw̃ĩːkːɛ]}} || 'person' || Allophone of {{IPA|/m/}}
|-
|colspan=2| [[Slovene language|Slovene]]{{sfnp|Šuštaršič|Komar|Petek|1999|p=136}}{{sfnp|Greenberg|2006|p=18}} || {{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|cerke'''v''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈt͡sèːrkəw]}} || 'church' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ʋ/}} in the syllable coda.{{sfnp|Šuštaršič|Komar|Petek|1999|p=136}}{{sfnp|Greenberg|2006|p=18}} Voiceless {{IPAblink|ʍ}} before voiceless consonants. See [[Slovene phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Sotho language|Sotho]] || ''se'''w'''a'' || {{IPA|[ˈsewa]}} || 'epidemic' || See [[Sesotho phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Svan language|Svan]] || [[Georgian alphabet|კ'''უ̂'''ენ]]/k'wen || {{IPA|[kʼwen]}} || 'marten' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=256}} || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|c'''u'''anto]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkwãn̪t̪o̞]}} || 'as much' || See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || {{lang|sw|m'''w'''anafunzi|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[mwɑnɑfunzi]}} || 'student' ||
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard{{sfnp|Engstrand|2004|p=167}} || || || || Labialized approximant consonant; allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}} in casual speech before the protruded vowels {{IPA|/ɔ, oː/}}. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || ''ara'''w''''' || {{IPA|[ˈɐɾaw]}} || 'day' || See [[Tagalog phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Thai language|Thai]] || {{lang|th|[[Thai script|แห'''ว'''น]]}}/[[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|'''''w'''aen'']] || {{IPA|[wɛ̌ːn]}} || 'ring' || See [[Thai phonology]]
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}}  || Standard || {{lang|vi|'''u'''ỷ|italic=yes}} ||{{IPA|[ʔwi˧˩]}} || 'to delegate' ||See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
|-
| Southern || {{lang|vi|'''qu'''ê|italic=yes}} ||{{IPA|[wej˧˧]}} || 'hometown' || 
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
|[[:uk:wikt:любов|любо'''в'''/lübov]]
|[lʲubɔw]
|'love'
|See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Welsh language|Welsh]] || {{lang|cy|[[Welsh alphabet|g'''w'''ae]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɡwaɨ]}} || 'woe' || See [[Welsh phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] || {{lang|fy|sko'''w'''e|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[skoːwə]}} || 'to shove' ||
|}

==See also==
* [[Voiceless labial–velar approximant]]
* [[Nasal labial–velar approximant]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
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|doi=10.2307/411232
|jstor=411232
}}
* {{citation
|last = Watson
|first= Janet
|year= 2002
|title= The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic
|place=New York
|publisher= Oxford University Press
}}
* {{cite book|last=Masica|first=Colin|year=1991|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|series=Cambridge Language Surveys|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29944-2}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|w}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Voiced labial-velar approximant}}
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