Editing Voiced labiodental approximant

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʋ⟩ in IPA}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ʋ
|ipa number=150
|decimal=651
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x028B.svg
|imagesize=150px
|xsampa=P or v\
|kirshenbaum=r<nowiki><lbd></nowiki>
|braille=“
|braille2=v
}}

The '''voiced labiodental approximant''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech|spoken]] [[language]]s. It is something between an [[English language|English]] /[[Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]/ and /[[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]/, pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter [[V]]. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʋ}}, a [[Ʋ|letter ''v'' with a leftward hook]] protruding from the upper right of the letter, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>P</code> ''or'' <code>v\</code>. With an advanced diacritic, {{angbr IPA|ʋ̟}}, this letter also indicates a [[bilabial approximant]], though the diacritic is frequently omitted because no contrast is likely.<ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Ladefoged |year=1968 |title=A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey |page=26 |isbn=9780521069632 |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |first=Joyce Thambole Mogatse |last=Mathangwane |year=1996 |title=Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study |publisher=University of California |location=Berkeley |page=79 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8m17f977}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2024}}

The labiodental approximant is the typical realization of {{IPA|/v/}} in the [[South African English#Indian South African English|Indian South African]] variety of English. As the voiceless {{IPA|/f/}} is also realized as an approximant ({{IPAblink|ʋ̥}}), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants.<ref name="mesthrie">{{Harvcoltxt|Mesthrie|2004|p=960}}</ref>

==Features==
Features of the voiced labiodental approximant:

{{approximant}}
{{labiodental}}
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central-lateral}}
{{pulmonic}}

==Occurrence==
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Äiwoo language|Äiwoo]]
|{{Lang|nfl|nyi'''v'''eli}}
|{{IPA|[ɲiʋeli]}}
|'garden land'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Næss |first=Åshild |hdl=1885/112469 |hdl-access=free |title=A short dictionary of Äiwoo |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-922185-37-2 |location=Canberra |oclc=970690673 |series=Asia-Pacific Linguistics |volume=A-PL 35}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=20}}</ref> || [[Armenian alphabet|ոսկի]] || {{IPA|[ʋɔski]}} || 'gold' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Aramaic language|Assyrian]]|| {{lang|aii-Syrc|[[Syriac alphabet|ܗܘܐ]]}} / ha'''w'''a || {{IPA|[hɑːʋɑ}}]|| 'wind'|| Predominant in the [[Urmia]] dialects. For some speakers, {{IPAblink|v}} is used. Corresponds to {{IPAblink|w}} in the other varieties. 
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || [[Balearic dialect|Balearic]] || rowspan="2" | {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|fa'''v'''a]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ˈfɑʋɐ]}} || rowspan="2" | 'bean' || rowspan="2" | Allophone of {{IPA|/v/}}.<ref name="saborit"/> See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| [[Valencian language|Valencian]]<ref name="saborit">{{Harvcoltxt|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=52}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
|為
[[Chinese characters|为]] / {{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|[[Pinyin|'''w'''èi]]}}
|[we̞i]
{{IPA|[ʋêi]}}
|'for'
|Prevalent in northern dialects. Corresponds to {{IPA|/w/}} in other varieties.
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]
|[[Cyrillic script|аван]]
|[aʋ'an]
|'good, well' 
|Corresponds to {{IPA|/w/}} in other varieties.
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]]
|[[Thaana|ވަޅު]] / ''[[Malé Latin|valhu]]''
|[ʋaɭu]
|'well' (noun)
|
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=62}}</ref> || {{lang|da|[[Danish orthography|'''v'''éd]]}} || {{IPA|[ʋe̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ]}} || 'know(s)' || Also described as a short plosive {{IPAblink|b̪|b̪̆}}; rarely realized as a fricative {{IPAblink|v}} instead.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|pp=27 and 66}}</ref> See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''w'''ang]]}} || {{IPA|[ʋɑŋ]}} || 'cheek' || In southern dialects of the Netherlands realised as bilabial {{IPAblink|β̞}}. See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
|rowspan=2| [[English language|English]] || [[Indian English|Indian]]<ref name="mesthrie"/> || [[English orthography|'''''v'''ine'']]
|rowspan=2| {{IPA|[ʋaɪ̯n]}} || 'vine' || Corresponds to a fricative {{IPAblink|v}} in other accents.
|-
| Some speakers || [[English orthography|'''''r'''ine'']] || 'rine' || Mostly idiosyncratic but somewhat dialectal<ref>{{Harvcoltxt| Foulkes|Docherty|1999|p=?}}</ref> (especially in [[London]] and [[South East England]]). See [[English phonology]] and [[R-labialization|''R''-labialization]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Faroese language|Faroese]]<ref name="arn115">{{Harvcoltxt|Árnason|2011|p=115}}</ref> || {{lang|fo|[[Faroese alphabet|rø'''ð'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈɹøːʋa]}} || 'speech' || Word-initial and intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/v/}}. In the first case, it is in a free variation with a fricative {{IPAblink|v}}.<ref name="arn115"/> See [[Faroese phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish alphabet|'''v'''au'''v'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʋɑu̯ʋɑ]}} || 'baby' || See [[Finnish phonology]]
|-
| [[German language|German]] || [[Swiss German|Swiss]] || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''w'''as]]}} || {{IPA|[ʋas]}} || 'what' || Corresponds to {{IPA|/v/}} in Standard German<ref>{{cite book |last=Schmid |first=Stephan |year=2010 |chapter=Segmental features of Swiss German ethnolects |title=Proceedings of the Workshop "Sociophonetics, at the crossroads of speech variation, processing and communication" |chapter-url=http://edizioni.sns.it/it/downloadable/download/sample/sample_id/19/ |access-date=2015-04-27 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083338/http://edizioni.sns.it/it/downloadable/download/sample/sample_id/19/ |url-status=dead |pages=69–72 |isbn=978-88-7642-434-2  |editor-first1=Silvia |editor-last1=Calamai |editor-first2=Chiara |editor-last2=Celata |editor-first3=Luca |editor-last3=Ciucci |publisher=Edizioni della Normale}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=2| [[Guarani language|Guaraní]] || {{lang|gn|a'''v'''añe'ẽ}} || {{IPA|[ʔãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ]}} || 'Guaraní language' || Contrasts with {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/ɰ/}}
|-
|colspan=2| [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] || {{lang|haw|[[Hawaiian alphabet|'''w'''iki'''w'''iki]]}} || {{IPA|[ʋikiʋiki]}} || 'fast' || May also be realized as {{IPA|[w]}} or {{IPA|[v]}}. See [[Hawaiian phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
|[[Hindi]]|| {{lang|hi|[[Hindustani orthography|'''वा'''ला]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʋɑːlɑː]}} || rowspan="2" | (the) 'one' || rowspan="2" | Also an allophone of /v/ and {{IPA|/w/}}. See [[Hindustani phonology]].
|-
|[[Urdu]]
|<big>{{Lang|ur|[[Urdu alphabet|'''و'''الا]]}}</big>
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]] || Some speakers{{sfnp|Canepari|1999|pp=98–101}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian orthography|'''r'''a'''r'''o]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʋäːʋo]}} || 'rare' || Rendition alternative to the standard Italian [[alveolar trill]] {{IPAblink|r}}, due to individual [[Orthoepy|orthoepic]] defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in [[South Tyrol]] (among the Italian-speaking minority), [[Val d'Aosta]] (bordering with France) and in parts of the [[Parma]] province, more markedly around [[Fidenza]]. Other alternative sounds may be a [[uvular trill]] {{IPAblink|ʀ}} or a [[voiced uvular fricative]] {{IPAblink|ʁ}}.{{sfnp|Canepari|1999|pp=98–101}} See [[Italian phonology]].
|-
|colspan=2| [[Lao language|Lao]] || {{lang|la|[[Lao script|ວີ]]}} / {{transliteration|la|'''w'''i}} || {{IPA|[ʋíː]}} || 'hand fan' || May also be realized as [w]. See [[Lao phonology]].
|-
|colspan=2| [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|អាវុធ]]}} / {{transliteration|km|a'''v'''ŭth}} || {{IPA|[ʔɑːʋut]}} || 'weapon' || See [[Khmer phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|[[Devanagari|'''व'''जन]]}} || {{IPA|[ʋə(d)zən]}} || 'weight' || See [[Marathi phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Miyakoan language|Miyako]]<ref>{{cite speech |first=Thomas |last=Pellard |url=http://orinst.ox.ac.uk/sites/jap-ling/files/files/pellard.eals_.pdf |title=Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages: The example of Õgami Ryukyuan |date=2009-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018113945/http://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/sites/jap-ling/files/files/pellard.eals_.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-18 |location=Oxford}}</ref> ||colspan=2| {{IPA|[ʋ̩tɑ]}} || 'thick' || May be [[syllabic consonant|syllabic]].
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || [[Urban East Norwegian|Urban East]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=22 and 25}}</ref><ref name="van41">{{Harvcoltxt|Vanvik|1979|p=41}}</ref> || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|'''v'''enn]]}} || {{IPA|[ʋe̞nː]}} || 'friend' || Sometimes realized as a fricative {{IPAblink|v}}.<ref name="van41"/><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Kristoffersen|2000|p=74}}</ref> See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Nsenga language|Nsenga]] || {{lang|nse|'''ŵ'''anthu}} || {{IPA|[ʋaⁿtʰu]}} || 'people' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] 
|[[Gurmukhi]]|| [[Gurmukhi|ਵਾਲ]] || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʋäːl]}} || rowspan="2" | 'hair' || rowspan="2" |Also an allophone of /v/ and /w/.
|-
|[[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]
|{{Nq|[[Shahmukhi alphabet|وال]]}}
|-
|colspan=2| [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="yb">{{Harvcoltxt|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=223}}</ref> || {{lang|ru|[[Russian alphabet|'''в'''олосы]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʋʷo̞ɫ̪əsˠɘ]}}|| 'hair' || Common realization of {{IPA|/v/}}; contrasts with [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] form.<ref name="yb"/> See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Serbo-Croatian]] || {{lang|sh|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|ц'''в'''рчак]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|c'''v'''rčak]]}} || {{IPA|[t͡sʋř̩ːt͡ʃak]}} || 'cricket' || {{IPA|/v/}} is a phonetic fricative, although it has less frication than {{IPA|/f/}}. However, it does not interact with unvoiced consonants in clusters as a fricative would, and so is considered to be phonologically a [[sonorant]] (approximant).<ref name=Moren>{{Harvcoltxt|Morén|2005|pp=5–6}}</ref><ref name=Brown>{{cite web| url=http://seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=1 |title=A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian|first1=Wayles |last1=Brown |first2=Theresa |last2=Alt |website=SEELRC |publisher=Duke University |year=2004}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=2| [[Shona language|Shona]] || {{lang|sn|'''v'''anhu}} || {{IPA|[ʋan̤u]}} || 'people' || Contrasts with {{IPA|/v/}} and {{IPA|/w/}}.
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
|{{Lang|si|[[Sinhala script|'''ව'''තුර]]}}
|{{IPA|[ʋat̪urə]}}
|'water'
|
|-
|colspan=2| [[Slovak language|Slovak]]<ref name="hh374">{{Harvcoltxt|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}}</ref> || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak alphabet|'''v'''oda]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|SK-voda.ogg|[ˈʋo̞dä]}} || 'water' || Usual realization of {{IPA|/v/}}.<ref name="hh374"/> See [[Slovak phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Slovene language|Slovene]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Šuštaršič|Komar|Petek|1999|p=136}}</ref> || {{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|'''v'''eter]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʋéːt̪ə̀ɾ]}}|| 'wind' || Also described as fricative {{IPAblink|v}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Priestley|2002|p=394}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Greenberg|2006|p=18}}</ref> See [[Slovene phonology]]
|-
|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://stel.ub.edu/labfon/sites/default/files/XIX-12-S%20Sadowsky.pdf|title=El alófono labiodental sonoro [v] del fonema /b/ en el castellano de Concepción (Chile): Una investigación exploratoria|journal=Estudios de Fonética Experimental |volume=XIX |year=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410055958/http://stel.ub.edu/labfon/sites/default/files/XIX-12-S%20Sadowsky.pdf |archive-date=2018-04-10 |pages=231–261 |first=Scott |last=Sadowsky}}</ref>
|[[Chilean Spanish|Chilean]]
|{{Lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|ha'''b'''lar]]}}
|{{IPA|[äʋˈläɾ]}}
|'to speak'
|Allophone of /b/. See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
|[[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Some speakers || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''v'''än]]}} || {{IPA|[ʋɛːn]}} || 'friend' || See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|'''வா'''ய்]]}} || {{IPA|[ʋɑj]}} || 'mouth' || See [[Tamil phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|'''వ'''ల]]}} || {{IPA|[ʋala]}} || 'net'
|-
|colspan=2| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]<ref name="zk">{{Harvcoltxt|Žovtobrjux|Kulyk|1965|pp=121–122}}</ref> || {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|'''в'''ін]]}} || {{IPA|[ʋin]}} || 'he' || Possible prevocalic realization of {{IPA|/w/}}, most commonly before {{IPA|/i/}}.<ref name="zk"/> See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] || {{lang|fy|[[West Frisian language|'''w'''êr]]}} || {{IPA|[ʋɛːr]}} || 'where' || See [[West Frisian phonology]]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of phonetics topics]]
* [[R-labialization|''R''-labialization]]
* [[Rhotacism (speech impediment)]]: pronouncing {{angbr|r}} as {{IPA|[ʋ]}}

==References==
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==External links==
* {{phoible|ʋ}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Oral consonants]]