Editing Voiced retroflex fricative

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʐ⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ʐ
|ipa number=137
|decimal=656
|xsampa=z`
|braille=dd
|braille2=z
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0290.svg
|imagesize=150px
}}

The '''voiced retroflex sibilant fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʐ}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>z`</code>. Like all the [[retroflex consonant]]s, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a ''z'' (the letter used for the corresponding [[alveolar consonant]]).

== Features ==
[[File:Voiced retroflex fricative articulation.svg|thumb|Schematic mid-sagittal section]]

Features of the voiced retroflex sibilant:

{{sibilant}}
{{retroflex}}
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

== Occurrence ==
In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between [[apical consonant|apical]] {{IPA|[ʐ̺]}} and [[laminal consonant|laminal]] {{IPA|[ʐ̻]}}.

The commonality of {{IPA|[ʐ]}} cross-linguistically is 2% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.<ref>Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online – Segments. [online] Available at: http://phoible.org/parameters.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || {{lang|ab|[[Abkhaz alphabet|аб'''ж'''а/abža]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈabʐa]}}||'half'|| See [[Abkhaz phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''жъ'''ы]]}} / {{lang|kbd-Latn|'''j'''ı}} /  {{lang|kbd-Arab|'''ظ'''ہـ}} || {{Audio-IPA|Zheaaa2.ogg|[ʐ̻ə]}}|| 'old'|| Laminal.
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Awetï language|Awetí]]{{Sfnp|Drude|2020|p=190}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|{{IPA|[pɨtiˈʐɨk˺]}}
|'to pray'
|Diachronically related to {{IPAblink|ɾ}} and also to some other alveolar sounds in certain occasions. As word lists created in the 1900s appoint for {{IPAblink|ɾ}} where there is {{IPA|[ʐ]}} now, the latter sound is supposed to be the result of a very recent sound change that is analogically happening in [[Waurá language|Waurá]].{{Sfnp|Drude|2020|p=190}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Chinese language|Chinese]]|| [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]|| [[Chinese characters|肉]]/[[Hanyu Pinyin|'''''r'''òu'']] || {{Audio-IPA|Zh-ròu.ogg|[ʐoʊ̯˥˩]}}||'meat'|| Also transcribed as a [[retroflex approximant]] {{IPA|[ɻ]}} depending on accent and dialect. See [[Mandarin phonology]].
|-
| [[Changshu]] dialect|| {{lang|zh|常熟}} || /dʐan ʐɔʔ/ {{IPA|[tʂʱä̃233 ʐɔʔ23]}} (without [[tone sandhi]])||'Changshu'|| Pronounced [ʂʱ] when occurring at the first syllable. A native Wu Chinese speaker may reduce it a sound closer to a [[retroflex approximant]] {{IPA|[ɻ]}} (similar to the Standard Mandarin ''r'') when trying to force a unnatural voiced pronunciation on the first syllable.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Faroese language|Faroese]] || {{lang|fo|'''r'''enn}} || {{IPA|[ʐɛn]}}||'run'||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]<ref name="sewc">{{Harvcoltxt|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=40–41}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Zygis|2003|pp=180–181, 190–191}}</ref> || {{lang|dsb|Łu'''ž'''yca}} || {{IPA|[ˈwuʐɨt͡sa]}} || '[[Lusatia]]' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]]{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}} || {{lang|arn|[[Mapudungun alphabet|'''r'''ayen]]}} || {{IPA|[ʐɜˈjën]}} || 'flower' || May be {{IPAblink|ɻ}} or {{IPAblink|ɭ}} instead.{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}}
|-
| [[Marrithiyel language|Marrithiyel]] || Marri Tjevin dialect || colspan="2" align="center"| {{IPA|[wiˈɲaʐu]}}||'they are laughing'|| Voicing is non-contrastive.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Mehináku language|Mehináku]]{{sfnp|Felipe|2020|pp=87-89}} || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[ɨˈʐũte]}}||'parrot'|| Resulted from the [[Voicing (phonetics)|voicing]] of {{IPA|/ʂ/}} in between vowels.{{sfnp|Felipe|2020|pp=87-89}}
|-
| [[Pashto language|Pashto]] ||Southern dialect || [[Pashto alphabet|{{script/Arabic|تږى/tâjai}}]] || {{IPA|[ˈtəʐai]}}||'thirsty'|| See [[Pashto phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Polish language|Polish]] || Standard<ref name="Hamann">{{Harvcoltxt|Hamann|2004|p=65}}</ref> || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''ż'''ona]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-żona-2.ogg|[ˈʐ̻ɔn̪ä]}} || 'wife' || Also represented orthographically by {{angbr|rz}} and, when written so, may be instead pronounced as the [[raised alveolar non-sonorant trill]] by few speakers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58 |title=Gwary polskie – Frykatywne rż (ř) |access-date=2013-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113214551/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58 |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is transcribed as {{IPA|/ʒ/}} by most Polish scholars. See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
| [[Dialects of Polish|Southeastern Cuyavian dialects]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17 |title=Gwary polskie – Gwara regionu |website=www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113203509/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''z'''apłacił]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʐäˈpwät͡ɕiw]}} || rowspan="2" | 'he paid' || rowspan="2" | Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of {{IPA|/ʐ/}} and {{IPA|/z/}} into {{IPAblink|z̪|z}} (see [[Szadzenie]]).
|-
| [[Masovian dialect|Suwałki dialect]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58 |title=Gwary polskie – Szadzenie |website=www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113204558/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Romagnol]]|| {{lang|rgn|di'''ṣ'''}}|| {{IPA|[ˈdiːʐ]}}
| 'ten' || Apical; may be {{IPAblink|z̺|z̺ʲ}} or {{IPAblink|ʒ}} instead.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="Hamann" /> || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''ж'''ена/žena]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Ru-жена.ogg|[ʐɨ̞ˈna]}} || 'wife' || See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]] || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''ж'''ут]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|'''ž'''ut}} || {{IPA|[ʐûːt̪]}} || 'yellow' || Typically transcribed as /ʒ/. See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Shina language|Shina]]
| Gilgiti<ref>Ziya, Muhammad Amin, Prof. (2010, October). Gilti Shina Urdu Dictionary / ݜِناٗ - اُردو لغت. Publisher: Zia Publications, Gilgit. ضیاء پبلیکبشنز، گلیٗتISBN: 978-969-942-00-8 [https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAmeenZiaGiltiShinaUrduDictionary/page/n5/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAmeenZiaGiltiShinaUrduDictionary/page/n5/mode/1up]</ref>
|rowspan="2" |{{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| '''ڙَ'''کُݨ }} / '''ẓ'''akuṇ
|rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʐəkuɳ]}}
|rowspan="2" | 'donkey'
|-
| [[Kohistani Shina|Kohistani]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Slovak language|Slovak]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}}</ref>|| {{lang|sk|[[Slovak alphabet|'''ž'''aba]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʐäbä]}} || 'frog' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Andean Spanish|Andean]]
|hace'''r'''
|| {{IPA|[a'seʐ]}}
||'do'
|The phoneme [r] changes to [ʐ], when it is at the end of a syllable
|-
| ma'''rr'''ón, '''r'''atón || {{IPA|[maˈʐon]}}, {{IPA|[ʐa'ton]}} || 'brown', 'mouse' ||See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]]||Central dialects|| {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|f'''r'''i]]}} || {{IPA|[fʐi]}}|| 'free'|| Allophone of /ɹ/. Also may be pronounced as [r] or [ɾ]. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Taruma language|Taruma]]<ref>[https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A3454579/view Unknown]{{Dead link | date=February 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
|{{Lang|tdm|ho'''z'''a}}
|{{IPA|[ˈho.ʐa]}}
|'rain'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tilquiapan Zapotec]]<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Merrill|2008|p=109}}</ref> ||? || {{IPA|[ʐan]}} || 'bottom' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Torwali language|Torwali]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lunsford|2001|pp=16–20}}</ref> ||[[Arabic alphabet|ݜوڙ]]|| {{IPA|[ʂuʐ]}} ||'straight' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]] ||colspan="2" align="center"| {{IPA|[ʐa]}}|| 'firewood'|| See [[Ubykh phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] || {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|'''ж'''aбa/žaba]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʐɑbɐ]}}|| 'frog' || See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
| [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]] || Some dialects<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=41}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Zygis|2003|p=180}}</ref> || {{example needed|date=June 2015}} || || || Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʒ}} in the standard language.<ref name="sewc" />
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Yi language|Yi]] ||{{lang|ii|[[Yi script|ꏜ]]}} {{lang|ii-Latn|'''r'''y}} || {{IPA|[ʐʐ̩˧]}}|| 'grass'||
|}

== Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative ==
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative
|ipa symbol=ɻ̝
|ipa symbol2=ɻ˔
|ipa symbol3=ɖ̞
|ipa symbol4=ɖ˕
|ipa number=152 429
|xsampa=r\`_r
|soundfile=Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative.ogg
}}

=== Features ===
Features of the voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative:

{{fricative}}
{{retroflex}}
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

=== Occurrence ===

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[English language|English]] || [[South African English|Eastern Cape]]<ref name="sowl165">{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=165}}</ref> || ''[[English orthography|'''r'''ed]]'' || {{IPA|[ɻ˔ed]}} || 'red' || Apical; typical realization of {{IPA|/r/}} in that region.<ref name="sowl165" /> See [[South African English phonology]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]
* [[Voiced postalveolar fricative]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|}}
*
* {{citation
|last=Hamann
|first=Silke
|year=2004
|title=Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=34
|issue=1
|pages=53–67
|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001604
|s2cid=2224095
|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann_2004.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Hanulíková
|first1=Adriana
|last2=Hamann
|first2=Silke
|year=2010
|title=Slovak
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=40
|issue=3
|pages=373–378
|doi=10.1017/S0025100310000162
|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{SOWL}}
* {{citation
|last=Lunsford
|first=Wayne A.
|title=An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan
|journal=M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
|year=2001
|url=http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last=Merrill
|first=Elizabeth
|year=2008
|title=Tilquiapan Zapotec
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=38
|issue=1
|pages=107–114
|doi=10.1017/S0025100308003344
|url=http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Sadowsky
|first1=Scott
|last2=Painequeo
|first2=Héctor
|last3=Salamanca
|first3=Gastón
|last4=Avelino
|first4=Heriberto
|year=2013
|title=Mapudungun
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=43
|issue=1
|pages=87–96
|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000369
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last=Šewc-Schuster
|first=Hinc
|year=1984
|title=Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče
|place=Budyšin
|publisher=Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
}}
* {{citation
|last=Zygis
|first=Marzena
|year=2003
|title=Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives
|journal=ZAS Papers in Linguistics
|volume=3
|pages=175–213
|doi=10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191
|doi-access=free
}}
*{{Citation
|doi-access=
|last=Drude
|first=Sebastian
|title=A Fonologia do Awetí
|journal=[[Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas]]
|language=pt-BR|volume=3
|issue=2
|pages=190
|year=2020
|doi=10.18468/rbli.2020v3n2.p183-205
|s2cid=234223262
}}
* {{citation
|last=Felipe
|first=Paulo Henrique Pereira Silva de
|year=2020|type=Thesis
|title=Fonologia e morfossintaxe da língua mehináku (arawak)
|pages=87–89
|hdl=20.500.12733/1640175
|hdl-access=free
}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{phoible|ʐ}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Fricative consonants]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Voiced oral consonants]]
[[Category:Retroflex consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]