Editing Voiced retroflex plosive

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɖ⟩ in IPA}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ɖ
|ipa number=106
|decimal=598
|x-sampa=d`
|kirshenbaum=d.
|braille=256
|braille2=d
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0256.svg
|imagesize=150px
}}
The '''voiced retroflex plosive''' or '''stop''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|[[African D|{{IPA|ɖ|cat=no}}]]&thinsp;}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>d`</code>. Like all the [[retroflex consonant]]s, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a ''d'', the letter that is used for the corresponding [[alveolar consonant]]. Many South Asian languages, such as [[Hindustani language|Hindi and Urdu]], have a two-way contrast between plain and murmured ([[breathy voice]]) {{IPA|[ɖ&thinsp;]}}.

==Features==
[[File:Voiced retroflex plosive.svg|150px]]

Features of the voiced retroflex stop:

{{plosive}}
{{retroflex}}
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

==Occurrence==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Asturian language|Asturian]] ||Astierna dialect|| {{lang|ast|'''ḷḷ'''ingua}} || {{IPA|[ɖiŋɡwä]}}|| 'tongue'|| Corresponds to {{IPA|/ʎ/}} in other dialects. See [[Ḷ|Che Vaqueira]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] || <span style="font-size:120%;">{{Script|Arab|ڈل}}</span>/dèl || {{IPA|[ɖɪl]}} || 'female donkey' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="mazumdar">{{Harvcoltxt|Mazumdar|2000|p=57}}</ref> || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|'''ডা'''কাত]]}} || {{IPA|[ɖakat̪]}} || 'robber' || Apical postalveolar.<ref name="mazumdar"/> See [[Bengali phonology]]
|-
| [[English language|English]] ||[[Indian English|Indian]] dialects|| {{lang|en-IN|[[English orthography|'''d'''ine]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɖaɪn]}}|| 'to eat'|| Corresponds to {{IPA|/d/}} in other dialects. See [[English phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Fon language|Fon]] || ɖù || {{IPA|[ɖù]}}|| 'to celebrate'|| 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<ref name="khatiwada">{{Harvcoltxt|Khatiwada|2009|p=374}}</ref> || {{lang|gu|[[Gujarati alphabet|'''હાડ''']]}} || {{IPA|[ɦaɖ]}} || 'bone' || Subapical.<ref name="khatiwada"/> See [[Gujarati phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=141}}</ref><ref name="tiwari">{{Harvcoltxt|Tiwari|2004|p=?}}</ref> || {{lang|hi|[[Devanāgarī|'''डा'''लना]]}}/{{lang|ur|{{nq|[[Urdu alphabet|ڈالنا]]}}|rtl=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɖaːlnaː]}} || 'to put' || Apical postalveolar.<ref name="tiwari"/> See [[Hindustani phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Javanese language|Javanese]]|| {{lang|jv-Java|[[Javanese script|ꦣꦲꦂ]]}}/dhahar/[[Pegon script|<span style="font-size:110%;">{{Script|Arab|ڎاهار}}</span>]] || {{IPA|[ɖahaɽ]}}|| 'to eat'|| 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kannada language|Kannada]]|| {{lang|kn|[[Kannada script|ಅ'''ಡ'''ಸು]]}} || {{IPA|[ɐɖɐsu]}}|| 'to join'|| 
|-
| colspan="2" |  [[Maba language|Maba]]|| {{lang|mde-Latn|ko'''dr'''ok}}/{{lang|mde-Arab|كٛ'''ڔٛ'''ك}} || {{IPA|[kɔɖɔk]}}|| 'false' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]|| {{lang|ml|[[Malayalam script|പാണ്'''ഡ'''വർ]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpaːɳɖaʋɐr]}}||'[[Pandava]]s'|| 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="khatiwada"/> || {{lang|mr|[[Devanāgarī|हा'''ड''']]}} || {{IPA|[haːɖ]}} || 'bone'|| Subapical.<ref name="khatiwada"/> See [[Marathi phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] ||{{lang|ne|[[Devanāgarī|'''ड'''र]]}}||{{IPA|[ɖʌr]}} || 'fear'|| Apical postalveolar. See [[Nepali phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Nihali language|Nihali]] ||colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[biɖum]}}|| 'one'|| 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|va'''rd'''e]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈʋɑɖːə]}}|| 'beacon'|| See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Odia language|Odia]] || {{lang|or|[[Odia script|'''ଡ'''ଙ୍ଗା]]}}/ḍaṅgā || {{IPA|[ɖɔŋga]}} || 'boat' || Apical postalveolar.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] || {{lang|ps|[[Perso-Arabic alphabet|ډﻙ]]|rtl=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɖak]}}||'full'|| 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || {{lang|pa|[[Gurmukhi|'''ਡੱ'''ਡੂ]]}} || {{IPA|[ɖəɖːu]}}||'frog'|| 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] || {{lang|sc-Latn|cherve'''dd'''u}} || {{Audio-IPA|Sr-cherveddu.oga|[keɾˈveɖːu]}}|| 'brain'|| 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]] || {{lang|scn-Latn|co'''ḍḍ'''u}} || {{IPA|[kɔɖːu]}}|| 'neck'|| 
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] 
|واڍو/vāḍho/वाढो
|[ʋɑɖʱo]
|'carpenter'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
|{{Lang|si|[[Sinhala script|බ'''ඩ''']]}}
|{{IPA|[baɖə]}}
|'stomach'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Somali language|Somali]] || {{lang|so|[[Somali alphabet|'''dh'''ul]]||italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɖul]}}|| 'earth, land, ground'|| See [[Somali phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || {{lang|sv|[[Spanish alphabet|'''d'''ado]]|italic=yes}} ||  {{IPA|[ɖädo]}}|| 'dado'|| Realization of /ð/ in some accents. See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|no'''rd''']]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Sv-nord.ogg|[nuːɖ]}}|| 'north'|| See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="khatiwada"/><ref name="keane">{{Harvcoltxt|Keane|2004|p=111}}</ref>|| {{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|வ'''ண்டி''']]}} || {{IPA|[ʋəɳɖi]}}|| 'cart'|| Subapical;<ref name="khatiwada"/> allophone of {{IPA|/ʈ/}}.<ref name="keane"/> See [[Tamil phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|క'''డ్డి''']]}} || {{IPA|[kɐɖːi]}}|| 'rod' || Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. Aspirated form articulated as [[breathy consonant]].
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Torwali language|Torwali]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lunsford|2001|pp=11–16}}</ref> ||{{lang|trw|[[Arabic script|ڈىغو]]|rtl=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɖiɣu]}} ||'late afternoon' || Realised as {{IPA|[ɽ]}} between vowels.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Urdu]]
|ڈنڈا
|{{IPA|[ɖəɳɖaː]}}
|'stick'
|
|}

==See also==
* [[African D]]
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation
|last=Keane
|first=Elinor
|year=2004
|title=Tamil
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=34
|issue=1
|pages=111–116
|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001549
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last=Khatiwada
|first=Rajesh
|year=2009
|title=Nepali
|journal=[[Journal of the International Phonetic Association]]
|volume=39
|issue=3
|pages=337–380
|doi=10.1017/s0025100309990181
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last=Ladefoged
|first=Peter
|author-link=Peter Ladefoged
|year=2005
|title=Vowels and Consonants
|edition=Second
|publisher=Blackwell
}}
* {{SOWL|mode=cs2}}
* {{citation
|last=Lunsford
|first=Wayne A.
|title=An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan
|journal= M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
|year=2001
|url=http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last=Masica
|first=Colin P.
|year=1991
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-29944-6
}}
* {{citation
|last=Mazumdar
|first=Bijaychandra
|title=The history of the Bengali language
|date=2000
|orig-year=First published 1920
|location=New Delhi
|publisher=Asian Educational Services
|isbn=8120614526
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbengali0000mazu
}}
* {{citation
|last=Tiwari
|first=Bholanath
|year=2004
|orig-year=First published 1966
|title=Hindī Bhāshā
|place=Kitāb Mahal
|publisher=Kitāb Mahal
|isbn=81-225-0017-X
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|ɖ}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Retroflex consonants]]
[[Category:Plosives]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Voiced oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]