Editing Voiced uvular fricative

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʁ⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ʁ
|ipa number=143
|decimal1=641
|x-sampa=R
|braille=*
|braille2=3456
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0281.svg
|imagesize=150px
}}
{{Infobox IPA
| above = Voiced uvular approximant
| ipa symbol = ʁ̞
| ipa number = 144
| x-sampa = R_o
| imagefile = IPA Unicode 0x0281+0x031E.svg
| imagesize = 150px
}}

The '''voiced uvular fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʁ}}, an inverted small uppercase letter {{angbr IPA|ʀ}}, or in [[broad transcription]] {{angbr IPA|r}} if [[Rhotic consonant|rhotic]]. This consonant is one of the several collectively called [[guttural R]] when found in European languages.

The '''voiced uvular approximant''' is also found [[Complementary distribution|interchangeably]] with the fricative, and may also be transcribed as {{angbr IPA|ʁ}}. Because the IPA symbol stands for the uvular fricative, the [[approximant]] may be specified by adding the [[lowered (phonetics)|downtack]]: {{angbr IPA|ʁ̞}}, though some writings<ref>Such as {{Harvcoltxt|Krech et al.|2009}}.</ref> use a superscript {{angbr IPA|ʶ}}, which is not an official IPA practice.

For a '''voiced pre-uvular fricative''' (also called '''post-velar'''), see [[voiced velar fricative]].

==Features==
Features of the voiced uvular fricative:

{{fricative}} In many languages it is closer to an [[approximant consonant|approximant]], however, and no language distinguishes the two at the uvular articulation. 
{{uvular}}
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

==Occurrence==

In Western Europe, a [[Voiced uvular trill|uvular trill]] pronunciation of rhotic consonants spread from northern [[French language|French]] to several dialects and [[Register (sociolinguistics)|registers]] of [[Basque language|Basque]],<ref name="Basque">''Grammar of Basque'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=Kss999lxKm0C&pg=PA30 page 30], [[José Ignacio Hualde]], Jon Ortiz De Urbina, [[Walter de Gruyter]], 2003</ref> [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[German language|German]], [[Judaeo-Spanish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], some variants of [[Low German|Low Saxon]],<ref>Ph Bloemhoff-de Bruijn, Anderhalve Eeuw Zwols Vocaalveranderingsprocessen in de periode 1838-1972. IJsselacademie (2012). {{ISBN|978-90-6697-228-5}}</ref> and [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} However, not all of them remain a uvular trill today.
In [[Brazilian Portuguese]], it is usually a velar fricative ({{IPAblink|x}}, {{IPAblink|ɣ}}), [[voiceless uvular fricative]] {{IPA|[χ]}}, or glottal transition ({{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPAblink|ɦ}}), except in southern Brazil, where alveolar and uvular trills as well as the voiced uvular fricative predominate. Because such uvular [[rhotic consonant|rhotics]] often do not contrast with alveolar ones, IPA transcriptions may often use {{angbr|r}} to represent them for ease of typesetting. For more information, see [[guttural R]].

{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996}} note, "There is... a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=167}}</ref>

It is also present in most [[Turkic languages]], except for [[Turkish language|Turkish]], and in [[Caucasian languages]]. It could also come in [[ɣ]].

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || {{lang|ab|[[Abkhaz alphabet|цы'''ҕ''']]}} {{lang|ab-Latn|cëğ}}||{{IPA|[tsəʁ]}}|| '[[marten]]'|| See [[Abkhaz phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|ady-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|ты'''гъ'''э]]}} / {{lang|ady-Latn|të'''ğ'''a}} / {{lang|ady-Arab|تہ'''غ'''ە}} ||{{Audio-IPA|Trha1.ogg|[təʁa]}}|| 'sun'|| 
|-
| [[Afrikaans]] || Parts of the former [[Cape Province]]{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=15}} || {{lang|af|'''r'''ooi|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʁoːi̯]}} || 'red' || May be a trill {{IPAblink|ʀ}} instead.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=15}} See [[Afrikaans phonology]]
|-
|[[Albanian language|Albanian]]
|[[Arbëresh]]
Some Moresian accents
|vëlla
|[vʁa]
|'brother'
|May be pronounced as a normal double l. Sometimes, the guttural r is present in words starting with g in some dialects.
|-
| [[Aleut language|Aleut]] ||Atkan dialect|| {{lang|ale-Latn|cham'''ĝ'''ul}} || {{IPA|[tʃɑmʁul]}}||'to wash'|| 
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]]{{sfnp|Watson|2002|pp=17}} || {{lang|arb|[[Arabic alphabet|غرفة]]|rtl=yes}} {{lang|arb-Latn|ġurfa}} || {{IPA|[ˈʁʊrfɐ]}} || 'room' || Mostly transcribed as {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, may be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.{{sfnp|Watson|2002|pp=17, 19-20, 35-36 and 38}} See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Archi language|Archi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Archi Language Tutorial|url=https://www.archi.surrey.ac.uk/handout.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121902/http://www.archi.surrey.ac.uk/handout.pdf|archive-date=2015-04-02|access-date=2021-05-22}}</ref>|| {{lang|aqc-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''гъӀ'''абос]]}} {{lang|aqc-Latn|ġabos}}|| {{IPA|[ʁˤabos]}}<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/archi-dictionary/ | title=Dictionary of Archi | access-date=2023-12-10}}</ref> || 'croak' || [[Pharyngealized]].
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] ||{{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|'''ղ'''եկ]]}} {{Transliteration|hy|ġek}}|| {{Audio-IPA|ʁɛk.ogg |[ʁɛk]}} || 'rudder' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Asturian language]] ||  ||   ||  || Most common allophone of {{IPA|/g/}}. May be an approximant.<ref name="Muñiz Cachon realizacion">{{Cite journal |last=Muñiz Cachón |first=Carmen |date=2002 |title=Realización del fonema /g/ en Asturias |url=https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/RFA/article/view/9300 |journal=Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana |volume=2 |pages=53–70 |doi=10.17811/rfa.2.2002 |doi-broken-date=2024-11-02 |language=es}}</ref><ref name="Muñiz Cachon rasgos">{{Cite journal |last=Muñiz Cachón |first=Carmen |date=2002 |title=Rasgos fónicos del español hablado en Asturias |url=https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/RFF/article/view/108 |journal=Archivum: Revista de la Facultad de Filología |volume=52 |pages=323–349 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Avar language|Avar]]|| {{lang|av-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|тIа'''гъ'''ур]]}} / {{lang|av-Latn|tha'''ġ'''ur}} / {{lang|av-Arab|طا'''غ'''ۇر}} ||{{IPA|[tʼaˈʁur]}}|| 'cap'||
|-
|[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]
|[[South Azerbaijani|Southern]] dialects such as in [[Maragheh County|Maragha]], [[Malekan County|Malekan]], [[Bonab County|Binab]], [[Ajab Shir County|Ajab shir]] and [[Leylan County|Leylan]] counties of [[East Azerbaijan province|East Azerbaijan]], and [[Chaharborj County|Chaharburj]], [[Miandoab County|Miyandoab]] alongside [[Baruq Rural District (Baruq County)|Baruq]] in [[West Azerbaijan province|West Azerbaijan]]
|ye'''r'''alma/یئ'''ر'''آلما
|[jeʁɑlma]
|'potato'
|Unlike many of Turkic dialects that have solely adapted the pronunciation of <r> into a [[voiced alveolar trill]], these dialects often use voiced uvular fricative or they might use [[close-mid back unrounded vowel]] almost entirely in their speeches as an equivalent of r. it also has to be noted that this is not the same as [[voiced velar fricative]] which is to be resembled with [[ğ]] .
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] || {{lang|ba-Cyrl|[[:wikt:туғыҙ|ту'''ғ'''ыҙ]]}} / {{lang|ba-Latn|tu'''ğ'''ıđ}} / {{lang|ba-Arab|تو'''ع'''ئذ}}|| {{Audio-IPA|Ba-туғыҙ.ogg|[tuˈʁɤð]}} || 'nine' ||
|-
|[[Basque language|Basque]]|| [[Northern Basque Country|Northern]] dialects|| {{lang|eu|[[Basque alphabet|u'''rr'''e]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[uʁe]}}|| 'gold' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Chilcotin language|Chilcotin]] || {{lang|chc|'''r'''elkɨsh}}  || {{IPA|[ʁəlkɪʃ]}} ||'he walks'|| 
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard<ref name="basb62">{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=62}}</ref> || {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|'''r'''ød]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʁ̞œ̠ð̠]}} || 'red' || Most often an approximant when initial.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=66}}</ref> In other positions, it can be either a fricative (also described as voiceless {{IPAblink|χ}}) or an approximant.<ref name="basb62"/> Also described as pharyngeal {{IPAblink|ʕ̞}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=323}}</ref> It can be a fricative trill in word-initial positions when emphasizing a word.{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=157}} See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Booij|1999|p=8}}</ref><ref name="Collins 2003 39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291">{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291}}</ref><ref name="Goeman 2001 91–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101–104, 107–108">{{Harvcoltxt|Goeman|van de Velde|2001|pp=91–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101–104, 107–108}}</ref><ref name="Verstraten 2001 51–55">{{Harvcoltxt|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|pp=51–55}}</ref> || [[Belgian Limburg]]<ref name="Verhoeven">{{Harvcoltxt|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}}</ref><ref name="VerVan52">{{Harvcoltxt|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|p=52}}</ref> || rowspan="6" | {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''r'''ad]]}} || rowspan="6" | {{IPA|[ʁɑt]}} || rowspan="6" | 'wheel' || rowspan="6" | Either a fricative or an approximant.<ref name="Goeman 2001 91–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101–104, 107–108"/><ref name="Verhoeven"/><ref name="Verstraten 2001 51–55"/><ref name="Collins 2003 39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291"/><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Goeman|van de Velde|2001|pp=91–92, 94–95, 97, 102}}</ref> Realization of {{IPA|/r/}} varies considerably among dialects. See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| Central Netherlands<ref name="VerVan54">{{Harvcoltxt|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|p=54}}</ref>
|-
| [[East Flanders]]<ref name="VerVan52"/>
|-
| Northern Netherlands<ref name="VerVan54"/>
|-
| [[Randstad]]<ref name="VerVan54"/>
|-
| Southern Netherlands<ref name="VerVan54"/>
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[English language|English]] || [[Dyfed]]<ref name="Wells390">{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|p=390}}</ref> || rowspan="5" | {{lang|en|[[English orthography|'''r'''ed]]|italic=yes}} || rowspan="5" | {{IPA|[ʁɛd]}} || rowspan="5" | 'red' || rowspan="2" | Not all speakers.<ref name="Wells390"/> Alveolar in other [[Welsh English|Welsh accents]].
|-
| [[Gwynedd]]<ref name="Wells390"/>
|-
| [[Hiberno-English|North-east Leinster]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007|p=?}}{{page needed|date=December 2013}}</ref> || Corresponds to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɹ}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɾ}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɻ}}]}} in other dialects of English in Ireland.
|-
| [[English of Northumbria|Northumbrian]]<ref name="LaMa236">{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=236}}</ref><ref name="Ogden93">{{Harvcoltxt|Ogden|2009|p=93}}</ref> || Described both as a fricative<ref name="LaMa236"/> and an approximant.<ref name="Ogden93"/> More rarely it is a trill {{IPAblink|ʀ}}.<ref name="LaMa236"/> Mostly found in rural areas of [[Northumberland]] and northern [[County Durham]], declining. See [[English phonology]] and [[Northumbrian Burr]].
|-
| [[Sierra Leonean English|Sierra Leonean]]<ref name="LaMa236"/> || More rarely a trill {{IPAblink|ʀ}}.<ref name="LaMa236"/>
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" | [[French language|French]] || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|'''r'''ester]]|italic=yes}} ||{{Audio-IPA|Fr-rester.ogg|[ʁɛste]}}|| 'to stay'|| See [[French phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]<ref name="Hall 1993 89">{{Harvcoltxt|Hall|1993|p=89}}</ref> || rowspan="3" | {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''R'''ost]]|italic=yes}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʁɔstʰ]}}|| rowspan="3" | 'rust' || rowspan="2" | Either a fricative or, more often, an approximant. In free variation with a [[uvular trill]]. See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| Lower Rhine<ref name="Hall 1993 89"/>
|-
| [[Swabian German|Swabian]]<ref name="Hiller">{{cite web|title=Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality|author=Markus Hiller|publisher=Institut für Deutsche Sprache|place=Mannheim|url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/linguistics/assets/documents/MarcusHiller.pdf|access-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528010540/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/linguistics/assets/documents/MarcusHiller.pdf|archive-date=2014-05-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> || {{IPA|[ʁ̞oʃt]}} || An approximant.<ref name="Hiller"/> It is the realization of {{IPA|/ʁ/}} in [[Syllable#Onset|onsets]],<ref name="Hiller"/> otherwise it is an [[epiglottal approximant]].<ref name="Hiller"/>
|-
| [[Gondi language|Gondi]]
|Hill-Maṛia
| {{lang|gon-Latn|pār̥-}}
|{{IPA|[paːʁ-]}}
| 'to sing'
| Corresponds to /r/ or /ɾ/ in other Gondi dialects.
|-
| [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] || [[Modern Hebrew|Modern]] || {{lang|he|[[Hebrew alphabet|עוֹ'''רֵ'''ב]]}} || {{IPA|[ʔoˈʁ̞ev]}} || 'crow'
|See [[Modern Hebrew phonology]].<ref>The pronunciation of the [[Modern Hebrew]] consonant ר ''resh'' has been described as a uvular approximant {{IPA|[[ʁ]]}}, specifically {{IPA|[ʁ̞]}}, which also exists in [[Yiddish]], see [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]] (2003), [[Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew]], [[Palgrave Macmillan]], pp. 261-262.</ref>
|-
| [[Inuktitut]] ||East Inuktitut dialect|| {{lang|ale-Latn|ma'''rr'''uuk}} || {{IPA|[mɑʁːuːk]}}||'two'|| 
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]] || Some speakers{{sfnp|Canepari|1999|pp=98–101}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian orthography|'''r'''a'''r'''o]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈʁäːʁo]}} || 'rare' || Rendition alternative to the standard Italian [[alveolar trill]] {{IPAblink|r}}, due to individual [[Orthoepy|orthoepic]] defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in [[South Tyrol|Alto Adige]] (bordering with German-speaking Austria), [[Val d'Aosta]] (bordering with France) and in parts of the [[Parma]] province, more markedly around [[Fidenza]]. Other alternative sounds may be a [[uvular trill]] {{IPAblink|ʀ}} or a [[labiodental approximant]] {{IPAblink|ʋ}}.{{sfnp|Canepari|1999|pp=98–101}} See [[Italian phonology]].
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]]|| {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|б'''гъ'''э]]}} / {{lang|kbd-Latn|b'''ğ'''a}} / {{lang|kbd-Arab|ب'''غ'''ە}} ||{{Audio-IPA|бгъэ.ogg|[bʁa]}}|| 'eagle'|| 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kabyle language|Kabyle]]|| {{lang|kab|[[Tifinagh|'''ⴱⴻ'''ⵖ]]}}<br />{{lang|kab-Latn|[[Berber Latin alphabet|bbe'''ɣ''']]}}<br />{{lang|kab-Arab|[[Berber Arabic alphabet|بغ]]}} ||{{IPA|[bːəʁ]}}|| 'to dive'||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]|| {{lang|kk|[[Kazakh alphabets|са'''ғ'''ан]]}} / {{lang|kk-Latn|sa'''ğ'''an}} / {{lang|kk-Arab|سا'''ع'''ان}}

||{{IPA|[sɑˈʁɑn]}}|| 'to you'||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]|| {{lang|ky-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|жам'''г'''ыр]]}} / {{lang|ky-Latn|cam'''ğ'''ır'}} / {{lang|ky-Arab|جام'''ع'''ىر}} ||{{IPA|[dʒɑmˈʁɯr]}}|| 'rain'||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lakota language|Lakota]]|| {{lang|lkt|a'''ǧ'''úyapi}} || {{IPA|[aʁʊjapɪ]}}|| 'bread'||
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] || [[Maastrichtian dialect|Maastrichtian]]{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=156}} || {{lang|li|d'''r'''ei}} || {{IPA|[dʀ̝ɛi̯]}} ||rowspan=2| 'three' ||rowspan=2| Fricative trill; the fricative component varies between uvular and post-velar.{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=156}}{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=108}} See [[Maastrichtian dialect phonology]] and [[Weert dialect phonology]]
|-
| Weert dialect{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=108}} || {{lang|li|d'''r'''ej}} || {{IPA|[dʀ̝æj]}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=68}} || {{lang|lb|Pa'''r'''mesan|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈpʰɑʁməzaːn]}} || 'Parmesan' || Appears as an allophone of {{IPA|/ʀ/}} between a vowel and a voiced consonant and as an allophone of {{IPA|/ʁ/}} between a back vowel and another vowel (back or otherwise). A minority of speakers use it as the only consonantal variety of {{IPA|/ʀ/}} (in a complementary distribution with {{IPAblink|χ}}), also where it is [[Uvular trill|trilled]] in the standard language.{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=68}} See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
| [[Malay language|Malay]] || Perak dialect|| ''[[Malay alphabet|Pe'''r'''ak]]'' || {{IPA|[peʁɑk̚]}} || '[[Perak]]' || See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Malto language|Malto]]{{sfnp|Bhadriraju Krishnamurti|2003|p=150}} || पो'''ग़े''' || {{IPA|[poʁe]}} || 'smoke' ||May be a stop {{IPA|[ɢ]}} instead.
|-
| [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]] || [[Kampar language|Kampar dialect]]<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Masni |first=Atri Kehana |date=2021-12-31 |title=Sistem Fonem Isolek Kuntu Kabupaten Kampar |url=https://ojs.badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/jurnal/index.php/medanmakna/article/view/4013 |journal=MEDAN MAKNA: Jurnal Ilmu Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=207 |doi=10.26499/mm.v19i2.4013 |issn=2721-2955}}</ref>|| ''ba'''gh'''eh'' || {{IPA|[baʁeh]}} || 'rice' || 
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || Southern [[Norwegian dialects|dialects]] || rowspan="2" | {{lang|no|'''r'''a'''r'''|italic=yes}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʁ̞ɑːʁ̞]}} || rowspan="2" | 'strange' || rowspan="2" | Either an approximant or a fricative. See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| Southwestern [[Norwegian dialects|dialects]]
|-
|[[Toba Qom language|Toba qom]]
|Takshek dialect
|''Awo<s>'''g'''</s>oyk''
|[awoʁojk]
|'moon'
|
|-
|[[Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]
|Some speakers
|ва'''р'''а
|[waʁa]
|'goose'
|
|-
|[[Ossetian language|Ossetic]]
|[[Iron Ossetian|Iron]]
|æ'''гъгъ'''æд æ'''ğğ'''æd
|{{IPA|[ˈəʁːəd]}}
|'enough'
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]||[[European Portuguese|European]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=92}}</ref> || {{lang|pt-PT|[[Portuguese orthography|ca'''rr'''o]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkaʁu]}} || 'car'|| Word-initial {{IPA|/ʁ/}} is commonly realized as a uvular trill [<nowiki/>[[Voiced uvular trill|ʀ]]] in Lisbon.{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=157}} See [[Portuguese phonology]] 
|-
| [[Setúbal|Setubalense]]<ref name="rhotics of RJ">{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/NascimentoTAM.pdf Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011010924/http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/NascimentoTAM.pdf |date=2017-10-11 }}. Page 11.</ref> || {{lang|pt-PT|[[Portuguese orthography|'''r'''u'''r'''aliza'''r''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʁuʁɐɫiˈzaʁ]}} || 'to ruralize' || Outcome of a merger of {{IPA|/ɾ/}} with {{IPA|/ʁ/}}, which is unique in the Lusophone world. Often [[Uvular trill|trilled]] instead.
|-
| [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Fluminense]]<ref name="rhotics of RJ"/><ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.caravelas.com.pt/actas_herr.pdf The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206084049/http://www.caravelas.com.pt/actas_herr.pdf |date=2016-02-06 }} Page 36.</ref> || {{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese orthography|a'''r'''dência]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɐʁˈdẽsjə]}} || 'burning feeling' || rowspan=2 | Due to [[Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil|19th century Portuguese influence]], Rio de Janeiro's dialect merged coda {{IPAslink|ɾ}} into {{IPA|/ʁ/}}.<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/dominiosdelinguagem/article/download/12450/8064 The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony]. Pages 229 and 230.</ref> Often trilled. In free variation with {{IPAblink|ɣ}}, {{IPAblink|ʕ}} and {{IPAblink|ɦ}} before voiced sounds, {{IPAblink|x}}, {{IPAblink|χ}}, {{IPAblink|ħ}} and {{IPAblink|h}} before voiceless consonants
|-
| [[South Region, Brazil|Sulista]] ||{{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese orthography|a'''rr'''oz]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɐˈʁos]}} || 'rice'
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]||[[Puerto Rican Spanish|Puerto Rican]]|| {{lang|es-PR|[[Spanish orthography|ca'''rr'''o]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkaʁo]}} || 'car'|| Word-initial, and inter-vocallic double r ('rr') {{IPA|/r/}} are commonly realized as a fricative trill in rural sectors and generally (but not exclusively) lower socioeconomic strata among Puerto Ricans. {{IPAblink|ʁ}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lipski|1994|p=333}}</ref> 
|-
|As spoken in Asturias
|{{Lang|es|gusano}}
|{{IPA|[ʁ̞uˈsano]}}
|'worm'
|Most common allophone of {{IPA|/g/}}. May also be an approximant.<ref name="Muñiz Cachon realizacion"/><ref name="Muñiz Cachon rasgos"/>
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] ||[[South Swedish dialects|Southern dialects]]|| {{lang|sv-SE|'''r'''ö'''r'''}} || {{IPA|[ʁɶʁ]}}||'pipe(s)'|| See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tatar language|Tatar]]|| {{lang|tt-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|яң'''г'''ыр]]}}, {{lang|tt-Latn|yañ'''ğ'''ır}}, {{lang|tt-Arab|ياڭ'''گ'''ئر}} ||{{IPA|[jɒŋˈʁɯr]}}|| 'rain'||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] || {{lang|tk-Latn|a'''ɡ'''yr}} / {{lang|tk-Arab|آ'''غ'''یٛر}}  || {{IPA|[ɑʁɨɾ]}} || 'heavy' || An allophone of /ɣ/ next to back vowels
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tsez language|Tsez]]|| [[Cyrillic script|а'''гъ'''и]] ''a'''ɣ'''i'' ||{{IPA|[ˈʔaʁi]}}|| 'bird'||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]] || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[ʁa]}}||'his'|| Ubykh has ten different uvular fricatives. See [[Ubykh phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] || ئۇي'''غ'''ۇر / {{lang|ug-Cyrl|Уй'''ғ'''ур}} || {{IPA|[ʊjʁʊr]}} || 'Uyghur'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] || {{lang|uz-Latn|[[Uzbek alphabet|o'''gʻ'''ir]]}} / {{lang|uz-Cyrl|о'''ғ'''ир}} / {{lang|uz-Arab|[[Southern Uzbek language|اۉ'''غ'''یر]]}} || {{IPA|[ɒˈʁɨr]}}|| 'heavy'||
|-
| [[West Flemish]] || [[Bruges dialect]]{{sfnp|Hinskens|Taeldeman|2013|p=167}} || {{lang|vls|onde'''r'''}} || {{IPA|[ˈuŋəʀ̝]}} || 'under' || A fricative trill with little friction. An alveolar {{IPAblink|r}} is used in the neighbouring rural area.{{sfnp|Hinskens|Taeldeman|2013|p=167}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Yakut language|Yakut]]|| {{lang|sah-Cyrl|[[Yakut scripts|то'''ҕ'''ус]]}} {{lang|sah-Latn|to'''ğ'''us}} ||{{IPA|[toʁus]}}|| 'nine'||
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Yi language|Yi]]
|{{lang|ycl|Ğņyņə}}
|{{IPA|[ʁŋêŋĕ]}}
|'twenty'
|A [[fricative]] or [[approximant]].
|-
| colspan="2" |Yiddish
|'''ר'''עגן
|ˈʁɛɡŋ
|'rain'
|See Yiddish phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Zhuang
|'''''r'''oek''
|ʁɔ̌k
|'six'
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]
* [[Guttural]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|30em}}
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{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|ʁ}}

{{IPA navigation}}
{{LetterR}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Voiced Uvular Fricative}}
[[Category:Approximant-fricative consonants]]
[[Category:Uvular consonants]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Voiced oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]