Editing Volcano Disaster Assistance Program

The '''Volcano Disaster Assistance Program''' (VDAP) was founded by the [[U.S. Geological Survey]] and the [[United States Agency for International Development]]'s Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance after the eruption of [[Nevado del Ruiz]] (Colombia) in 1985.<ref name="EwertFS">[https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs06497 Ewert J.E. and others, 1997, Mobile Response Team Saves Lives in Volcano Crises, USGS Fact Sheet 964-97. DOI: 10.3133/fs06497 6 p.] </ref> The volcanic eruption melted a [[glacier]] triggering a [[lahar]] that killed 25,000 people. It was determined that increased monitoring and enhanced communications between scientists and civil authorities would make it easier to evacuate local populations and save lives. Today the program responds to volcanic crises around the world. The aim of the program is to assist in saving lives and property, to reduce economic losses, and to prevent a natural hazard becoming a natural disaster. VDAP staff members are based at the USGS [[Cascades Volcano Observatory]], in Vancouver, Washington. VDAP channels its energy into four main activities: response to natural disaster, capacity building, training, and volcanological research.<ref name="Tilling (1989)">[https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/RG027i002p00237 Tilling, R.I. 1989, Volcanic hazards and their mitigation: Progress and problems, Reviews of Geophysics, 27,2]</ref> In 2024, VDAP received the [[American Geophysical Union]]'s International Award for its sustained effort in volcanic disaster risk reduction.<ref name="AGU_IntlAward">[https://www.agu.org/Honors/international/Past-Recipients/ International Award Winners on AGU website]</ref><ref name="USGSFeatureStory">[https://www.usgs.gov/news/featured-story/usgs-usaid-volcano-disaster-assistance-program-honored-american-geophysical/ USGS Website Article Jan 2024]</ref>

==Response==
VDAP responds primarily to ‘non-domestic’ eruptions outside the United States.  Since 1986, the team has responded to over 70 major events around the world.  Scores of other  remote responses involve consultations with the relevant local observatories.  A subset of foreign responses are listed in the following table and on the map.
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[File:VDAP responsemap.jpg|thumb|Map of responses by the USGS/OFDA Volcano Disaster Assistance Program.]]
!Location!!Year!!Disaster Responses
|-
|[[Mount Pinatubo]], Philippines||1991||Less than 5 years after its creation, in April of 1991, VDAP was called to assist the Philippine scientists of the [[Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology]] or PHIVOLCS during unrest at Pinatubo volcano.  The culminating June eruptions of Pinatubo were among the largest on Earth for all of the 20th Century. Around 75,000 people and US$250 million to $375 million worth of equipment were evacuated before the major eruption, in large part due to the efforts of VDAP and PHIVOLCS.<ref name="EwertFS"></ref> A NOVA documentary, produced by WGBH Boston followed the USGS/VDAP role in the eruption <ref name="NOVA_ITPOAKV">[https://archive.org/details/InthePathofaKillerVolcano WGBH, 1993, In the Path of a Killer Volcano, NOVA Documentary.]</ref>
|-
|[[Nevado del Huila]],  Colombia||2007-2008||VDAP assisted colleagues at the [[Colombian Geological Survey]], formerly INGEOMINAS, to  successfully forecast the arrival of volcanic mudflows, <ref name="VDAP Nevado del Huila">[https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vdap/huila.html 1 INGEOMINAS and VDAP Responses at Nevado del Huila, Colombia]</ref> allowing for multiple evacuations of thousands of people.<ref name="VDAP Nevado del Huila"/><ref name="Colombia Reports">[https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN200801-351050 Global Volcanism Program, 2008. Report on Nevado del Huila (Colombia) (Wunderman, R., ed.). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 33:1. Smithsonian Institution.]</ref>
|-
|[[Chaitén]], Chile||2008||USGS staff from VDAP assisted during the eruption and later helped to install real-time seismic monitoring to help scientists more closely watch the volcano and understand its activity.<ref name="Volcano watch">[http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V36n1-a09/html Lara, L., 2009, The 2008 eruption of the Chaitén Volcano, Chile: a preliminary report. Andean Geology, v. 36, no. 1,  p. 125–129.]</ref> 
|-
|[[Mount Merapi|Merapi]], Indonesia
|2010
|VDAP worked with the Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geologic Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM)  to use satellite data to analyze activity at the volcano, helping to save thousands of lives with preemptive evacuations.<ref name="IndoFS">[https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20193074 Lowenstern, J.B., Kasbani, Pallister, J.S., and Ramsey, D.W., 2020, Indonesia and the United States team up to reduce impacts from dangerous volcanoes: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2019–3074, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20193074.]</ref>
|-
|[[Mount Agung|Agung]], Indonesia||2017||Unrest in 2017 at Mount Agung in Bali created great concern due to a previous devastating eruption in 1963. VDAP sent 14 staff over a two-month period in September-November. They installed equipment, used drones to measure gas emissions, and assisted with data interpretation,  prior to an eruption in late November that continued for about a year.<ref name="IndoFS"/><ref name="VDAP Agung">[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-45295-9 Syahbana, D.K., Kasbani, K., Suantika, G. et al. The 2017–19 activity at Mount Agung in Bali (Indonesia): Intense unrest, monitoring, crisis response, evacuation, and eruption. Sci Rep 9, 8848 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45295-9]</ref>
|}

==Preparation and Monitoring==

Capacity building involves the development of education and [[Deformation monitoring|monitoring]] in hazardous areas. VDAP staff install equipment, teach field methods, train on eruption forecasting methods and assess hazards in volcanically active areas. The work is a major focus for VDAP staff and is undertaken around the world.<ref name="VDAP_FS">[https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20173071 Lowenstern, J.B., and Ramsey, D.W., 2017, The Volcano Disaster Assistance Program—Helping to save lives worldwide for more than 30 years: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2017–3071, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20173071.]</ref>

==Training==

VDAP holds workshops and training courses around the world. These include volcano seismology, [[geodesy]],  [[remote sensing]] and [[Geographic information system]] (GIS) modelling. VDAP funds and assists the 8-week annual international field course run by the University of Hawaii's CSAV (Center for the Study of Active Volcanism) <ref name="CSAV">[https://hilo.hawaii.edu/csav/international/ CSAV website at University of Hawaii Hilo]</ref> in Hilo, Hawaii and Vancouver, WA. The students include geologists, geochemists and geophysicists, who receive training in the science behind volcano monitoring.<ref name="VDAP_FS"/><ref name="CSAVreview">[https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29NH.1527-6996.0000592 Sarmiento, J.P. et al., 2022, Assessing human resources development in volcano observatories using the knowledge, attitude, and practice survey. Natural Hazards Review, v. 23, no. 4, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000592]</ref>

==Research==

VDAP supports projects which improve the forecasting of eruptions or better characterize the effects of previous eruptions. Examples of this include research at [[Mount Pinatubo|Pinatubo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/contents.html |title = Newhall, Christopher G.; Punongbayan, Raymundo S., eds. (1996). "Eruptive history of Mount Pinatubo". FIRE and MUD: Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology; University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-97585-6.}}</ref> and [[Chaitén]] Volcano, Chile.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/issue/view/344 |title=Special Issue of Andean Geology, ed. by Lara and Pallister, Vol 40, No 2 (2013)}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web
| url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vdap/
| title=U.S. Volcano Disaster Assistance Program
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:United States Geological Survey]]
[[Category:Disaster management]]
[[Category:Volcanology]]