Editing Volturno Line

{{Short description|WW2 German defensive line in Italy}}
[[File:ItalyDefenseLinesSouthofRome1943 4.jpg|thumb|right|305px|German prepared defensive lines south of Rome]]
{{Campaignbox Italy}}

The '''Volturno Line''' (also known as the '''Viktor Line'''; {{Langx|de|Volturno-Linie, Viktor-Linie}}, {{Langx|it|Linea del Volturno}}) was a [[Wehrmacht|German]] defensive position in [[Italy]] during the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] of [[World War II]].

The line ran from [[Termoli]] in the east, along the [[Biferno River]] through the [[Apennine Mountains]] to the [[Volturno|Volturno River]] in the west.

Following the [[Allied invasion of Italy]] in September 1943 the German forces set up a series of defensive lines across Italy, intended to delay the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] advance. The '''Volturno Line''' was the southernmost of these.

==Eighth Army on the River Biferno (Battle of Termoli)==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2005-0103-505, Albert Kesselring.jpg|left|thumb|German supreme commander in Italy—[[Generalfeldmarschall|''Generalfeldmarshall'']] [[Albert Kesselring]] (1940).]]
{{main|Operation Devon}}
As a response to the increasing Allied pressure on the Adriatic front, on October 1 the German supreme commander in Italy—[[Generalfeldmarschall|''Generalfeldmarshall'']] [[Albert Kesselring]]—ordered the [[16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|16th Panzer Division]] to switch to the Adriatic front. Elements of the [[78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 78th Infantry Division]]'s [[11th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters South East|11th Brigade]] infantry crossed the Biferno at dawn on 3 October 1943 following an amphibious landing at Termoli by [[British Commandos]] at 02:15.<ref>Ford, p116</ref> By late morning, the two elements had linked up and that night 78th Division's [[36th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|36th Brigade]] were able to be landed by sea at [[Termoli]]. However, logistical problems had prevented the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] building a heavy duty bridge across the Biferno and when the bulldozed fords were made unusable after 5 tanks had crossed, there was no way to get more tanks across the river to support the infantry. A lighter weight FBE bridge was built to allow artillery, reconnaissance, and other vehicles to cross. The move east of [[16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|16th Panzer Division]] presented a major and unforeseen threat to the unsupported Allied infantry. As news of the German armour's arrival came in on 4 October, 78th Division's commander— [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] [[Vyvyan Evelegh]]—demanded priority from [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]], under [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Bernard Montgomery]], for bridging equipment.<ref>Ford, p130</ref> As more German armour arrived, the Allied troops across the Biferno were forced onto the defensive. By the afternoon of 5 October, they had been squeezed back to within {{convert|.5|mi|km|abbr=on}} of Termoli.<ref>Ford, p 136</ref> However, at the same time frantic round the clock efforts by engineers had resulted in a heavyweight [[Bailey bridge]] being completed, allowing Canadian and British armour to cross the Biferno. That evening, 78th Division's [[38th (Irish) Brigade]] arrived by sea at Termoli and the German attack the following morning was narrowly repulsed in desperate fighting. By late morning on 6 October, the Allies were on the attack and by late afternoon the Germans had started to fall back to the next prepared defences on the [[Trigno|River Trigno]], the [[Barbara Line]].<ref>Ford, 9137-141</ref>

==Fifth Army on the River Volturno==
{{Expand section|examples and additional citations|date=July 2011}}
[[File:Volturno2Mignano12Oct15Nov1943.jpg|thumb|320px|right|Summary of [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]] Operations, Italy 12 October to 15 November 1943.]]

On the other coast, the [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]], commanded by [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Mark W. Clark]], attacked across the Volturno on the night of 12 October.<ref>Lloyd Clark, p37</ref> The Germans, using rearguard tactics, succeeded in slowing the American advance. They skillfully utilized the terrain, which was favourable for defence, to conduct a fighting withdrawal to the next line north (the [[Barbara Line]]) which the Allies reached by 2 November.

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|first=LLoyd|last=Clark|title=Anzio: The Friction of War. Italy and the Battle for Rome 1944|publisher=[[Headline Publishing Group]]|location=London|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7553-1420-1}}
*{{cite book|author=Fifth Army Historical Section|url=https://archive.org/details/TheVolturnoToTheWinterLine|title=From the Volturno to the Winter Line 6 October-15 November 1943|series=American Forces in Action series|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|location=Washington|year=1990|orig-year=1945|id=CMH Pub 100-8|isbn=0-16-001999-0|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|title=Battleaxe Division|first=Ken|last=Ford|year=2003|orig-year=1999|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|publisher=[[The History Press|Alan Sutton]]|isbn=0-7509-1893-4}}
*{{cite book|first=Col. Kenneth V.|last=Smith|url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/naples/72-17.htm|title=Naples-Foggia 9 September 1943-21 January 1944|series=World War II Campaigns|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|location=Washington|year=c. 1990|id=CMH Pub 72-17|access-date=1 July 2010|archive-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906075921/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/naples/72-17.htm|url-status=dead}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==See also==
* [[Allied invasion of Italy]]
* [[Winter Line|Gustav Line]]
* [[Barbara Line]]
* [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]]
* [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]]

{{coord missing|Italy}}
[[Category:German World War II defensive lines]]
[[Category:Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:World War II operations and battles of the Italian Campaign]]
[[Category:World War II sites in Italy]]