Editing Vyazma

{{Short description|Town in Smolensk Oblast, Russia}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2012}}

{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
|en_name=Vyazma
|ru_name=Вязьма
|image_skyline=Вязьма, Ул. 25 октября, 10 1.JPG
|image_caption=In Vyazma
|coordinates = {{coord|55.2107|N|34.2912|E|display=inline,title}}
|map_label_position=right
|image_flag=Flag of Vyazma (Smolensk oblast).png
|flag_caption=
|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Vyazma (Smolensk oblast) (1780).png
|coa_caption=
|anthem=
|anthem_ref=
|holiday=
|holiday_ref=
<!----ADMINISTRATIVE STATUS---->
|federal_subject=[[Smolensk Oblast]]
|federal_subject_ref=<ref name="SmolenskO_admlist" />
|adm_district_jur=[[Vyazemsky District, Smolensk Oblast|Vyazemsky District]]
|adm_district_jur_ref=<ref name="SmolenskO_admlist" />
|adm_selsoviet_jur=Vyazemskoye
|adm_selsoviet_type=[[Town of district significance|Urban settlement]]
|adm_selsoviet_jur_ref=<ref name="SmolenskO_admlist" />
|adm_ctr_of1=Vyazemsky District
|adm_ctr_of1_ref=<ref name="SmolenskO_admlist" />
|adm_ctr_of2=Vyazemskoye Urban Settlement
|adm_ctr_of2_ref=<ref name="SmolenskO_admlist" />
|inhabloc_cat=Town
|inhabloc_cat_ref=<ref name="SmolenskO_admlist" />
|inhabloc_type=
|inhabloc_type_ref=
<!----MUNICIPAL STATUS---->
|mun_district_jur=Vyazemsky Municipal District
|mun_district_jur_ref=<ref name="SmolenskOVyazemskyD_mun" />
|urban_settlement_jur=Vyazemskoye Urban Settlement
|urban_settlement_jur_ref=<ref name="SmolenskOVyazemskyD_mun" />
|mun_admctr_of1=Vyazemsky Municipal District
|mun_admctr_of1_ref=<ref name="SmolenskOVyazemskyD_mun" />
|mun_admctr_of2=Vyazemskoye Urban Settlement
|mun_admctr_of2_ref=<ref name="OKTMO">{{OKTMO reference|66 605 101}}</ref>
|leader_title=
|leader_title_ref=
|leader_name=
|leader_name_ref=
|representative_body=
|representative_body_ref=
<!----STATISTICS---->
|area_km2=48.58
|area_km2_ref=<ref name="SmolenskO_admlist" />
|pop_2010census=57101
|pop_2010census_rank=288th
|pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref>
|pop_density=
|pop_density_as_of=
|pop_density_ref=
|pop_latest=
|pop_latest_date=
|pop_latest_ref=
<!----HISTORY---->
|established_date=1230
|established_title=First mentioned
|established_date_ref=<ref name="gr" />
|current_cat_date=
|current_cat_date_ref=
|prev_name1=
|prev_name1_date=
|prev_name1_ref=
<!----MISCELLANEA---->
|postal_codes=215110, 215111, 215113, 215116, 215118, 215119, 215125, 215129, 215169
|dialing_codes=48131
|dialing_codes_ref=
|website=http://www.mgorv.ru/
|website_ref=
}}

'''Vyazma''' ({{langx|ru|Вязьма}}) is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]] and the [[administrative center]] of [[Vyazemsky District, Smolensk Oblast|Vyazemsky District]] in [[Smolensk Oblast]], [[Russia]], located on the [[Vyazma River]], about halfway between [[Smolensk]], the administrative center of the [[oblast]], and [[Mozhaysk]]. Throughout its turbulent history, it defended western approaches to [[Moscow]]. Population: {{ru-census2010|57,101|;}} {{ru-census2002|57,545|;}} {{su-census1989|59,022|;}} 44,000 (1970).

== History ==

=== Medieval history and monuments ===
Vyazma was first mentioned in a chronicle under the year of 1230,<ref name="gr">{{cite book|title=Энциклопедия Города России|year=2003|publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия|location=Moscow|isbn=5-7107-7399-9|pages=99}}</ref> although it is believed to be much older than that. The town was named after the river, whose name was from Russian word "{{lang|ru|вязь}}" (''vyaz'''), meaning "bog" or "swamp".<ref name="Pospelov">Е. М. Поспелов. "Географические названия мира". Москва, 1998, стр.&nbsp;108.</ref> At the time, the town belonged to a lateral branch of the [[Rurik dynasty|Rurikid]] House of Smolensk, and carried on a lively trade with [[Narva]] on the [[Gulf of Finland]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Vyazma|volume=28|page=222}}</ref> In 1403, the local princes were expelled by [[Lithuania]]ns to Moscow, where they took the name of Princes Vyazemsky. The most notable among them were [[Pyotr Vyazemsky]], an intimate friend of the poet [[Alexander Pushkin]] and a poet himself, and [[Sophie Viazemski]], a French writer, for a time married to [[Jean-Luc Godard]].

In 1494, Vyazma was captured by the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] and turned into a fortress, of which but a single tower remains. Two important abbeys were embellished with stone churches, including a rare three-[[tented roof|tented church]] dedicated to Our Lady of Smolensk ([[Hodegetria]]) and consecrated in 1638 after Polish occupation between 1611 and 1634. A [[barbican]] church of the same abbey dates back to 1656, and the town's cathedral was completed by 1676. Other churches are designed mostly in [[baroque]] style.
[[File:Spasskaya tower Vyazma2.JPG|thumb|left|Spasskaya tower is the only tower left of the medieval Vyazma Kremlin.]]
[[File:Вязьма, Церковь Одигитрии.JPG|thumb|left|[[Hodegetria]] church is one of three major three-tented churches in the world, the other two being in [[Uglich]] and [[Moscow]].]]

===Napoleonic wars===
{{Main|Battle of Vyazma}}
[[File:Vazma-DSC 0675.JPG|thumb|left|Vyazma monument commemorating the Russian victory over Napoleon.]]
[[File:Наполеон пастернак.jpeg|thumb|An illustration by [[Leonid Pasternak]] for [[War and Peace]], showing Napoleon near Vyazma]]

During the [[French invasion of Russia]] in 1812, there was a battle between the retreating French army (up to 37,000 troops) and the Russian army (25,000 men) near Vyazma on October&nbsp;22, 1812. The vanguard of the Russian army under the command of Lieutenant General [[Mikhail Miloradovich]] and a [[Cossacks|Cossack]] unit of General [[Matvey Platov]] (coordinated by Miloradovich) attacked the rearguard corps of Marshal [[Louis-Nicolas Davout]] east of Vyazma and cut off his retreat. Owing to the intervention of [[Eugène de Beauharnais]] and [[Józef Poniatowski]], Davout managed to break through the Russian army's encirclement.

However, the French army's attempts to hold the heights near Vyazma and the town itself were unsuccessful. By the evening of October&nbsp;22, Russians seized Vyazma, which had been set on fire by the French. The French lost 6,000&nbsp;men during the battle; 2,500&nbsp;soldiers were taken [[prisoner of war|prisoners]]. The Russians lost around 2,000&nbsp;men.
[[File:Открытка начала века, дом 17 первый за Никитской церковью на улице Ленина (Московской).jpg|thumb|Vyazma in 1910]]

===World War II===
In 1941, during [[World War II]], Vyazma was the scene of a battle of [[encirclement]]. The Soviet [[16th Army (Soviet Union)|16th]], [[19th Army (Soviet Union)|19th]], [[20th Army (Soviet Union)|20th]] and [[24th Army (Soviet Union)|24th]] armies were surrounded West of the town by the [[German Third Panzer Army|Third]] and [[Fourth Panzer Army|Fourth]] Panzer Armies.

Vyazma was occupied by German forces between 7 October 1941 and 12 March 1943. In October 1941, 11 Jews were shot in the town and two were hanged. In December 1941, 117 Jews were killed in a mass execution perpetrated by the [[Einsatzgruppe]] B.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yahadmap.org/#village/vyazma-smolensk-russia.546|title=Vyazma {{!}} Smolensk - YAHAD - IN UNUM}}</ref>

The town was heavily damaged in the fighting, then rebuilt after the war.  U.S. journalist [[Quentin Reynolds]], of ''[[Collier's Weekly]]'', visited Vyazma shortly after the German withdrawal in 1943 and gave an account of the destruction in his book ''The Curtain Rises'' (1944), in which he stated that the town's population was reduced from 60,000 to 716, with only three buildings remaining. The Nazis also established two [[concentration camp]]s in the town, Dulag 184 and Dulag 230. About 80,000 people died there and were buried in mass graves. The victims included Jews, political officers, and POWs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jhistory.nfurman.com/shoa/grossman020.htm|title=И.Эренбург, В.Гроссман, ЧЕРНАЯ КНИГА|language=ru}}</ref>

The transfer camp (Dulag No. 184) was established in October 1941 and lasted until March 1943, when the city was liberated by Soviet troops. The camp housed prisoners who had been captured by German soldiers, in particular, conscripted from [[Zubtsovsky District|Zubtsovsky]], [[Rzhevsky District|Rzhevsky]], [[Nelidovsky District|Nelidovsky]] and other districts of the [[Tver Oblast|Tver]] region, natives of the Smolensk and Arkhangelsk regions, who were reported missing, as well as volunteer militias from Moscow. Prisoners were often not fed or given water. In the winter of 1941–1942, the death rate in the camp was up to 300 people per day. According to [[SMERSH]], there are 5,500 people on the list of dead from wounds in the camp. There are 40 (according to other data, 45) ditches measuring 4×100 meters, in an area equal to about four football fields, where, according to various data, 70 to 80,000 people are buried. As of 2009, the graves house gardens, garages of local residents, a machine-building plant and the Vyazemsky meat-processing plant, in the building of which the camp was housed.

In another transit prison in Vyazma (Dulag No. 230) in October 1941, during an inspection conducted by an officer, Abver found 200 Jews and 50 to 60 [[Political commissar|politruks]], a few days later another 40 Jews and 6–8 politruks were found there. They were all shot. In December, 117 Jews were identified and executed at a POW camp in Vyazma.

According to the memoirs of the future Soviet historian, Mikhail Markovich Sheinman, who was in German captivity at the time:

{{Blockquote|In early October 1941, near Vyazma, the sector in which I served was surrounded. We immediately found ourselves in the Germans' rear. On 12 October, I was shot in the leg while attacking. From November 1941 to 12 February 1942, I was in the Vyazma "hospital" for prisoners of war. People were placed in dilapidated buildings without roofs, windows, or doors. Often many of those who went to bed did not wake up – they froze. In Vyazma, exhausted, ragged, barely clad people – Soviet prisoners of war – the Germans drove to unbearably hard work. Few people got into the "hospital" – most of them died in the camp.}}
{{Blockquote|In Vyazma, the hospital was housed in dilapidated, abandoned houses, on the outskirts of the city in the ruins of the oil factory buildings. The cabins were always cold and dark. The wounded lay on the bare floor. There wasn't even straw for bedding. It was not until the end of my stay in Vyazma that bunks were built in the houses, but on them the sick lay without straw, on bare boards. There were no medicines. The lice in the hospital was incredible. I never had a bath in the three and a half months of my stay in Vyazma.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sivokoz-kuzma.narod.ru/osvencim_sheinman.html |title=Освенцим. Рассказ бывшего военнопленного М. Шейнмана. &#124; Сивокоз Кузьма Захарович. Сайт памяти Auschwitz |language=ru |trans-title=The story of former prisoner of war M. Sheinman; Sivokoz Kuzma Zakharovich. Auschwitz Memorial site}}</ref>}}
In honor of the Soviet defenders, a memorial complex has been erected on the Moscow–Minsk highway outside the city. In 2009, in the vicinity of Vyazma, a memorial named "The Virgin Field" was opened. The burial ground, where tens of thousands of people died in the death camp, is buried in the territory of the existing meat-processing plant, now marked chapel in memory of the dead prisoners of war.

==Administrative and municipal status==
Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], Vyazma serves as the [[administrative center]] of [[Vyazemsky District, Smolensk Oblast|Vyazemsky District]].<ref name="SmolenskO_admlist">Resolution #261</ref> As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Vyazemsky District as '''Vyazemskoye [[Town of district significance|Urban Settlement]]'''.<ref name="SmolenskO_admlist" /> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], this administrative unit also has urban settlement status and is a part of Vyazemsky Municipal District.<ref name="SmolenskOVyazemskyD_mun">Law #130-z</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Economy==

The town's main industries in the present day are engineering, leather working, graphite products, and [[flax]] textiles.

Historically the town was known for its [[Vyazma pryanik|pryaniki]], which are even mentioned in classical works of Russian literature. The original recipe, as well as the technology and knowledge, were lost during the revolutionary period. Attempts to resurrect the pryanik industry during the Soviet period were unsuccessful, but in post-Soviet times the local Вяземский хлебокомбинат (Vyazma [industrial] bakery) started once again to produce hand-made pryaniki, some of which were awarded prizes in national competitions.

==Transportation==
[[File:Esh 4290 Locomotive.jpg|thumb|Esh 4290 [[0-10-0]] steam locomotive outside the Vyazma railway station.]]

Vyazma is a major railway junction for both freight and passenger transport, with connecting trains from [[Moscow]], [[Saint Petersburg|St.&nbsp;Petersburg]], [[Kaluga]], and [[Bryansk]]. The long-distance (lastochka) train from Moscow to Smolensk stops at Vyazma, with travel time to and from the capital being between 2 and 2:30 hours. Short-distance trains also go to and from [[Mozhaysk]] and [[Borodino (village), Mozhaysky District, Moscow Oblast|Borodino]], linking Vyazma to the Moscow suburban railway network.

Vyazma is also located near the main [[M1 highway (Russia)|M1 Highway]] between Moscow and [[Minsk]].

The nearby [[Vyazma Airport]] serves military and recreational purposes, but there are no commercial flights to or from the city.

==Education==
The only university in the city is the Smolensk Cossack Institute of Industrial Technologies and Business, a regional branch of the [[:ru:Московский государственный университет технологий и управления|Kirill Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technology and Management (First Cossack University)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vfmgutu.ru |title = Smolensk Cossack Institute of Industrial Technologies and Business (in Russian)}}</ref>

Vyzma also hosts several institutions of [[tertiary education|tertiary]] and [[further education]]:
*Vyazma Polytechnic College<ref>{{cite web |url=https://technicum.ru |title = Vyazma Polytechnic College (in Russian)}}</ref>
*Vyazma Railway College<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vzt67.ru |title = Vyazma Railway College (in Russian)}}</ref>
*[[:ru:Мухин, Ефрем Осипович|Efrem Mukhin]] Vyazma Medical College<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vyazmamed.ru/node/8 |title = Vyazma Medical College (in Russian)}}</ref>

==Sports==
The town association football club, FK Vyazma, plays in the Amateur football league.

The town is known for the aviation-squadron Vyazma Russ which flies in [[Aero L-39 Albatros]] jet aircraft.

==Climate==
Vyazma has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfb'').

{{Weather box|width=auto
|location=Vyazma (extremes 1894–present)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C = 8.7
|Feb record high C = 8.0
|Mar record high C = 19.1
|Apr record high C = 28.2
|May record high C = 31.1
|Jun record high C = 33.9
|Jul record high C = 37.9
|Aug record high C = 38.1
|Sep record high C = 28.9
|Oct record high C = 25.0
|Nov record high C = 15.9
|Dec record high C = 10.0

|Jan high C = -4.1
|Feb high C = -3.2
|Mar high C = 2.4
|Apr high C = 11.2
|May high C = 18.1
|Jun high C = 21.4
|Jul high C = 23.6
|Aug high C = 22.1
|Sep high C = 16.2
|Oct high C = 8.8
|Nov high C = 1.4
|Dec high C = -2.7

|Jan mean C = -6.6
|Feb mean C = -6.5
|Mar mean C = -1.5
|Apr mean C = 6.1
|May mean C = 12.5
|Jun mean C = 16.0
|Jul mean C = 18.2
|Aug mean C = 16.4
|Sep mean C = 11.1
|Oct mean C = 5.2
|Nov mean C = -0.9
|Dec mean C = -4.9

|Jan low C = -9.3
|Feb low C = -9.8
|Mar low C = -5.4
|Apr low C = 1.2
|May low C = 6.8
|Jun low C = 10.5
|Jul low C = 12.8
|Aug low C = 11.1
|Sep low C = 6.6
|Oct low C = 2.0
|Nov low C = -3.1
|Dec low C = -7.2

|Jan record low C = -41.1
|Feb record low C = -37.2
|Mar record low C = -34.2
|Apr record low C = -21.1
|May record low C = -5.0
|Jun record low C = -1.1
|Jul record low C = 3.0
|Aug record low C = -1.1
|Sep record low C = -7.0
|Oct record low C = -20.0
|Nov record low C = -28.0
|Dec record low C = -40.0

|Jan precipitation mm = 42.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 35.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 34.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 34.0
|May precipitation mm = 66.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 74.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 90.7
|Aug precipitation mm = 77.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 51.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 57.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 47.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 45.1
|source 1 = pogodaiklimat.ru<ref>{{cite web|title=Климат Вязьмы|url=http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/26695.htm|accessdate=January 6, 2024|language=Russian}}</ref>
}}

==Notable people==
*[[Boris Almazov]] (1827–1876), poet, translator and literary critic
*[[Leonid Teliga]] (1917–1970), Polish sailor
*[[Sergei Yuryevich Davydov|Sergei Davydov]] (born 1979), football player
*[[Igor Korobov]] (1956–2018), chief of [[GRU (Soviet Union)|GRU]]
*[[Anatoli Papanov]] (1922–1987), film and theater actor and director
*[[Nikolai Plotnikov]] (1897–1979), film and theater actor
*[[Vasily Stroganov]] (1858–1938), physician and scientist
*[[Klaudia Sergejewna Kildisheva]] (1917–1994), aviation engineer and Hero of Socialist Labor
*[[Pavel Yushkov]] (born 1979), former Russian professional footballer

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|smo|adm|list}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|smo|mun|list|vyazemsky}}

==Further reading==
*{{in lang|ru}} Vinogradov, Ivan Pavlovich. (1890) [http://new.runivers.ru/lib/book4531/53973/ Historical Sketch of Vyazma from ancient times until the 17th century. (Inclusive)] (Исторический очерк города Вязьмы с древнейших времен до XVII в. (включительно)) at [[Runivers.ru]] in [[DjVu]] and [[PDF]] formats

==External links==
*[http://www.mgorv.ru/ Official website of Vyazma] {{in lang|ru}}
*[http://sova.rsh.ru/vjazma/index.html Pictures of Vyazma] {{in lang|ru}}

{{Smolensk Oblast}}
{{Cities of Military Glory}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Smolensk Oblast]]
[[Category:Vyazemsky Uyezd]]