Editing Warren Christopher

{{short description|American attorney, diplomat and statesman (1925–2011)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Warren Christopher
| image               = Warren Christopher.jpg
| office              = 63rd [[United States Secretary of State]]
| president           = [[Bill Clinton]]
| deputy              = [[Clifton R. Wharton Jr.]]<br>[[Strobe Talbott]]
| term_start          = January 20, 1993
| term_end            = January 17, 1997
| predecessor         = [[Lawrence Eagleburger]]
| successor           = [[Madeleine Albright]]
| office1             = 5th [[United States Deputy Secretary of State]]
| president1          = [[Jimmy Carter]]
| term_start1         = February 26, 1977
| term_end1           = January 20, 1981
| predecessor1        = [[Charles W. Robinson]]
| successor1          = [[William P. Clark Jr.]]
| office2             = 9th [[United States Deputy Attorney General]]
| president2          = [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
| term_start2         = March 10, 1967
| term_end2           = January 20, 1969
| predecessor2        = [[Ramsey Clark]]
| successor2          = [[Richard G. Kleindienst]]
| birth_name          = Warren Minor Christopher
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1925|10|27}}
| birth_place         = [[Scranton, North Dakota]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2011|3|18|1925|10|27}}
| death_place         = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| restingplace        = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park]]
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse              = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Joan Southgate Workman|June 14, 1949|1955|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Marie Wyllis|1956}}
}}
| children            = 4
| education           = [[University of Redlands]]<br>[[University of Southern California]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[Stanford University]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
| signature           = Warren Christopher Signature.svg
| allegiance          = United States
| branch              = [[United States Navy]]
| rank                = [[Ensign (rank)|Ensign]]
| serviceyears        = 1942–1946
| battles             = [[World War II]]
| caption             = Official portrait, {{circa}} 1993
}}

'''Warren Minor Christopher''' (October 27, 1925{{spaced ndash}}March 18, 2011) was an American attorney, diplomat and statesman who served as the 63rd [[United States secretary of state]] from 1993 to 1997. 

Born in [[Scranton, North Dakota]], Christopher clerked for [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] Justice [[William O. Douglas]] after graduating from [[Stanford Law School]]. He became a partner in the firm of [[O'Melveny & Myers]] and served as [[United States Deputy Attorney General|Deputy Attorney General]] from 1967 to 1969 under President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. He served as [[United States Deputy Secretary of State|Deputy Secretary of State]] under President [[Jimmy Carter]], holding that position from 1977 to 1981. In 1991, he chaired the [[Christopher Commission]], which investigated the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] in the wake of the [[Rodney King]] incident.

During the [[1992 United States presidential election|1992 presidential election]], Christopher headed [[Bill Clinton]]'s [[1992 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection|search for a running mate]], and Clinton chose Senator [[Al Gore]]. After Clinton won the 1992 election, Christopher led [[Presidential transition of Bill Clinton|the Clinton administration's transition process]], and he took office as Secretary of State in 1993. As Secretary of State, Christopher sought to expand [[NATO]], broker peace in the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], and pressure [[China]] regarding its [[human rights]] practices. He also helped negotiate the [[Dayton Agreement]], which ended the [[Bosnian War]]. He left office in 1997, and was succeeded by [[Madeleine Albright]].

Christopher oversaw the Gore campaign's [[2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida|Florida recount]] effort in the aftermath of the disputed [[2000 United States presidential election|2000 presidential election]]. At the time of his death in 2011, he was a senior partner at O'Melveny & Myers in the firm's [[Century City, California]], office. He also served as a professor at the [[University of California at Los Angeles]].

==Early life==
Warren Minor Christopher was born in [[Scranton, North Dakota]], the son of Catherine Anne (née Lemen) and Ernest William Christopher, a bank manager.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.bookrags.com/biography/warren-minor-christopher|title=Warren Minor Christopher biography at|via=bookrags.com}}</ref> He was of part Norwegian descent.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/warren-christopher-lawyer-and-diplomat-who-served-as-secretary-of-state-under-president-clinton-2248848.html|location=London, UK|work=The Independent|first=Rupert|last=Cornwell|title=Warren Christopher: Lawyer and diplomat who served as Secretary of State under President Clinton|date=March 22, 2011}}</ref>

Christopher graduated from [[Hollywood High School]] in Los Angeles, and attended the [[University of Redlands]], before transferring to the [[University of Southern California]] (USC). He was a member of the college fraternity [[Kappa Sigma Sigma]]. He graduated ''[[magna cum laude]]'' from USC in February 1945. From July 1943 to September 1946, he served in the [[United States Naval Reserve]], with active duty as an ensign in the Pacific Theater.  He entered [[Stanford Law School]] in September 1946, where he founded and became the first editor of the new ''Stanford Law Review.''<ref>Warren Christopher,  ''Chances of a Lifetime.'' (2001) pp 9-19.</ref> While there, he was also elected to the [[Order of the Coif]].

==Legal career and Deputy Attorney General for Johnson==
Christopher became the first graduate of Stanford Law School to become a [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] [[law clerk]] when he clerked for Justice [[William O. Douglas]] from October 1949 to September 1950.<ref name ="LATimesObit">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-christopher-20110320,0,7724222,full.story|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113190032/http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-christopher-20110320,0,7724222,full.story|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 13, 2013|title=Warren Christopher dies at 85; former secretary of State's quiet diplomacy was prized from Washington to L.A.|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 19, 2011 |first=Elaine |last=Woo }}</ref> He practiced law with the firm of O'Melveny & Myers from October 1950 to June 1967, becoming a partner in 1958 and serving as special counsel to Governor [[Pat Brown]].<ref name="NYTObit" /> Christopher served as [[United States Deputy Attorney General]] from June 1967 until January 20, 1969, after which he rejoined [[O'Melveny & Myers]]. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] selected him to assist federal efforts to combat the urban riots in [[Detroit]] during July 1967 and in [[Chicago]] during April 1968.  In 1974, Christopher served as the president of the [[Los Angeles County Bar Association]]. Attorney General [[Elliot Richardson]] considered appointing Christopher as the [[special counsel]] to investigate the [[Watergate scandal]], but he declined.<ref>Graff, Garrett M. (2022). ''Watergate: A New History'' (1 ed.). New York: Avid Reader Press. p. 394. {{ISBN|978-1-9821-3916-2}}. {{OCLC|1260107112}}. </ref>

==Deputy Secretary of State for Carter==
{{Main|Presidency of Jimmy Carter}}
Christopher was sworn in on February 26, 1977, as the [[Deputy Secretary of State]] and served in that position until January 20, 1981. As Deputy Secretary, he was involved in the successful [[Iran hostage crisis negotiations]], and the resulting [[Algiers Accords]] securing the safe release of [[Iran hostage crisis|52 American hostages]] in [[Iran]]. He also spearheaded the [[Sino-American relations]] with the [[People's Republic of China]], helped to win ratification of the [[Panama Canal]] treaties, and headed the first interagency group on [[human rights]]. President [[Jimmy Carter]] awarded him the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the nation's highest civilian award, on January 16, 1981.<ref name="SteinB"/>

==Professional work and achievements==
Christopher's professional activities included service as president of the Los Angeles County Bar Association, 1974–1975; chairman of the Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary of the [[American Bar Association]], 1975–1976; member of the board of governors of the [[State Bar of California]] 1975–1976; and special counsel to California governor [[Pat Brown|Edmund G. Brown]] in 1959.

Christopher's civic activities included the following: member and president of the board of trustees of [[Stanford University]]; chairman, [[Carnegie Corporation]] of New York board of trustees; director and vice chairman, [[Council on Foreign Relations]]; director, [[Trilateral Commission]], [[Bilderberg Group]], [[World Affairs Councils of America|Los Angeles World Affairs Council]]; vice chairman of the Governor's Commission on the [[Watts riots]] (The McCone Commission) in 1965–1966; president, Coordinating Council for Higher Education in the State of California; Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]];<ref>{{Cite web|title=Warren Christopher|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/warren-christopher|access-date=2021-12-09|website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en}}</ref> member of the [[American Philosophical Society]];<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Warren+Christopher&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-12-09|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> and chairman emeritus, [[Pacific Council on International Policy]].

In 1981, Christopher received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by [[Jefferson Awards for Public Service|Jefferson Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|title=National - Jefferson Awards Foundation|access-date=2013-08-05|archive-date=2010-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1991, Christopher served as chairman of the Independent Commission on the [[Los Angeles Police Department]], which came to be known as the [[Christopher Commission]]. The Commission proposed significant reforms of the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] in the aftermath of the [[Rodney King]] incident (see [[1992 Los Angeles riots]]), which were approved overwhelmingly at the ballot box. In 1992, Christopher headed the [[1992 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection|vice presidential search]] for [[Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign|Governor Bill Clinton's presidential campaign]] and served as the Director of [[Presidential transition of Bill Clinton|his presidential Transition]].<ref name="SteinB">{{cite news|last1=Steinberg|first1=Mark|title=A Goodbye to Warren Christopher|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mark-steinberg/a-goodbye-to-warren-christopher_b_838051.html|access-date=18 April 2017|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref>

==Secretary of State for Clinton==
{{Main|Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration|List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State}}
Serving as Secretary of State from January 20, 1993 until January 17, 1997, Christopher's main goals were the [[enlargement of NATO]], establishing peace between Israel and its neighbors, and using economic pressure to force China's hand on [[Human rights in China|human rights practices]]. The major events transpiring during his tenure included the [[Oslo Accords]], the [[Dayton Agreement]], normalization of [[United States–Vietnam relations]], the [[Rwandan genocide]], [[Operation Uphold Democracy]] in [[Haiti]], and the [[Khobar Towers bombing]].

===Assassination attempt on George H. W. Bush, April 1993===
On April 13, 1993, eleven [[Iraqi Intelligence Service]] agents smuggled a car bomb into [[Kuwait City]] in an attempt to assassinate former President [[George H. W. Bush]] as he spoke at [[Kuwait University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/agency/doj/oig/fbilab1/05bush2.htm|title=The Bush assassination |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]]/[[FBI Laboratory]] report|access-date=2007-05-06}}</ref> Secretary Christopher, among others, urged President Clinton to make a retaliatory strike against Iraq.<ref>Christopher,  ''Chances of a Lifetime.'' (2001). Page 234.</ref> On June 26, 1993, the United States [[Cruise missile strikes on Iraq (June 1993)|launched 23 Tomahawk missiles]] against the Baghdad intelligence headquarters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/strike_930626.htm|title=Cruise Missile Strike - June 26, 1993. Operation Southern Watch|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|access-date=2007-05-06}}</ref>

===Oslo Accords, September 1993===
In August 1993, Israeli and Palestinian negotiators meeting in [[Norway]] drew up the [[Oslo Accords]], which created the [[Palestinian Authority]] in exchange for Palestinian recognition of [[Israel's right to exist]]. Secretary Christopher accepted Israeli Foreign Minister [[Shimon Peres]]'s offer to host the signing ceremony. The ceremony took place in Washington D.C. on 13 September 1993, with [[Mahmoud Abbas]] signing for the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], Peres signing for the [[Israel|State of Israel]], Secretary Christopher signing for the United States and [[Andrei Kozyrev]] signing for Russia, in the presence of President Clinton.<ref>Christopher, Warren. ''Chances of a Lifetime.'' (New York: Scribner Press, 2001) p. 200.</ref> Christopher was one of the main [[Visionary|visionaries]] and proponent of an [[Middle East economic integration|integrated Middle East]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/~bmomani/WE-%20MEFTA.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-06-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311234338/http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/~bmomani/WE-%20MEFTA.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-11 }}</ref>

===Partnership for Peace NATO expansion, January 1994===
In order to initiate further [[enlargement of NATO]] with minimal backlash from Russia, Secretary Christopher promoted the [[Partnership for Peace]] program as a stepping-stone into full NATO membership. This was against protests from the Pentagon.

===Rwandan Genocide, 1994===
In what has been considered a terrible failure of the international community, the US and UN failed to intervene to stop the [[Rwandan genocide]] in 1994. Over the course of a hundred days, some 800,000 Tutsis were massacred by Hutu militia.<ref>Manry, ''Bill Clinton '' pp 127-29. </ref><ref> ''[[A Problem from Hell|"A Problem from Hell": America and the Age of Genocide]]'' (2002) by [[Samantha Power]], pp 329-90. [https://openlibrary.org/works/OL264876W/A_Problem_from_Hell online ]</ref>

===China: Delinking human rights and trade status, May 1994===
During the [[1992 United States presidential election|1992 presidential campaign]], then-candidate Clinton blasted President George H. W. Bush for giving [[China]] low-tariff trading privileges despite its human rights abuses. Secretary Christopher agreed with this view and believed that the US should use economic pressure to force China to improve its human rights record. However, on May 26, 1994, President Clinton renewed China's low-tariff trading privileges, effectively delinking the human rights issue from China's trade relations with the US. [[China–United States relations|U.S.-Sino relations]] improved as a result, with President [[Jiang Zemin]] visiting the U.S. in November 1997 and President Clinton visiting China in June 1998.<ref>Christopher, ''Chances of a Lifetime.'' p. 242.</ref>

===Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti, September 1994===
On September 19, 1994, a US-led coalition returned [[Haiti]]'s popularly elected President [[Jean-Bertrande Aristide]] to power after a [[1991 Haitian coup d'état|1991 coup]] by the [[Armed Forces of Haiti|Haitian Armed Forces]] under [[Raoul Cédras]] had unseated him. The US military effort, known as [[Operation Uphold Democracy]], was largely the product of [[Colin Powell]]'s diplomatic efforts, with little role played by Christopher.<ref>Christopher,  ''Chances of a Lifetime.'' (2001) p. 192.</ref>

===Israel–Jordan peace treaty, October 1994===
In the wake of the 1993 Oslo Accords, Secretary Christopher encouraged Jordan's [[King Hussein]] to make a peace treaty with Israel. Christopher eventually offered Hussein $200 million in military equipment and $700 million in debt forgiveness to sweeten the deal. On October 27, 1994, Israeli Prime Minister [[Yitzchak Rabin]] and Jordanian Prime Minister [[Abdelsalam Majali|Abdelsalam al-Majali]] signed the [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty]]. The signing was witnessed by President Clinton and Secretary Christopher. Christopher sought to obtain a similar treaty between Rabin and Syrian President [[Hafez al-Assad]], but to no avail.<ref>Christopher, ''Chances of a Lifetime''. (2001) p. 214.</ref>

===Vietnam: Normalizing relations, July 1995===
Working with Senator [[John McCain]], in 1994, Secretary Christopher began actively promoting the normalization of [[United States–Vietnam relations]]. At the time, the U.S. had not had an embassy in Vietnam since 1975. The main obstacle to normalization came from [[Vietnam veteran|Vietnam veterans]] and [[U.S. prisoners of war during the Vietnam War|POW]]/[[Missing in action|MIA]] support groups who were convinced that Hanoi was not fully cooperating in the search for the remains of US soldiers in Vietnam. However, after Secretary Christopher convinced President Clinton that the [[Government of Vietnam|Vietnamese government]] was fully cooperating in these searches, the President announced the formal normalization of diplomatic relations with Vietnam on July 11, 1995.<ref>Christopher,  ''Chances of a Lifetime.'' (2001) p. 293.</ref>

===Dayton Agreement, November 1995===
In [[Dayton, Ohio]], Secretary Christopher—working with Assistant Secretary [[Richard Holbrooke]]—negotiated peace talks between President of [[Serbia]] [[Slobodan Milošević]], President of [[Croatia]] [[Franjo Tuđman]], and President of [[Bosnia]] [[Alija Izetbegović]]. The result was the November 1995 [[Dayton Agreement]], which put an end to the [[Bosnian War]].<ref>Christopher, ''Chances of a Lifetime.'' (2001) p. 251</ref>

===Khobar Towers bombing, June 1996===
In the wake of the [[Khobar Towers bombing]], Secretary Christopher traveled to [[Saudi Arabia]] to witness the site of the attack. In [[Dhahran]] (the home of the Khobar Towers), Foreign Minister Prince [[Saud al-Faisal]] allegedly promised Christopher that the [[FBI]] would have the full cooperation of the Saudi government. Eventually, however, the Saudi government and the FBI repeatedly conflicted during the course of the investigation resulting in many arguments and fights, especially over the role of female FBI agents.<ref>Christopher, ''Chances of a Lifetime.'' (2001) p. 225.</ref>

==Retirement==
{{moresources|section|date=February 2018}}
In addition to several honorary degrees, Christopher received the following awards: the Jefferson Award from the American Institute for Public Service for the Greatest Public Service Performed by an Elected or Appointed Official; the [[UCLA]] Medal; the Harold Weill Medal from [[New York University]]; the [[James A. Garfield]] Baller Award; the Thomas Jefferson Award in Law from the [[University of Virginia School of Law|University of Virginia Law School]]; and the Louis Stein Award from [[Fordham Law School]].

Christopher's picture hangs in the [[War Remnants Museum (Ho Chi Minh City)|War Remnants Museum]] in [[Ho Chi Minh City]], near pictures of [[John Kerry]], [[Robert McNamara]], [[Elmo Zumwalt]], and other American dignitaries, in commemoration of his visit to [[Vietnam]], after normalization of relations between the two countries.<ref>[http://daily.nysun.com/Repository/getmailfiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:ArticleToMail&Type=text/html&Path=NYS/2004/08/16&ID=Ar00100]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516203647/http://daily.nysun.com/Repository/getmailfiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3AArticleToMail&Type=text%2Fhtml&Path=NYS%2F2004%2F08%2F16&ID=Ar00100|date=May 16, 2006}}</ref>

At the 1999 unveiling of his portrait at the Department of State, attended by President Clinton, Christopher remarked: "To anyone who has served in Washington, there is something oddly familiar about [having your portrait painted]. First, you're painted into a corner, then you're hung out to dry and, finally, you're framed."{{cn|date=February 2018}}
[[File:Warren_Christopher_2000.jpg|thumb|upright|Christopher in 2000]]
He was sent to supervise the contested [[2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida|Florida recount]] for [[Al Gore]]'s [[Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign|campaign]] in the [[2000 United States presidential election]]. In the 2008 film ''[[Recount (film)|Recount]]'', which covers the days following the controversial election, Christopher was portrayed by British actor [[John Hurt]]. He was a member of the [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] (WINEP) Board of Advisors.{{cn|date=February 2018}}

He was an Advisory Board member for the [[Partnership for a Secure America]], a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security and foreign policy.{{cn|date=February 2018}}

[[File:2004_Warren_Christopher.JPG|thumb|right|Warren Christopher presenting the scholarship named for him in 2004]]
Former Secretaries of State [[James Baker]] and Christopher served as Co-Chairs of the Miller Center's National War Powers Commission. Baker and Christopher testified on March 5 before the [[House Foreign Affairs Committee]] about the War Powers Consultation Act of 2009 – the statute that the Commission unanimously recommended in its July 2008 report. The statute is designed to replace the [[War Powers Resolution]] of 1973 and provide for more meaningful consultation between the [[President of the United States|President]] and [[United States Congress|Congress]] on matters of war.{{cn|date=February 2018}}

From 2003 until his death, Christopher taught a small seminar course on international affairs as part of the Honors Program at [[UCLA]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/strike_930626.htm|title=Warren Christopher profile at|work=International Hot Spots/UCLA Spotlight|date=March 1, 2003|access-date=2009-03-18}}</ref>

==Family==
Warren Christopher married twice. He married Joan Southgate Workman
on June 14, 1949, in [[San Diego, California]]; the couple had a daughter, Lynn (born May 30, 1952). They divorced in 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/lynn_southgate_christopher_born_1952_4592584|title=Lynn Southgate Christopher (date of birth: 05/30/1952)|website=CaliforniaBirthIndex.org|access-date=April 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|title=Clinton's Globe-trotter: Secretary of State Warren Christopher Knows the Power of Being an Insider With a Social Conscience. And He's Carrying it Into the Global Arena|first=Robert|last=Scheer|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-02-21-tm-594-story.html|date=February 21, 1993|access-date=February 6, 2018}}</ref> 

He was married to Marie Wyllis from 1956 until his death; the couple had two sons: Scott (born December 27, 1957<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/scott_w_christopher_born_1957_6123595|title=Scott W. Christopher (date of birth: 12/27/1967)|website=CaliforniaBirthIndex.org|access-date=April 14, 2016}}</ref>) and Thomas (born July 24, 1959<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/thomas_w_christopher_born_1959_6821573|title=Thomas W Christopher (date of birth: 07/24/1967)|website=CaliforniaBirthIndex.org|access-date=April 14, 2016}}</ref>), and a daughter, Kristen (born March 26, 1963<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/kristen_i_christopher_born_1963_8332394|title=Kristen I. Christopher (date of birth: 03/26/1963)|website=CaliforniaBirthIndex.org|access-date=April 27, 2016}}</ref>). 

Christopher had five grandchildren: Andrew, Lauren, Warren, and Chloe Christopher, and Christopher Henderson.<ref name ="LATimesObit"/> 

He wrote ''In the Stream of History: Shaping Foreign Policy for a New Era'' (1998) and ''Chances of a Lifetime'' (2001).<ref name ="LATimesObit"/>

==Other==
Christopher was a recipient of the state of [[North Dakota]]'s [[Roughrider Award]].<ref>[http://governor.nd.gov/theodore-roosevelt-rough-rider-award Theodore Roosevelt Rough Rider Award] &mdash; [[Governor of North Dakota|North Dakota
Office of the Governor]]</ref>

He was a senior partner at [[O'Melveny & Myers]].<ref name="NYTObit" />

===World Justice Project===

Christopher served as an Honorary Co-Chair for the [[World Justice Project]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldjusticeproject.com/honorary-chairs |title=Honorary Chairs |publisher=World Justice Project |access-date=2010-02-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105164516/http://www.worldjusticeproject.com/honorary-chairs |archive-date=2009-01-05 }}</ref> The [[World Justice Project]] works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the [[Rule of Law]] for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldjusticeproject.com/about/ |title=About the |publisher=World Justice Project |access-date=2010-02-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203064233/http://www.worldjusticeproject.com/about/ |archive-date=2010-02-03 }}</ref>

==Death==
Christopher died at his home in Los Angeles on March 18, 2011, from kidney and bladder cancer. He was 85 years old.<ref name="NYTObit">{{cite news
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/20/us/politics/20christopher.html
| title = Warren Christopher, Ex-Secretary of State, Dies at 85
| author = Robert D. Hershey Jr.
| work = [[The New York Times]]
| date = March 19, 2011
}}</ref><ref name="tripp1">{{cite news|first=Leslie|last=Tripp|title=Former Secretary of State Warren Christopher dies|date=2011-03-19|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/03/19/warren.christopher.obit|work=CNN|access-date=2011-03-19}}</ref><ref name="BBC-obit">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12795214|title=Former US Secretary of State Warren Christopher dies|date=March 19, 2011|access-date=March 19, 2011|publisher=BBC}}</ref> He was survived by his wife and four children from two marriages.<ref name="NYTObit" /><ref name="BBC-obit" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42164029/ns/politics-more_politics/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321014100/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42164029/ns/politics-more_politics/|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 21, 2011|title=Former Secretary of State Warren Christopher dies at 85|publisher=[[msnbc.com]]|date=March 19, 2011|access-date=March 19, 2011}}</ref> He is interred at the [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park]] in the [[Hollywood Hills]].

President Obama described Christopher as a "resolute pursuer of peace" for his work in the Middle East and the Balkans.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/03/obama-on-christopher-resolute-pursuer-of-peace/1|title=Obama on Christopher: 'Resolute pursuer of peace'|work=USA Today|date=March 19, 2011|access-date=March 19, 2011}}</ref> Hillary Clinton described Christopher as a "diplomat's diplomat – talented, dedicated and exceptionally wise".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/03/158636.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321190231/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/03/158636.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 21, 2011|title=Passing of Warren Christopher|author=Hillary Clinton|date=March 19, 2011|access-date=March 19, 2011|publisher=State Department}}</ref> He was described as "the best public servant I ever knew" by President [[Jimmy Carter]] in his memoirs.<ref name="BBC-obit" /> On March 19, 2011, Carter stated that "[America] has lost a great and revered leader".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ajc.com/news/former-secretary-of-state-878127.html|title=Former Secretary of State Warren Christopher dies at 85|work=Atlanta Journal-Constitution|author=Megan Matteucci|date=March 19, 2011|access-date=March 19, 2011|archive-date=March 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322025821/http://www.ajc.com/news/former-secretary-of-state-878127.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Timeline of the Cox Report controversy|Timeline of United States and China relations 1995–1997]]
* [[List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==Further reading==
* Cameron, Fraser. ''US foreign policy after the cold war: global hegemon or reluctant sheriff?'' (Routledge, 2006).
* Chollet, Derek.  ''The Road to the Dayton Accords'' (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2005). [https://www.amazon.com/Road-Dayton-Accords-American-Statecraft/dp/1403965005/ excerpt]
* Dumbrell, John. "President Clinton's Secretaries of State: Warren Christopher and Madeleine Albright". ''Journal of transatlantic studies'' 6.3 (2008): 217–227.
* Girard, Philippe. ''Clinton in Haiti: the 1994 US invasion of Haiti.'' (Springer, 2004).
* Hamilton, Nigel. ''Bill Clinton: Mastering the Presidency'' (Public Affairs,  2007), with numerous chapters on foreign-policy; [https://www.amazon.com/Bill-Clinton-Presidency-Nigel-Hamilton/dp/1586485164/ excerpt]
* Hyland, William G. ''Clinton's World: Remaking American Foreign Policy'' (1999)  [https://www.amazon.com/Clintons-World-Remaking-American-2000-09-05/dp/B01N9MXSAV/ excerpt]; also [https://www.questia.com/library/1881507/clinton-s-world-remaking-american-foreign-policy online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519195940/https://www.questia.com/library/1881507/clinton-s-world-remaking-american-foreign-policy |date=2020-05-19 }}
* Larres, Klaus.  "'Bloody as Hell' Bush, Clinton and the Abdication of American Leadership in the Former Yugoslavia, 1990–1995".  ''Journal Of European Integration History'' 10 (2004): 179–202.  [https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/2013/6/17/454ffc3e-05f7-4357-a721-c695b0ac9157/publishable_en.pdf  online pp 179–202.
* Levy, Peter B. ''Encyclopedia of the Clinton presidency'' (Greenwood, 2002)
* Maney, Patrick J. ''Bill Clinton: New Gilded Age President'' (2016). Scholarly survey; Christopher's foreign policy on pages 116–40. 
* Murray, Leonie. ''Clinton, peacekeeping and humanitarian interventionism: rise and fall of a policy'' (Routledge, 2007).
* [[Samantha Power|Power, Samantha.]] ''[[A Problem from Hell|"A Problem from Hell": America and the Age of Genocide]]'' (2002) covers Bosnia, Kosovo, Srebenica, and Rwanda; Pulitzer Prize.[https://openlibrary.org/works/OL264876W/A_Problem_from_Hell online free to borrow] 

=== Primary sources ===
* Christopher, Warren. ''Chances of a Lifetime: A Memoir'' (2001) [https://archive.org/details/chancesoflifetim00chri online]
* Christopher, Warren. ''In the Stream of History: Shaping Foreign Policy for a New Era'' (1998) 37 episodes as Secretary of State, with commentary and speeches [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780804734684 online]
* Nelson, Michael,  et al. eds. ''42: Inside the Presidency of Bill Clinton'' (Miller Center of Public Affairs Books, 2016)  [https://www.amazon.com/42-Inside-Presidency-Clinton-Affairs/dp/0801454069/ excerpt] pp 193–233, analysis of interviews with insiders on Bosnia, Kosovo, Northern Ireland, and the Middle East.

==External links==
{{commons category|Warren Christopher}}
* {{C-SPAN|22175}}
*{{Charlie Rose guest|41}} 
* {{find a grave|67111095}}
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