Editing Warsaw dialect

{{Short description|Variety of Polish spoken in Warsaw}}
{{Infobox language
|name          = Warsaw subdialect
|nativename    = {{lang|pl|gwara warszawska}}
|pronunciation = {{IPA|pl|ˈɡvara varˈʂafska|}}
|states        = Poland
|region        = Warsaw
|speakers      = few
|ref={{citation needed|date=July 2013}}
|familycolor   = Indo-European
|fam2          = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
|fam3          = [[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
|fam4          = [[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]]
|fam5          = [[Lechitic languages|Lechitic]]
|fam6          = [[Polish language|Polish]]
|fam7          = [[Masovian dialect|Masovian]]
|notice        = IPA
|isoexception  = dialect
|glotto        = none
}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-131-0596-22, Warschau, Straßenmusiker.jpg|thumb|250px|A street band playing Warsaw folk music during [[World War II]]]]

The '''Warsaw subdialect''' ({{langx|pl|gwara warszawska}} {{IPA|pl|ˈɡvara varˈʂafska|}}), or '''Warsaw dialect''' ({{langx|pl|dialekt warszawski}}), is a regional subdialect of the [[Masovian dialect]] of the [[Polish language]], centered on the city of [[Warsaw]]. It evolved as late as the 18th century, under notable influence of several languages spoken in the city. After the destruction of Warsaw in the aftermath of the [[Warsaw Uprising]] of 1944 the subdialect has been in decline. It is estimated that in modern times it is almost extinct as the native language and is preserved mostly in literary works.

==Classification==
The Warsaw dialect is composed mostly of the [[Polish language]] [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]], with notable (mostly lexical) influences from the [[Masovia]]n dialect of Polish, as well as [[Russian language|Russian]], [[German language|German]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] and other languages.

The dialect was composed of a variety of different class dialects: the language of the suburbs differed from the language of the city centre and each professional group used its own version of the dialect, slightly different from the others. It is therefore difficult to state the exact classification.

==Geographic distribution==
The dialect was originally spoken in and around [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]]. After 1944 it became dispersed as most of the inhabitants of Warsaw were either killed in the [[Warsaw Uprising]] or resettled in other parts of Poland. Currently it is almost completely extinct as a primary language and is mostly used by authors and artists for stylisation in literature, poetry and songwriting.

==History==
The Warsaw dialect became a separate dialect of the Polish language some time in the 18th century, when the Polish [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]] was enriched with many borrowed words from the Masovian dialect. The mixture was then heavily influenced by the languages spoken by the burghers of Warsaw and the royal court of Poland. These included the [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], [[French language|French]], [[Latin]] and [[English language|English]]. In the 19th century during the [[Partitions of Poland]] the dialect incorporated a great number of borrowed words from [[German language|German]] and then [[Russian language|Russian]].

Until [[World War II]] the language spoken by different classes and professions of Warsaw evolved independently, although were eventually mixed and interlinked. After the [[Warsaw Uprising]], when the majority of its speakers were either killed or expelled and resettled in other parts of the world, the dialect became separated from its geographical roots and its users dispersed. After the war only a small number of pre-war Varsavians returned there while the vast majority of the inhabitants of the city came from other parts of Poland. Because of that, the language spoken in Warsaw became heavily influenced by other dialects of the Polish language. The only boroughs of Warsaw where the dialect was preserved to some extent were [[Praga]] and [[Wola]].

Since the 1960s the uniformisation of the language spoken throughout Poland under the influence of the mass media (such as the [[television]] and [[radio]]) lead to a rapid decline in speakers of all the dialects of Polish, the Warsaw dialect included.

Among the notable artists who used the Warsaw dialect in their books, songs and poems are [[Hanka Bielicka]], [[Wiktor Gomulicki]], [[Stanislaw Grzesiuk|Stanisław Grzesiuk]], [[Alina Janowska]], [[Irena Kwiatkowska]], [[Zygmunt Staszczyk]], [[Stanislaw Staszewski|Stanisław Staszewski]], [[Jarema Stepowski|Jarema Stępowski]], [[Stefan Wiechecki]] and [[:pl:Stanisław Wielanek|Stasiek Wielanek]]. The most extensive studies of the Warsaw dialect were carried out by [[Bronislaw Wieczorkiewicz|Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz]] in his book ''Gwara warszawska wczoraj i dziś'' (''The Warsaw Dialect Yesterday and Today'').

===Sub-dialects===
As mentioned above, the Warsaw dialect was further divided onto several sub-dialects. Those included:
* Sub-dialects of different boroughs – for instance the language of [[Praga]], [[Wola]], [[Powiśle, Warsaw|Powiśle]]
* Professional sub-dialects – for instance the language of [[Carriage|cabmen]], [[shopkeeper]]s, [[printing house|printers]] or [[police]]men
* Sub-dialects of criminals – a regional version of [[grypsera]]
* Jewish sub-dialect – a regional version of the [[Yiddish language]], largely influenced by the [[Polish language]]

All of the above sub-dialects were constantly mixing with each other and the lexical basis of most of them was similar.

===Derived dialects===
Due to the large number of prisons in Warsaw, the influence of the Warsaw dialect on the evolution of [[grypsera]] was immense and to some extent the shape of the latter language is a distant relative of the former.

==Phonology==
The basic phonology of the Warsaw dialect was that of the standard [[Polish language]], with several notable differences.

The most important differences between literary Polish and the Warsaw dialect are the following:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #ececec;"
! Difference
! Sound affected ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])
! Polish example
! Warsaw dialect
! English translation
! Remarks
|-
! colspan="14" style="background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;''Vowels''
|-
| disappearance of the [[nasal vowel]]s, especially in word-final [[syllable]]s
| {{IPA|[ɔ̃]}}, {{IPA|[ɛ̃]}}
| 
| 
|
|
|-
| [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalisation]] of [[velar consonant]]s before {{IPA|[ɛ]}} and {{IPA|[ɛ̃]}}, especially in ending syllable
| {{IPA|[k]}}, {{IPA|[ɡ]}}
| rękę ({{IPA|[ˈrɛŋkɛ̃]}} or {{IPA|[ˈrɛŋkɛ]}}
| rękie ({{IPA|[ˈrɛŋkʲe]}})
| hand or palm ([[Accusative case|Accusative]])
|
|-
| replacement of the vowel cluster {{IPA|[ɔa]}} by {{IPA|[ua]}} or {{IPA|[uwa]}}
| {{IPA|[ɔa]}}, 
| zawoalowany ({{IPA|[ˌzavɔaloˈvanɨ]}})
| zawualowany ({{IPA|[ˌzavualoˈvani]}})
| veiled
|
|-
| replacement of the vowel {{IPA|[ɨ]}} with {{IPA|[i]}} or {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɨ]}}
| kochany <br />({{IPA|[kɔˈxanɨ]}})
| kochany <br />({{IPA|[kɔˈxani] or [kɔˈxanɪ]}})
| beloved
|
|}
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Discussion of some major phonological processes, such as important [[allophone]]s or assimilation rules.

===Historical sound changes===
Description of important sound changes in the history of the language. (Maybe this should go under history?)-->

==Vocabulary==
The Warsaw dialect has much of its lexicon borrowed from a variety of languages.{{specify|date=June 2019}}

==Writing system==
The Warsaw dialect did not develop a literary form. It has been used by several authors in [[Polish literature]] and written with a standard [[Polish alphabet|set of Polish letters]] with different sounds denoted by approximation.
<!--TO BE ADDED
==Examples==
Some short examples of the language in the writing system(s) used to write the language. You might also include sound samples of the language being spoken.
-->

==References==
<!--This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, see http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php -->
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | author =Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz | title =Gwara warszawska dawniej i dziś | year =1968 | publisher =Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy | location =Warsaw | page =516 |language=pl}}
* {{cite journal | author =Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz | year =1960  | title =Charakterystyka gwary warszawskiej XIX wieku | journal =Przegląd Humanistyczny | issue =6 | pages =61–82 |language=pl}}
* {{cite book | author =Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz | title =Z badań nad gwarą warszawską XIX wieku | year =1963 | publisher =Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe | location =Warsaw | page =371 |language=pl}}
* {{cite book | author =Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz | title =Słownik gwary warszawskiej XIX wieku | year =1966 | publisher =Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe | location =Warsaw | page =487 |language=pl}}
* {{cite book | author =Stanisław Dubisz |author2=Halina Karaś |author3=Nijola Kolis  | title =Dialekty i gwary polskie | year =1995 | publisher =Wiedza Powszechna | location =Warsaw | page =175 |language=pl}}
* {{cite book | author =Marian Kucała | title =Twoja mowa cię zdradza; regionalizmy i dialektyzmy języka polskiego | year =1994 | publisher =Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego | location =Kraków  | page =120 |language=pl}}
* {{cite book | title =Miasto; przestrzeń zróżnicowana językowo, kulturowo i społecznie | year =2006 | editor =Małgorzata Święcicka | publisher =[[Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego|Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego]] | location =Bydgoszcz | isbn=83-7096-607-1 | page =434 |language=pl}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kapela.waw.pl/slownik.htm Polish-Warsaw dictionary]
{{Polish language}}{{Slavic languages}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Warsaw Dialect}}
[[Category:Cultural history of Warsaw]]
[[Category:Dialects by location]]
[[Category:Languages of Poland]]
[[Category:Culture in Warsaw]]
[[Category:City colloquials]]
[[Category:Polish dialects]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Poland during World War II]]
[[Category:Endangered Slavic languages]]