Editing Water pipit

{{Short description|Species of passerine bird}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{featured article}}
{{Speciesbox
| name              = Water pipit
| status            = LC
| status_system     = IUCN3.1
| status_ref        = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Anthus spinoletta'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22718571A131988012 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22718571A131988012.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| image             = Anthus spinoletta - Water Pipit, Kahramanmaraş 2016-11-18 01-10.jpg| image_caption = ''Anthus spinoletta spinoletta''
| genus             = Anthus
| species           = spinoletta
| authority         = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| range_map         = AnthusSpinolettaIUCNver2019 1.png
| range_map_caption = Range of ''A. spinoletta''{{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#008000|Resident|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#00FFFF|Passage|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}}
| synonyms          = *''Alauda spinoletta'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}
}}

The '''water pipit''' ('''''Anthus spinoletta''''') is a small [[passerine]] bird which breeds in the mountains of [[Southern Europe]] and the [[Palearctic]] eastwards to [[China]]. It is a short-distance [[bird migration|migrant]]; many birds move to lower altitudes or wet open lowlands in winter.

The water pipit in [[breeding plumage]] has greyish-brown upperparts, weakly streaked with darker brown, and pale pink-buff underparts fading to whitish on the lower belly. The head is grey with a broad white [[supercilium]] ("eyebrow"), and the outer tail feathers are white. In winter, the head is grey-brown, the supercilium is duller, the upperparts are more streaked, and the underparts are white, streaked lightly with brown on the breast and flanks. There are only minor differences among the three [[subspecies]], the sexes are [[Sexual monomorphism|almost identical]], and young birds resemble adults. The water pipit's song is delivered from a perch or in flight, and consists of four or five blocks, each consisting of about six repetitions of a different short note.

Water pipits construct a cup-like nest on the ground under vegetation or in cliff crevices and lay four to six speckled grey-ish white eggs, which hatch in about two weeks with a further 14–15&nbsp;days to [[fledge|fledging]]. Although pipits occasionally catch insects in flight, they feed mainly on small [[invertebrate]]s picked off the ground or vegetation, and also some plant material.

The water pipit may be hunted by [[bird of prey|birds of prey]], infested by parasites such as [[flea]]s, or act as an [[brood parasite|involuntary host]] to the [[common cuckoo]], but overall its population is large and stable, and it is therefore evaluated as a [[species of least concern]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN).

==Taxonomy and systematics==

The family [[Motacillidae]] consists of the [[wagtail]]s, [[pipit]]s and [[longclaw]]s. The largest of the three groups is the pipits, [[genus]] ''Anthus'', which are typically brown-plumaged terrestrial [[insectivore]]s. Their similar appearances have led to [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] problems; the water pipit and the [[buff-bellied pipit]] were both formerly considered [[subspecies]] of the [[European rock pipit]].<ref name="hbwfamily">{{cite web |last1=Tyler | first1=S | last2=Bonan | first2=A | editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=Josep |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=Jordi |editor4-last=Christie |editor4-first=David A |editor5-last=de Juana |editor5-first=Eduardo |year=2013 |title=Family Motacillidae: Pipits and Wagtails |work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive |url=http://www.hbw.com/family/pipits-and-wagtails-motacillidae |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |access-date=29 September 2016 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Of these, the rock pipit is the more closely related to the water pipit, based on external and molecular characteristics.<ref name=id /><ref name="researchgate">{{cite journal |last=Voelker |first=Gary |year=1999 |title=Molecular evolutionary relationships in the Avian genus ''Anthus'' (Pipits: Motacillidae) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=11 |issue=1 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13207677 |pages=84–94 |doi=10.1006/mpev.1998.0555|pmid=10082613}}</ref> Other near relatives are the [[Meadow pipit|meadow]], [[Red-throated pipit|red-throated]] and [[rosy pipit]]s.<ref name="researchgate"/><ref name="hbw">{{cite web | last=Tyler | first=S | editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=Josep |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=Jordi |editor4-last=Christie |editor4-first=David A |editor5-last=de Juana |editor5-first=Eduardo |year=2013 |title=Water Pipit (''Anthus spinoletta'') |work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive |url=http://www.hbw.com/species/water-pipit-anthus-spinoletta |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |access-date=25 November 2016 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The water pipit was first described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the tenth edition of his ''[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|Systema Naturae]]'' in 1758 as ''Alauda spinoletta'' (characterised as ''A. rectricibus fuscis : extimis duabus oblique dimidiato-albis'').<ref>{{cite book | last1=Linnaeus | first1=Carolus | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | language = la | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata | volume=1 | publisher=Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii)| year=1758| page=166 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277#page/185/mode/1up }}</ref> The current genus ''Anthus'' was created for the pipits by German naturalist [[Johann Matthäus Bechstein]] in 1805.<ref name= bech>{{cite book | last1 = Bechstein | first1 = Johann Matthias | title = Gemeinutzige Naturgeschichte Deutschland nach allen drey Reichen | publisher =Bey Siegfried Lebrecht Crusius| year = 1805| location = Leipzig (Siegfried Lebrecht Crusius)|language=de| url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97222#page/287/mode/1up | pages = 247|edition=2 |volume=1 }}</ref> ''Anthus'' is the [[Latin]] name for a small bird of grasslands, and the specific ''spinoletta'' is a local dialect word for a pipit from the [[Florence]] area of Italy.<ref name =job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London, United Kingdom | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n49 49], 362}}</ref>
[[File:Anthus spinoletta Water Pipit.jpg|thumb|Wintering ''Anthus spinoletta blakistoni'' at [[Tal Chhapar Sanctuary]]]]

There are three recognised subspecies of the water pipit:
* ''Anthus spinoletta spinoletta'', (Linnaeus, 1758),{{efn|The parentheses show that the current genus name differs from that given originally}} the [[Subspecies#Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms|nominate subspecies]], breeds in the mountains of southern Europe from the [[Pyrenees]] eastwards to northwestern Turkey, and on [[Sardinia]] and [[Corsica]].<ref name="simms">{{cite book |last1=Simms |first1=Eric |title=British Larks, Pipits and Wagtails |publisher=Harper Collins |series=New Naturalist |year=1992 |location=London |pages=166–175 |isbn=978-0-00-219870-7}}</ref>
* ''Anthus spinoletta coutellii'', [[Jean Victoire Audouin|Audouin]], 1828,<!--By convention, this one doesn't have brackets, since it's the original name.--> breeds in the mountains of Turkey other than the northwest, the [[Caucasus]], northern Iran and Turkmenistan.<ref name="hbw" />
* ''Anthus spinoletta blakistoni, '' [[Robert Swinhoe|R. Swinhoe]], 1863,<!--By convention, this one doesn't have brackets, since it's the original name.--> breeds in mountains across Asia from southern Russia east to central China.<ref name="hbw" />

A possible fourth race from the northwestern Caucasus, ''Anthus spinoletta caucasicus'', cannot be reliably separated from ''A.s. coutellii''. The latter form is itself a potential new species, based on [[gene]]tic data, appearance and a characteristic [[flight call]].<ref name="hbw" />

==Description==

The water pipit is {{convert|15|–|17|cm}} long and weighs {{convert|18.7|–|23|g}}. The adult of the nominate race in spring plumage has greyish-brown upperparts, weakly streaked with darker brown, and pale pink-buff underparts fading to whitish on the lower belly. There may be some faint streaking on the breast and flanks. The head is grey with a broad white [[supercilium]]. The outer tail feathers are white, and the legs, bill and iris are dark brown or blackish. In non-breeding plumage, the head is grey-brown and the supercilium is less distinct. The upperparts are more streaked, and the underparts are white, marked lightly with brown on the breast and flanks.<ref name=id>{{cite journal |last1= Alström |first1=Per |last2=Mild|first2=Krister |year=1996 |title=The identification of Rock, Water and Buff-bellied Pipits |journal=Alula |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=161–175}}</ref><ref name=hbw/>

The sexes are similar although the female has, on average, a greyer head. Young birds resembles the non-breeding adult, but are browner and more streaked above with prominent streaking on the underparts. ''A. s. coutellii'' is smaller than the nominate subspecies and the white of the outer tail feathers has a hint of grey. It is paler and more heavily streaked above, and in summer plumage the underparts' colour covers a larger area and has a rusty tint. ''A. s. blakistoni'' is large, pale and less strongly streaked.<ref name=hbw/>
[[File:Anthus spinoletta-4.jpg|thumb|left|Conspicuous head markings]]

The water pipit has a complete [[moult]] between July and September, although there is considerable individual variation in timing. There is a partial pre-breeding moult, mainly between January and March, but with much variability in timing. This moult typically involves replacing the head, body and some wing feathers, but the extent is again variable. Very occasionally, females may moult into what looks like non-breeding plumage, rather than the expected brighter garb. The chicks start to gain juvenile plumage as soon as a month after hatching, and most have completed the transition to near-adult appearance by September. The first pre-breeding moult is similar to that of the adult, but may be less complete or even absent.<ref name =cramp/>

The water pipit is closely related to the Eurasian rock pipit and the meadow pipit,<ref name="researchgate"/> and is rather similar to both in appearance. Compared to the meadow pipit, the water pipit is longer-winged and longer-tailed than its relative, and has much paler underparts. It has dark, rather than pinkish-red, legs. The water pipit in winter plumage is also confusable with the Eurasian rock pipit, but has a strong supercilium, greyer upperparts, and white, not grey, outer tail feathers; it is also typically much warier.<ref name="macmillan">{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Alan |last2=Vinicombe |first2=Keith |last3=Tucker |first3=Laurel |title=The Macmillan Field Guide to Bird Identification |publisher=Macmillan |series=Macmillan field guides |year=1989 |location=London |pages=159–161 |isbn=978-0-333-42773-6}}</ref> The habitats used by European rock and water pipits are completely separate in the breeding season, and there is little overlap even when birds are not nesting. There is also little mixing with breeding meadow pipits, although since 1960 some overlapping territories have been found where the species coexist.<ref name=hbw/>

The European rock pipit's subspecies ''Anthus petrosus littoralis'' in summer plumage is particularly close in outward appearance to the water pipit. The rock pipit normally has a bluer tint to the head, streaking on the breast and flanks, and buff outer tail feathers,<ref name="macmillan"/> and the songs are also different.<ref name="hbw" /><ref name="simms2"/> The species mostly occupy different [[Habitat (ecology)|habitat]] types even when they occur in the same general area.<ref name="Bijlsma">{{cite journal |last=Bijlsma |first=R J |title=Voorkomen en oecologie van ''Anthus spinoletta spinoletta'' en ''A. s. littoralis'' in de uiterwaarden van de Rijn bij Wageningen |journal=Limosa |year=1977 |volume=50 |issue=3–4 |pages=127–136 |language=nl}}</ref>

===Voice===

The water pipit's song is delivered from a perch or in flight, and consists of four or five blocks, each consisting of about half a dozen repetitions of a different short note.<ref name="hbw" /> In comparison, the European rock pipit's song is a sequence of about twenty tinkling ''cheepa'' notes followed by a rising series of thin ''gee'' calls, and finishing with a short [[trill (music)|trill]].<ref name="simms2">{{cite book |last1=Simms |first1=Eric |title=British Larks, Pipits and Wagtails |publisher=Harper Collins |series=New Naturalist |year=1992 |location=London |pages=153–165 |isbn=978-0-00-219870-7}}</ref> The call of the water pipit is a single or double sharp "dzip" or similar, slightly harsher than soft ''sip sip sip'' of the meadow pipit or the shrill ''pseep'' of the European rock pipit. The short, thin ''fist'' flight call is intermediate between the ''sip'' of the meadow pipit and the rock pipit's ''feest''.<ref name=hbw/><ref name="macmillan" /> The differences between the calls of the pipit species are very subtle, and not diagnostic in the absence of other evidence.<ref name="macmillan" /> The flight call of the subspecies ''A. s. coutellii'' is shorter and more buzzing than that of the nominate race.<ref name=hbw/>

==Distribution and habitat==

[[File:Anthus spinoletta - Water Pipit, Giresun 01-2.jpg|thumb|In typical breeding habitat]]

The breeding range of the water pipit is the mountains of southern Europe and Asia from Spain to central China, along with the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] islands of Sardinia and Corsica.<ref name="hbw" /><ref name="simms" />

The water pipit is predominantly a mountain species in the breeding season, found in [[Alpine transhumance|alpine pasture]] and high [[meadow]]s with short grass and some bushes or rocks. It is typically found close to wetter areas and often on slopes. It breeds between {{convert|615|–|3200|m|sigfig=3}} altitude, mostly {{convert|1400|–|2500|m}}. It [[bird migration|migrates]] relatively short distances in autumn to lower ground, typically wintering on coastal wetlands, [[marsh]]es, rice fields and similar habitats. Although most birds move to lowlands, some may remain at up to {{convert|2000|m}}. Nominate ''A. s. spinoletta'' winters mainly in western and southern Europe and in northwestern Africa; in western Europe some birds show fidelity to the same wintering site, returning each year.<ref name="hbw" /> Birds in Spain appear to move only lower down the mountains in which they breed.<ref name=cramp/> ''A.s. coutellii'' winters at lower altitudes near its breeding areas and also in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and northeast Africa. ''A.s. blakistoni'' winters in Pakistan, northwest India and southern China.<ref name="hbw" />

Water pipits leave their breeding sites from mid-September, although the eastern subspecies may start moving south before then. The spring migration starts in February and March, with arrival on the breeding grounds in April and May.<ref name="hbw" /> The water pipit has been recorded as a vagrant in Belarus, [[Gibraltar]] and Latvia, and on islands including the [[Canary Islands|Canaries]], Iceland, Malta and [[Svalbard]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref name=cramp/>

==Behaviour==

The water pipit is a much less approachable bird as compared to the European rock pipit. It is warier than its relative and if approached it flies some distance before landing again, whereas the rock pipit typically travels only a short distance, close to the ground, before it alights.<ref name="macmillan"/>

===Breeding===
[[File:Anthus spinoletta spinoletta MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.205.5.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Eggs in the [[Muséum de Toulouse]]]]

The water pipit is mainly [[monogamy in animals|monogamous]], although both sexes may deviate from this occasionally. The male has a display flight in which he climbs to {{convert|10|–|30|m}}, flies in an arc and glides back down, singing throughout. The female constructs a cup nest from grass and leaves which is lined with finer plant material and animal hairs. The nest is hidden in [[vegetation]] on the ground, sometimes in a hollow. The normal clutch is four to six eggs laid from the end of April to early July.<ref name="hbw"/> Eggs are greyish white with darker grey or brownish speckles mainly at the wider end,<ref name="simms" /> and they measure {{convert|21|x|16|mm|in}} and weigh {{convert|2.7|g|oz}} of which 5% is shell.<ref name="bto">{{cite web |url=http://app.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob10141.htm |title=Water Pipit ''Anthus spinoletta'' [Linnaeus, 1758] |publisher=[[British Trust for Ornithology]] |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

The eggs are incubated by the female for 14–15 days to hatching. Chicks are fed initially by the male, both parents sharing the duty after a few days when the female does not need to brood so often, and they [[fledge]] in a further 14–15 days.<ref name="hbw"/> There may be two broods in a year.<ref name="bto"/>

In a Swiss study of the nominate subspecies, 76% of eggs hatched, and 58% of chicks fledged. Birds of the race ''A. s. blakistoni'' in the [[Tian Shan]] hatched 90% of their eggs, and hatchlings survived to fledging in 47% of the nests. In the latter study, early nests were more likely to fail because less plant cover made them more likely to be found by predators.<ref name=cramp/> Neither the average lifespan nor the maximum age of survival are known.<ref name="bto"/><ref name="euring">{{cite web |url=http://www.euring.org/data-and-codes/longevity-list?page=4 |title=EURING list of longevity records for European birds. |last1=Fransson |first1=T |last2=Kolehmainen |first2=T |last3=Kroon |first3=C |last4=Jansson |first4=L |last5=Wenninger |first5=T |publisher=EURING |access-date=8 October 2016}}</ref>

===Feeding===

[[File:IsotomaTiefenbach.jpg|thumb|[[Glacier flea]]s are a prey item found on [[snow field]]s]]

The water pipit's feeding habitat is damp [[grassland]], rather than the rocky [[coast]]s favoured by the Eurasian rock pipit.<ref name="macmillan"/> The water pipit feeds mainly on a wide range of [[invertebrate]]s, including [[orthoptera|crickets and grasshoppers]], [[beetle]]s, [[snail]]s, [[millipede]]s and [[spider]]s. [[Psocoptera|Barkflies]], [[fly|true flies]], [[caterpillar]]s and [[homoptera]]ns can form a large part of the diet of fledglings. Birds close to [[snow field]]s take insects specialised for that habitat such as the [[springtail]]s ''Isotoma saltans'' (the [[glacier flea]]) and ''I. nivalis'', and the [[Mecoptera|scorpion fly]] ''Boreus izyemalis''.<ref name=cramp/>

Birds normally forage alone or in pairs; in bad weather, foraging is more frequent and involves longer flights, and may be concentrated around [[marmot]] burrow entrances. Prey items average {{convert|8.3|mm|in}} in length and are mainly hunted on foot, although flying insects are occasionally caught in the air.<ref name="hbw" /> Some plant material is taken, and one study on the border of Czechoslovakia and Poland found that 75% of the diet by volume consisted of [[algae]], specifically ''[[Ulothrix|Ulothrix zonata]]'', despite large numbers of insects being available.<ref name=cramp>{{cite book | editor1-last = Cramp | editor1-first = Stanley | chapter=''Anthus spinoletta'' Rock Pipit and Water Pipit | title = Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: the birds of the Western Palearctic | publisher = Oxford University Press | volume= 5. Tyrant flycatchers to thrushes| location = Oxford | year = 1988 | isbn = 978-0-19-857508-5 |pages=393–413 }}</ref>

In areas with acidic soils, there is less [[calcium]] available, potentially leading to thinner egg shells. In such locations, pipits are more likely to select snails and similar prey with calcium-rich shells than is the case in [[limestone]] terrain.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bureš | first1 =S| last2 = Weidinger | first2 = K |year =2001| title = Do pipits use experimentally supplemented rich sources of calcium more often in an acidified area? | journal = Journal of Avian Biology | volume = 32| issue = 2 | pages = 194–198| jstor = 3677668| doi =10.1034/j.1600-048x.2001.320215.x}}</ref>

==Predators and parasites==

The water pipit is hunted by [[Bird of prey|birds of prey]] including the [[Eleonora's falcon]],<ref name= walter>{{cite book | last1 = Walter | first1 = Harmut | title = Eleonora's Falcon: Adaptations to Prey and Habitat in a Social Raptor | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year = 1979| location = Chicago | page = [https://archive.org/details/eleonorasfalcona0000walt/page/372 372] | url =https://archive.org/details/eleonorasfalcona0000walt| url-access = registration | isbn = 978-0-226-87229-2 }}</ref> and eggs and young may be taken by terrestrial predators including [[stoat]]s and snakes.<ref name="hbw"/> As with other members of its genus, the water pipit is a host of the [[common cuckoo]], a [[brood parasite]]. Eggs of cuckoos that specialise in parasitising pipits are similar in appearance to those of their hosts.<ref name= soler>{{cite journal | last1 = Soler | first1 = Juan J | last2 = Vivaldi | first2 = Manuel Martín | last3 = Møller | first3=Anders P | title = Geographic distribution of suitable hosts explains the evolution of specialized gentes in the European cuckoo ''Cuculus canorus'' | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 9 | issue = 88| pages = 1–10 | year =2009 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-9-88 | doi-access=free | pmid=19405966 | pmc=2683792}}</ref>

A new species of [[feather mite]], ''Proctophyllodes schwerinensis'', was discovered on the water pipit,<ref name=cerny >{{cite journal | last1 = Černý | first1 =V |year =1982| title = ''Proctophyllodes schwerinensis'' sp. n., eine neue Federmilbenart von ''Anthus spinoletta'' | journal = Angealsowandte Parasitologie | volume =23 | issue =3 | pages = 158–159| language = de | pmid =7149334 }}</ref> which is also a host to the [[flea]]s ''[[Ceratophyllus borealis]]'' and ''[[Moorhen flea|Dasypsyllus gallinulae]]''.<ref name="fleasnhm">{{cite web |url= http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/scientific-resources/biodiversity/uk-biodiversity/british-flea-distribution/database/Searchpage.do?species=&fleaname=&host=&hostname=water+pipit&county=&publication=&sortorder=|title=Distribution of British fleas: Water pipit |publisher=Natural History Museum |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref> Along with other Motacillidae species, the water pipit is a host of the [[protozoa]]n parasite ''[[Haemoproteus|Haemoproteus anthi]]''.<ref name= valk>{{cite book | last1 = Valkiunas | first1 = Gediminas | title = Avian Malaria Parasites and other Haemosporidia | publisher = CRC | year =2004 | location = Boca Raton, Florida | page =327 | isbn =978-0-415-30097-1}}</ref>

==Status==

Estimates of the European breeding population of the water pipit vary widely, but may be as high as two million pairs, which would suggest a global population of tens of millions of individuals spread over {{convert|3.7|sqkm|sqmi|disp=preunit|million}}.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> The range is discontinuous due to the mountain habitat this species uses,<ref name="hbw" /> but the population is considered overall to be large and stable, and for this reason the water pipit is evaluated as a [[species of least concern]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

Breeding densities (in pairs per ten ha) have been recorded as 2.4 in the [[Jura Mountains]], 3.0–3.6 in the [[Alps]] and 4.5 in the [[Tatra Mountains]] of Poland.<ref name="hbw" />{{efn|The equivalents in pairs per ten acres are 1.0, 1.2–1.5 and 1.8 respectively}}

==Notes==

{{notelist}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Commons|Anthus spinoletta}}
{{Wikispecies|Anthus spinoletta}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141202065400/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/315_WaterPipitAspinoletta.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF; 3.3 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze]
* [http://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Anthus-spinoletta Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the water pipit]

{{Taxonbar |from=Q208707}}

[[Category:Anthus|water pipit]]
[[Category:Alpide belt endemic bird species]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|water pipit]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]