Editing Wickes-class destroyer

{{short description|Destroyer class of the US Navy}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=File:USS Crowninshield (DD-134) 1939-1940.jpg
|Ship caption=USS ''Crowninshield''
}}
{{Infobox ship class overview
|Name= ''Wickes'' class 
|Builders=
*[[Bath Iron Works]], ME
*[[Charleston Naval Shipyard]], SC
*Bethlehem
**[[Fore River Shipyard]], MA
**[[Union Iron Works|San Francisco Shipyard]], CA
*[[Mare Island Naval Shipyard]], CA
*[[New York Shipbuilding Corporation|New York Ship]], NJ
*[[Newport News]], VA
*[[William Cramp & Sons]], PA
|Operators=*{{navy|United States|1912}}
*{{navy|United Kingdom}}
*{{naval|Canada|1911}}
*{{navy|Soviet Union|1935}}
*{{navy|Norway}}
*{{naval|Netherlands}}
|Class before={{sclass|Caldwell|destroyer|4}}
|Class after={{sclass|Clemson|destroyer|4}}
|Subclasses=*''Little'' (52 ships)
*''Lamberton'' (11 ships)
*''Tattnall'' (10 ships)
|Built range=1917–21
|In commission range=1918–46 (USN)
|Total ships building=
|Total ships planned=
|Total ships completed=111
|Total ships cancelled=
|Total ships active=
|Total ships laid up=
|Total ships lost=*9 sunk in battle
*5 sunk as targets
*7 others sunk or destroyed in other ways
|Total ships retired=90 scrapped
|Total ships preserved=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship type=[[Destroyer]]
|Ship displacement=* 1,154 tons (normal)
*1,247 tons (full load)
|Ship length={{convert|314|ft|4.5|in|2|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|30|ft|11.25|in|2|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught=
|Ship draft={{convert|9|ft|2|abbr=on}}
|Ship propulsion=*4 × [[boiler]]s, {{convert|300|psi|abbr=on}} [[saturated steam]]<ref name="proceedings">Thomas, Donald I., CAPT USN "Recommissioning Destroyers, 1939 Style" ''United States Naval Institute Proceedings'' September 1979 p.71</ref>
*2 Parsons [[gear]]ed [[steam turbine]]s, {{convert|24610|hp|abbr=on}}<ref name="proceedings"/>
*2 shafts
|Ship speed={{convert|35.3|kn|abbr=on}}
|Ship range=
|Ship complement=100 officers and enlisted
|Ship sensors=*1 × [[SC radar]]
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=
* 4 × [[4"/50 caliber gun|{{convert|4|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}/50 caliber guns]]<ref name="proceedings"/>
* 1 × [[3"/23 caliber gun|{{convert|3|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}/23 caliber AA gun]]<ref name="proceedings"/>
* 4 × triple [[Mark 8 torpedo|{{convert|21|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}]] [[torpedo tubes]]<ref name="proceedings"/>
|Ship armor=
|Ship aircraft=
|Ship aircraft facilities=
|Ship notes=popularly known as ''Flush Deckers'', ''Four Pipers'', ''Four-stackers'', 1200-ton type
}}
|}

The '''''Wickes''-class destroyers''' were a class of 111 [[destroyer]]s built by the [[United States Navy]] in 1917–19. Together with the six preceding {{sclass|Caldwell|destroyer|0}} and following 156 subsequent {{sclass|Clemson|destroyer|1}}s, they were grouped as the "[[flush-deck]]" or "four-stack" type. Only a few were completed in time to serve in [[World War I]], including {{USS|Wickes|DD-75|6}}, the lead ship of the class.

While some were scrapped in the 1930s, the rest served throughout [[World War II]]. Most of these were converted to other uses; nearly all in U.S. service had half their boilers and one or more stacks removed to increase fuel and range or accommodate troops.<ref name="SilverstoneII"/> Others were transferred to the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Royal Navy]] and the [[Royal Canadian Navy]], some of which were later transferred to the [[Soviet Navy]]. All were scrapped within a few years after World War II.

== Background ==
The destroyer type was at this time a relatively new class of fighting ship for the U.S. Navy. The type arose in response to torpedo boats that had been developing from 1865, especially after the development of the self-propelled [[Whitehead torpedo]].<ref>Friedman, p.8</ref> During the [[Spanish–American War]], it was realized that a torpedo boat destroyer was urgently needed to screen the larger warships, so much so that a special war plans board headed by [[Theodore Roosevelt]] issued an urgent report pleading for this type of ship.<ref>Friedman 2004 p.11</ref>

A series of destroyers had been built over the preceding years, designed for high smooth water speed, with indifferent results, especially poor performance in heavy seas and poor fuel economy.<ref>Friedman p.14–15</ref> The lesson of these early destroyers was the appreciation of the need for true seakeeping and seagoing abilities.<ref>Friedman p.15</ref> There were few [[cruiser]]s in the Navy, which was a fleet of [[battleship]]s and destroyers (no cruisers had been launched since 1908) so destroyers performed scouting missions. A report in October 1915 by [[William Sims|Captain W. S. Sims]] noted that the smaller destroyers used fuel far too quickly, and that [[Wargame|wargames]] showed the need for fast vessels with a larger [[radius of action]]. As a result, the size of U.S. destroyers increased steadily, starting at 450 tons and rising to over 1,000 tons between 1905 and 1916.<ref>Friedman, p.19-29</ref>  The need for high speed, economical cruising, heavy seas performance, and a high fuel capacity saw larger hulls, the inclusion of oil fuel, reduction geared [[steam turbine]]s with cruising turbines, and increased fuel capacity.<ref>Friedman 2004 p.28–29, 34, 40–41</ref>

With World War I then in its second year and tensions between the U.S. and [[Germany]] increasing, the U.S. needed to expand its navy. The [[Naval Act of 1916|Naval Appropriation Act of 1916]] called for a navy "second to none," capable of protecting both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The Act authorized the construction of ten battleships, six {{sclass|Lexington|battlecruiser}}s, ten {{sclass|Omaha|cruiser|0}} [[scout cruiser]]s, and 50 ''Wickes''-class destroyers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.destroyerhistory.org/flushdeck/wickesclass.html |title=Wickes- and Clemson-class flush-deck destroyers|website=destroyerhistory.org}}</ref> A subsequent [[General Board of the United States Navy|General Board]] recommendation for further destroyers to combat the submarine threat resulted in a total of 267 ''Wickes''- and ''Clemson''-class destroyers completed. However, the design of the ships remained optimized for operation with the battleship fleet.<ref name="Friedman, p.40">Friedman, 2004 p.40</ref>

== Design ==
The requirements of the new design were high speed and mass production. The development of [[submarine warfare]] during World War I created a requirement for destroyers in numbers that had not been contemplated before the war. A top speed of {{convert|35|kn|km/h}} was needed for operation with the [[Lexington-class battlecruiser|''Lexington-class'' battlecruisers]] and [[Omaha-class cruiser|''Omaha-class'' cruisers]].

The final design had a flush deck and four smokestacks. It was a fairly straightforward evolution of the preceding [[Caldwell-class destroyer|''Caldwell'' class]]. General dissatisfaction with the earlier "1,000 ton" designs (''[[Cassin-class destroyer|Cassin]]'' and ''[[Tucker-class destroyer|Tucker]]'' classes) led to the fuller hull form of the "flush deck" type. Greater beam and the flush deck provided greater hull strength. In addition, the ''Wickes'' class had {{convert|26000|hp|lk=in}} - {{convert|6,000|hp}} more than the ''Caldwell'' class - providing an extra {{convert|5|kn|lk=off|abbr=on}}. The machinery arrangement of some of the ''Caldwell''s was used, with geared steam turbines on two shafts.<ref name="Register"/><ref>Friedman, 2004 p.37-39</ref>

The extra power required an extra 100 tons of engine and reduction gears. The design included an even keel and nearly horizontal propeller shafts to minimize weight.

As construction was undertaken by ten different builders, there was considerable variation in the types of boilers and turbines installed to meet a guaranteed speed requirement. However, there were in essence two basic designs; one for the ships built by the [[Bethlehem Steel]] yards (including [[Union Iron Works]]) and another used by the remaining shipyards, which was prepared by [[Bath Iron Works]].

The ''Wickes'' class proved to be short-ranged, and its bridge and gun positions were very wet. The fleet found that the tapered stern, which made for a nice [[depth charge]] deployment feature, dug into the water and increased the turning radius, thus hampering [[anti-submarine]] work.<ref>Friedman, p.45-46</ref> The ''Clemson'' class added 100 tons of fuel tankage to improve operational range, but the issue of range was solved only with the development of [[underway replenishment]] in World War II.{{Cn|date=September 2023}}

== Armament ==

The main armament was the same as the ''Caldwell'' class: four [[4"/50 caliber gun|{{convert|4|in|mm|adj=on|0}}/50 caliber]] guns and twelve {{convert|21|in|adj=on|0}} [[torpedo tube]]s. While the gun armament was typical for destroyers of this period, the torpedo armament was larger than usual, in accordance with American practice at the time. A factor in the size of the torpedo armament was the General Board's decision to use broadside rather than centerline torpedo tubes.<ref>Friedman, p. 24,34</ref> This was due to the desire to have some torpedoes remaining after firing a broadside, and problems experienced with centerline mounts on previous classes with torpedoes striking the [[gunwale]]s of the firing ship.<ref>Friedman, p. 24</ref> The [[Mark 8 torpedo]] was initially equipped, and probably remained the standard torpedo for this class, as 600 Mark 8 torpedoes were issued to the British in 1940 as part of the [[Destroyers for Bases Agreement]].<ref name="navyhist">{{cite web | title = Torpedo History: Torpedo Mk8 | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/museums/keyport/html/part2.htm | access-date = 29 Dec 2013 | archive-date = 15 September 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140915054904/http://www.history.navy.mil/museums/keyport/html/part2.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Most ships carried a [[3"/23 caliber gun|{{convert|3|in|adj=on|0}}/23 caliber]] [[anti-aircraft]] (AA) gun, typically just aft of the stern 4-inch gun. The original design called for two [[QF 1-pounder pom-pom|1-pounder]] AA guns, but these were in short supply and the 3-inch gun was more effective.<ref>Friedman, p. 44</ref> Anti-submarine warfare (ASW) armament was added during World War I. Typically, a single depth charge track was provided aft, along with a Y-gun depth charge projector forward of the aft deckhouse.<ref>Friedman, 2004 p. 45</ref>

== Production ==
[[File:Camden Shipyard 1919.jpg|thumb|8 destroyers of the ''Wickes'' class, New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey, 1919.]] 
The [[United States Congress]] authorized 50 destroyers in the 1916 Act. However, the realization of the scope of the U-boat campaign resulted in 111 being built. The ships were built at Bath Iron Works, Bethlehem Steel Corporation's [[Fore River Shipbuilding Company]], Union Iron Works, [[Mare Island Navy Yard]], [[Newport News Shipbuilding]], [[New York Shipbuilding]], and [[William Cramp & Sons]]. 267 ''Wickes'' and ''Clemson''-class destroyers were built. This program was considered a major industrial achievement.<ref name="Friedman, p.40"/> Production of these destroyers was considered so important that work on cruisers and battleships was delayed to allow completion of the program.<ref>Friedman, p.41</ref> The first ''Wickes''-class vessel was launched on 11 November 1917, with four more by the end of the year. Production peaked in July 1918, when 17 were launched - 15 of them on 4 July.<ref name="SilverstoneI">{{cite book| title=U.S. Warships of World War I |author=Silverstone, Paul H. |publisher=Ian Allan |year=1970|pages=118–124}}</ref>
 
The program continued after the war ended: 21 of the ''Wickes'' class (and all but 9 of the ''Clemson'' class) were launched after the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|armistice on 11 November 1918]]. The last of the ''Wickes'' class was launched on 24 July 1919.<ref name="SilverstoneI"/> This program left the U.S. Navy with so many destroyers that no new destroyers were built until 1932 (the {{sclass|Farragut|destroyer|4||1934}}).<ref>Friedman, 2004 p.47</ref>

== Ships in class ==
{{main|List of Wickes-class destroyers}}

111 ''Wickes''-class destroyers were built.<ref name="Register"/>

=== Sub-classes ===
Some of these ships are also referred to as ''Little'' class (52 ships), ''Lamberton'' class (11 ships), or ''Tattnall'' class (10 ships) to signify the yard that built them and to note the slight design differences from the Bath Iron Works ships. Some of these non-Bath Iron Works units were actually commissioned prior to the lead ship, ''Wickes''.<ref name="Register">{{cite book | last = Bauer | first = K. Jack | author-link = K. Jack Bauer | author2=Roberts, Stephen S. | title = Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants | publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 1991 | location = [[Westport, Connecticut]] | pages = 172–178 | isbn = 0-313-26202-0 }}</ref><ref name="SilverstoneI"/>

== Operations ==

=== In U.S. service ===
A few ''Wickes'' class were completed in time for service in World War I, some with the battle fleet, some on [[U-boat Campaign (World War I)|convoy escort]] duty; none were lost. {{USS|DeLong|DD-129|2}} ran aground in 1921; {{USS|Woolsey|DD-77|2}} sank after a collision in 1921.

Many ''Wickes''-class destroyers were converted to other uses, starting as early as 1920, when 14 were converted to light [[minelayer]]s ([[hull classification symbol]] DM). Six of these were scrapped in 1932, and replaced by five additional conversions. Another four were converted to auxiliaries or transports at that time. Four ''Wickes''-class DM conversions and four ''Clemson''-class DM conversions survived to serve in World War II.<ref name="SilverstoneII"/> During the 1930s, 23 more were scrapped, sold off, or sunk as targets. This was mostly due to a blanket replacement of 61 Yarrow-boilered destroyers 1930–31, as these boilers wore out quickly in service. Flush-deckers in reserve were commissioned as replacements.<ref>[http://destroyerhistory.org/flushdeck/ DestroyerHistory.org Flush-decker page, retrieved 16 Oct 2013]</ref>

Starting in 1940, many of the remaining ships were also converted. Sixteen were converted to [[high-speed transport]]s with the designation APD. Eight were converted to destroyer [[Minesweeper (ship)|minesweepers]] (DMS). Most ships remaining in service during World War II were rearmed with dual-purpose [[3"/50 caliber gun|{{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on|0}}/50 caliber gun]]s for better anti-aircraft protection. The AVD [[seaplane tender]] conversions received two guns; the APD transport, DM minelayer, and DMS minesweeper conversions received three guns, and those retaining destroyer classification received six.<ref name="SilverstoneII">{{cite book | title=U.S. Warships of World War II | publisher=Doubleday and Company | author=Silverstone, Paul H. | year=1968 | pages=112, 212, 215, 276, 303}}</ref> Half of the torpedo tubes were removed in those retained as destroyers; all torpedoes were removed from the others. Nearly all had half the boilers removed, for increased fuel and range or to accommodate troops, reducing their speed to {{convert|25|kn}}.<ref name="SilverstoneII"/><ref name="Register"/>

The low-angle Mark 9 4-inch guns removed from these ships were transferred to [[defensively equipped merchant ships]] for anti-submarine protection.<ref>Campbell 1985 p.143</ref>

{{USS|Ward|DD-139|2}} had an eventful career. She was built in record time: her [[keel]] was laid on 15 May 1918, launched only 17 days later on 1 June 1918, and commissioned 54 days after that on 24 July 1918. She is credited with firing the first US shots of the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] on 7 December 1941, sinking a [[Imperial Japanese Navy|Japanese]] [[midget submarine]] with gunfire before the air attack started. The sinking was uncertain until the submarine's wreck was discovered in 2002. As the high-speed transport APD-16, she was damaged beyond repair by a ''[[kamikaze]]'' attack on 7 December 1944, and was sunk after abandoning ship by gunfire from the destroyer {{USS|O'Brien|DD-725|2}}, commanded at the time by ''Ward''{{'}}s former CO from the Pearl Harbor attack.<ref>[https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/ward.html DANFS entry for USS ''Ward'' (DD-139)]</ref>

Thirteen ''Wickes'' class were lost during World War II in U.S. service. The remainder were scrapped between 1945 and 1947.

=== In foreign navies ===
Twenty-three ''Wickes''-class destroyers were transferred to the [[Royal Navy]], and four to the [[Royal Canadian Navy]], in 1940 under the [[Destroyers-for-bases deal]]. Together with ships from the ''Caldwell'' and ''Clemson'' classes they were grouped as '[[Town-class destroyer|Town-class destroyers]]'; divided into the Bath Iron Works design as "Type B" and the Bethlehem Steel as "Type C"  Most of these ships were refitted much like the U.S. destroyers and used as convoy escorts, but some were used very little and were not considered worth refitting. {{USS|Buchanan|DD-131|2}}, renamed {{HMS|Campbeltown|I42|6}}, was disguised as a German vessel and expended as a blockship in the [[St Nazaire Raid]]. (A newer {{USS|Buchanan|DD-484|2}} that was involved in the Japanese surrender formalities was a later ship.) One further destroyer was sunk; the remainder were scrapped between 1944 and 1947.

In 1944 seven were transferred by Britain to the [[Soviet Navy]], in place of [[Italy|Italian]] ships claimed by the [[USSR]] after Italy's surrender. These vessels all survived the war, and were scrapped between 1949 and 1952.<ref name="SilverstoneI"/>

==See also==

*[[List of United States Navy losses in World War II]]

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book| title=Naval Weapons of World War Two |last=Campbell |first= John |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1985 |isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book | last = Friedman | first = Norman | author-link = Norman Friedman | title = US Destroyers: An Illustrated Design History | publisher = Naval Institute Press | date = 2004 |orig-date=1982 | location = Annapolis | isbn = 1-55750-442-3 | edition = Revised }}
* Gardiner, Robert, ''Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921'', London: Conway Maritime Press, 1985. {{ISBN|0-85177-245-5}}.
* Gardiner, Robert and Chesneau, Roger, ''Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946'', London: Conway Maritime Press, 1980. {{ISBN|0-83170-303-2}}.
* {{cite book| title=History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Supplement and General Index | url=https://archive.org/details/supplementgenera00mori | url-access=registration |last=Morison |first= Samuel Eliot |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |year=1962}}
* {{cite book| title=U.S. Warships of World War I |last=Silverstone |first= Paul H. |publisher=Ian Allan |year=1970}}
* {{cite book| title=U.S. Warships of World War II |last=Silverstone |first= Paul H. |publisher=Doubleday and Company |year=1968}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Wickes class destroyers}}
* [http://destroyerhistory.org/flushdeck/wickesclass/ ''Wickes''-class destroyers] at [http://destroyerhistory.org/ Destroyer History Foundation]
* [http://www.microworks.net/pacific/ships/destroyers/wickes.htm The Pacific War: The U.S. Navy, page for ''Wickes'' class]
* [http://www.destroyers.org/Class/c-Wickes.htm Destroyers.org Wickes class] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116181612/http://www.destroyers.org/Class/c-Wickes.htm |date=2014-01-16 }}
*[http://destroyerhistory.org/flushdeck/ DestroyerHistory.org Flush Decker page]
*[http://www.navsource.org/archives/05idx.htm NavSource Destroyer Photo Index Page]
*[http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_4-50_mk9.htm DiGiulian, Tony Navweaps.com 4"/50 Mks 7, 8, 9, and 10]
*[http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WTUS_PreWWII.htm DiGiulian, Tony Navweaps.com Pre-WWII US Torpedoes]
*[http://www.history.navy.mil/museums/keyport/html/part2.htm US Navy Torpedo History, part 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915054904/http://www.history.navy.mil/museums/keyport/html/part2.htm |date=2014-09-15 }}
*{{DANFS}}

{{Wickes-class destroyer}}
{{WWI US ships}}
{{WWII US ships}}

[[Category:Destroyer classes]]
[[Category:Wickes-class destroyers| ]]
[[Category:World War I destroyers of the United States| ]]
[[Category:World War II destroyers of the United States| ]]
[[Category:World War II mine warfare vessels of the United States| ]]
[[Category:World War II auxiliary ships of the United States| ]]