Editing Wight

{{Short description|"Being" or "thing" in Germanic languages}}
{{About|the term in Germanic languages|the island in England|Isle of Wight|other uses}}
[[File:BL Harleian 585 f 167v Against a dwarf.png|right|thumb|200px|Page recording a charm [[against a dwarf]], from the Lacnunga collection, in which the dwarf is referred to as a {{lang|ang|wiht}}.{{sfn|Hines|2019|pp=38-39}}]]

A '''wight'''  is a being or thing. This general meaning is shared by cognate terms in Germanic languages, however the usage of the term varies greatly over time and between regions. In Old English, it could refer to anything in existence, with more specific usages arising in [[Middle English]], perhaps due to the term of similar meaning in [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]], {{lang|xno|creature}}. The term is widely used in [[contemporary fantasy|modern fantasy]], often to mean specifically a being which is [[undead]].

==Etymology==
Modern English "wight" is descended from {{langx|enm|wight}} or {{langx|enm|wiȝt}}, from {{langx|ang|wiht}}, from [[Proto-West Germanic]] '*wihti' from {{langx|gem-x-proto|*wihtiz}} from [[Proto-Indo-European]]: '*wekti' ("cause, sake, thing"), from Proto-Indo-European "*wekʷ-" ("to say, tell"). "Wight" is further cognate with {{langx|sco|wicht}}, {{langx|de|Wicht}}, {{langx|nl|Wicht}}, {{langx|got|𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃}} and {{langx|non|vættr}}, the ancestor of {{langx|sv|vätte}}, {{langx|da|vætte}} and {{langx|is|vættur}}.{{sfn|wight}}{{sfn|*wihtiz}} A dialect form in Swedish is {{lang|sv|vätter}}, which, similar to the other form, is descended from [[Old Swedish]]: ''vætter''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://runeberg.org/svetym/1266.html |title=Vätte |series=Svensk etymologisk ordbok |website=Runeberg.org}}</ref>

==Medieval period==
===Old English===
[[File:Stories of beowulf grendel.jpg|thumb|The [[eoten]] [[Grendel]], who is described in [[Beowulf]] as {{lang|ang|wiht unhaélo}} ("that damned creature"), as illustrated by [[J. R. Skelton]].{{sfn|Slade|loc=Line 120}}]]
In Old English, {{lang|ang|wiht}} has been variously translated as "wight", "creature" and "being".{{sfn|BT-wiht}} The term is found in the compound words {{lang|ang|eall-wihta}} ("all beings") and {{lang|ang|á-wiht}} ("aught", "anything").{{sfn|BT-eall-wihta}}{{sfn|BT-á-wiht}} {{lang|ang|Wiht}} is often used as the subject of [[Old English riddles|riddles]], such as riddle 86 from the [[Exeter Book]], in which it has been interpreted as referring to a person selling vegetables, likely garlics.{{sfn|BT-wiht}}{{sfn|Wilcox|1996|p=180}} The term is also used to refer to beings such as the dwarf which is the focus of the [[against a dwarf|XCIIIB charm]], and the [[eoten]] [[Grendel]] and the [[The dragon (Beowulf)|dragon]] in [[Beowulf]].{{sfn|Hines|2019|pp=38-39}}{{sfn|Slade|loc=Lines 120, 3038}}

The word began to acquire the sense of supernatural or unearthly beings, included in the 8th century [[Lindisfarne Gospels]].<ref name=":Reinders">{{Cite book |last=Reinders |first=Eric |title=Reading Tolkien in Chinese: Religion, Fantasy, and Translation |date=2024 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]] Academic |isbn=9781350374645 |series=Perspectives on Fantasy series |location=London, UK |pages=110}}</ref>

===Middle English===
====Connotations and scope====
When {{lang|xno|creature}} was borrowed from [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] around 1300 CE, it was possibly wholly synonymous with {{langx|enm|wight}}, however over time the words became differentiated by speakers.{{sfn|Farrell|2015|p=182}} The exact usage of the term varies between works but it broadly is used in one of five loose categories that blur between themselves:
* a "living creature", an element of the earthly world
* a generic being, with few connotations
* an enemy or social inferior that is seen as other
* as beloved, often gendered 
* a being connected to the spiritual realm, either good or bad{{sfn|Farrell|2015|p=184}}

The term is used to refer to a range of positive beings with supernatural aspects such as [[saint]]s, [[Jesus]], and his mother, [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]].{{sfn|Farrell|2015|p=186}} It has been argued that the term could be used for anything other than [[God the Father]], as he himself was not created in [[Christian theology]]. It has been noted, however, that it is stated in the [[Man of Law]] that [[Daniel in the lion's den]] was saved by "No wight but God", showing it was possible to use the term to refer to a class of beings that includes both man and the Christian god. Though there are no extant texts in Middle English that refer to God the Father directly as a {{lang|enm|wight}}.{{sfn|Farrell|2015|pp=180-182,193}}

The most common use of the term, however, is to refer to everyday corporeal beings as these are much more represented in normal conversation. {{lang|enm|Wight}} is commonly found with adjectives, such as {{lang|enm|curside}}, {{lang|enm|wikkede}}, or {{lang|enm|worldly}}. The phrase "{{lang|enm|sweet wight}}" is notable, occurring frequently and often in gendered and romantic contexts.{{sfn|Farrell|2015|pp=184-186}}

====Examples====
{{Div col}}
* [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]
: ''[[s:s:The Canterbury Tales|The Reeve's Tale]]'', (1387–1400), line 4236:
:: "For [Aleyn] had swonken al the longe nyght, 
:: And seyde, 'Fare weel, Malyne, sweete '''wight'''!'"
: ''[[s:s:The Canterbury Tales|The Monk's Tale]]'', (1387–1400), line 380:
:: "She kept her maidenhood from every '''wight'''
:: To no man deigned she for to be bond."
:''[[s:The Book of the Duchess|The Book of the Duchess]]'', (1387–1400), line 579:
:: "Worste of alle '''wightes'''."
: ''[[s:The Canterbury Tales|Prologue of The Knight]]'', (1387–1400), line 72–73:
:: "Ne neuere yet no vileynye he sayde
:: In al his lyf vnto no manere '''wight'''.
:: He was a verray parfit gentil knyght."
: ''[[s:The House of Fame|The House of Fame]]'', (1379–1380), line 1830–1831:
:: "We ben shrewes, every '''wight''',
:: And han delyt in wikkednes."
{{div col end}}

===Old Norse===
As with "wight", {{langx|non|vættr}} ({{plural form|{{lang|non|vættir}}}}) means a being, especially a supernatural being. It occurs in compound nouns such as {{lang|non|mein-vættr}} ("evil wight"), {{lang|non|[[land-vættr]]}} ("guardian spirit of a country"), {{lang|non|vitta vettr}} ("witch wight" or "sorceress") and {{lang|non|bjargvættr}} ("helping sprite").{{sfn|CV-Vættr}}{{sfn|OID-Landvættr}}{{sfn|OID-Bjargvættr}}

==Modern period==
===Modern English===
====Modern Fantasy====
Wights feature in [[J. R. R. Tolkien|J. R. R. Tolkien's]] world of [[Middle-earth]], especially in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', and in [[George R. R. Martin|George R. R. Martin's]] novel series ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]''{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}{{sfn|Martin|pp=533–536, 545–548}} and [[HBO]] television series ''[[Game of Thrones]]''.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Since [[Wight (Dungeons & Dragons)|its 1974 inclusion]] in the RPG ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'' (D&D), it has become a recurring form of [[undead]] in other fantasy games and mods, such as ''[[Vampire: The Masquerade]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62150117|title=Sins of the blood|date=2001|publisher=White Wolf Pub|others=McCoy, Angel., White Wolf Publishing. |isbn=158846217X|location=Clarkston, GA|pages=9, 17–24|oclc=62150117}}</ref> and [[The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

====Examples of usage====
{{Div col}}
* [[Edmund Spenser]], ''[[s:The Faerie Queene|The Faerie Queene]]'', (1590–1596), I.i.6.8–9:
*: "That every '''wight''' to shrowd it did constrain,
*: And this fair couple eke to shroud themselues were fain."
* [[William Shakespeare]], ''[[s:The Merry Wives of Windsor|The Merry Wives of Windsor]]'', (c. 1602), Act I, Sc. III:
*: "O base Hungarian '''wight'''! wilt thou the spigot wield?"
* [[William Shakespeare]], ''[[s:Othello|Othello]]'', (c. 1603), Act II, Sc. I:
*: "She was a wight, if ever such '''wight''' were"
* [[John Milton]], ''[[s:On the Death of a Fair Infant Dying of a Cough|On the Death of a Fair Infant Dying of a Cough]]'', (1626), verse vi:
*: "Oh say me true if thou wert mortal '''wight'''..."
* [[Church of Scotland]], ''[[Scots Metrical Psalter]]'', (1650), Psalm 18 verse xxvi:
*: "froward thou kythst unto the froward '''wight'''..."
*[[William Wordsworth]], "To the Daisy" (1802) line 28:
*: Whole Summer-fields are thine by right;
*: And Autumn, melancholy '''wight'''!
*: Doth in thy crimson head delight
*: When rains are on thee.
* [[John Keats]], "[[La Belle Dame Sans Merci]]", (1820):
*: Ah what can ail thee, wretched '''wight''',
*: Alone and palely loitering;
* [[Washington Irving]], "[[The Legend of Sleepy Hollow]]" (1820):
*: "In this by-place of nature there abode, in a remote period of American history, that is to say, some thirty years since, a worthy '''wight''' of the name of Ichabod Crane, who sojourned, or, as he expressed it, "tarried," in Sleepy Hollow, for the purpose of instructing the children of the vicinity."
* [[George Gordon, Lord Byron]] (1812–1816), ''[[Childe Harold's Pilgrimage]] ''Canto 1, verse :
*: Ah, me! in sooth he was a shamles '''wight''' ...".
* [[Edwin Greenslade Murphy]], "Wot Won the Larst?", in ''Dryblower’s Verses'', (1926):
*: From weedy little '''wights''' whose cigarettes 	
*: Recall a badly-disinfected drain
* [[W.S. Gilbert]], "[[Princess Ida]]", (1883), a song sung by the character King Gama: 
*: "Now when a '''wight''' sits up all night, ill natured jokes devising,<br>and all his wiles are met with smiles, it's hard, there's no disguising!"
{{div col end}}

===German===
A similar change of meaning can be seen in the [[German language|German]] cognate ''Wicht'', meaning a living human being, generally rather small, poor or miserable man (not woman). The word is somewhat old-fashioned in today's language, but it is still used and readily recognized in everyday speech.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

The diminutive ''Wichtel'' refers to beings in folklore and fantasy, generally small, and often helpful, dwelling in or near human settlements, secretly doing work and helping the humans, somewhat similar to the more specific ''[[Heinzelmännchen]]. Wichtel'' in this sense is recorded since the [[Middle Ages]]. Today, ''Wichtel'' is more often used than ''Wicht''.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

===Dutch===
The word ''wicht'' can be used to refer, to any woman, often with negative connotations. It is not used to refer to men.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

''Booswicht'' (literally evil-being) matching 'villain', can be used to describe both men and women.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

===North Germanic languages===
In Danish, the term {{lang|da|vætte}} and the Norwegian cognate {{lang|no|vette}} typically refer to supernatural beings from folklore or a lesser god, especially those that live underground or near the home, such as [[Dwarf (folklore)|dwarfs]] and [[Nisse (folklore)|nisser]].{{sfn|vætte}}{{sfn|vette}} In Swedish, {{lang|sv|vätte}} similarly typically refers to supernatural beings, often those that are small and resembling humans.{{sfn|vätte}}

==See also==
* [[Rå]], spirits that protect natural features in later Scandinavian folklore

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
===Primary===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Martin |title=A Game of Thrones |chapter=Chapter 52: Jon}}
* {{cite web |last1=Slade |first1=Benjamin |title=Beowulf |url=https://heorot.dk/beowulf-rede-text.html |website=heorot.dk |access-date=3 December 2023}}
{{refend}}

===Secondary===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Farrell |first1=Thomas J. |title=The Meanings of Middle English Wight |journal=The Chaucer Review |date=2015 |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=178–197 |doi=10.5325/chaucerrev.50.1-2.0178 |jstor=10.5325/chaucerrev.50.1-2.0178 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/chaucerrev.50.1-2.0178 |issn=0009-2002|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hines |first1=John |title=Anglo-Saxon Micro-Texts - Practical Runic Literacy in the Late Anglo-Saxon Period: Inscriptions on Lead Sheet |journal=Anglia Book Series |date=2019 |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=29–59 |doi=10.1515/9783110630961-003 |s2cid=165389048 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wilcox |first1=Jonathan |title=Mock-Riddles in Old English: Exeter Riddles 86 and 19 |journal=Studies in Philology |date=1996 |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=180–187 |jstor=4174544 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4174544 |issn=0039-3738}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62150117|title=Sins of the blood|date=2001|publisher=White Wolf Pub|others=McCoy, Angel., White Wolf Publishing. |isbn=158846217X|location=Clarkston, GA|pages=9, 17–24|oclc=62150117}}
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|BT-á-wiht}}|last1=Tichy |first1=Martin Rocek, Ondrej |title=wiht |url=https://bosworthtoller.com/002708 |website=Bosworth-Toller's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary online |access-date=2 December 2023 |language=en}}
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|BT-eall-wihta}}|last1=Tichy |first1=Martin Rocek, Ondrej |title=eall-wihta |url=https://bosworthtoller.com/8521 |website=Bosworth-Toller's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary online |access-date=2 December 2023 |language=en}}
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|BT-wiht}}|last1=Tichy |first1=Martin Rocek, Ondrej |title=wiht |url=https://bosworthtoller.com/35705 |website=Bosworth-Toller's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary online |access-date=2 December 2023 |language=en}}
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|OID-Bjargvættr}}|title=Old Icelandic Dictionary - Bjargvættr |url=https://old-icelandic.vercel.app/word/bjargvaettr |website=Old Icelandic Dictionary |access-date=30 October 2023 |language=en}}
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|OID-Landvættr}}|title=Old Icelandic Dictionary - Landvættr |url=https://old-icelandic.vercel.app/word/landvaettr |website=Old Icelandic Dictionary |access-date=30 October 2023 |language=en}}
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|CV-Vættr}}|title=Old Norse Dictionary - Vættr |url=https://cleasby-vigfusson-dictionary.vercel.app/word/vaettr |website=Cleasby & Vigfusson - Old Norse Dictionary |access-date=30 October 2023 |language=en}}
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|wight}}|title=wight |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wight |website=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |access-date=29 October 2023 |language=en |date=6 September 2023}}
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|*wihtiz}}|title=Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wihtiz |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wihtiz |website=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |access-date=29 October 2023 |language=en |date=9 April 2023}}
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|vätte}}|title=vätte {{!}} SAOB |url=https://www.saob.se/artikel/?unik=V_2235-0137.GSkB&pz=3 |website=SAOB |access-date=26 June 2024 |language=sv-SE}}
* {{cite web|ref={{SfnRef|vætte}}|url=  https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=v%C3%A6tte |title=  vætte|publisher=  Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab|access-date=June 1, 2019}}
* {{cite web|ref={{SfnRef|vette}}|url= https://snl.no/vette |title=   vette|publisher= Store norske leksikon    |access-date=June 1, 2019}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kvideland|first1=Reimund|last2=Sehmsdorf|first2= Hemming K.|title=Scandinavian folk belief and legend |date=2010 |publisher=Univ. of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=978-0816619672 |edition=10. print}}
*Reidar Th. Christiansen  (1964) ''Folktales of Norway''  (University of Chicago Press) {{ISBN|978-0226105109}}
*“Norske Folkeeventyr.” ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/topic/Norske-folkeeventyr. 
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJkQAAAAYAAJ Norske Folke-Eventyr]'' (Norwegian Folktales), by [[Peter Christen Asbjørnsen]] & [[Jørgen Engebretsen Moe]], 1843, 1844, 1871, 1876.

{{Anglo-SaxonPaganism}}
{{Norse mythology}}
{{Scandinavian folklore}}

[[Category:Anglo-Saxon paganism]]
[[Category:English legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Scandinavian folklore]]
[[Category:Corporeal undead]]