Editing Wilhelm Hoegner

{{Short description|German politician (1887–1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name          = Wilhelm Hoegner
| image         = Wilhelm Hoegner.jpg
| imagesize     =
| caption       = Wilhelm Hoegner (1947)

| office        = [[Minister President]] of [[Bavaria]]
| president     = [[Theodor Heuss]]
| chancellor    = [[Konrad Adenauer]]
| term_start    = 14 December 1954
| term_end      = 8 October 1957
| predecessor   = [[Hans Ehard]]
| successor     = [[Hanns Seidel]]

| office1        =
| term_start1    = 28 September 1945
| term_end1      = 16 December 1946
| predecessor1   = [[Fritz Schäffer]]
| successor1     = [[Hans Ehard]]

| office4       = [[Minister of Justice]] of Bavaria 
| term_start4   = 28 September 1945
| term_end4      = 20 September 1947
| predecessor4   = [[Hans Ehard]]
| successor4     = [[Josef Müller (CSU politician)|Josef Müller]]

| office3        = [[Minister of the Interior]] of Bavaria
| term_start3    = 18 December 1950
| term_end3      = 14 December 1954
| predecessor3   = [[Willi Ankermüller]]
| successor3     = August Geislhöringer

| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1887|9|23|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[Munich]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria]], [[German Empire]]
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1980|3|5|1887|9|23|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[Munich]], [[Bavaria]], [[West Germany]]
| party         = [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]]
| spouse        = {{marriage|Anna Woock|1918}}
| children      = 2
| alma_mater    = [[University of Erlangen–Nuremberg]]
| occupation    = Lawyer
| religion      =
}}

'''Wilhelm Johann Harald Hoegner''' (23 September 1887 – 5 March 1980) was the second [[Bavaria|Bavarian]] [[Minister president (Germany)|minister-president]] after [[World War II]] (1945–1946 and 1954–1957), and the father of the Bavarian constitution. He has been the only [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrat]] to hold this office since 1920.

== Early life ==
Wilhelm Hoegner was born in [[Munich]] in 1887, the son of Michael Georg Hoegner and Therese Engelhardt. Growing up in [[Burghausen, Altötting|Burghausen]], he studied law in Munich, [[Berlin]] and [[Erlangen]]. After graduation, he worked as a lawyer, then as a ''[[Staatsanwaltschaft|Staatsanwalt]]'', a state [[prosecutor]]. In 1919 he became a member of the SPD. He married Anna Woock in 1918, with whom he had two children.

== Interwar politics and exile ==
From 1924 to 1930, Hoegner was a Social Democratic member of the [[Landtag of Bavaria]]. He was involved in the investigation into Hitler's [[Beer Hall Putsch]] in 1923 and through this became part of the opposition to the [[Nazi]]s. He published, anonymously, a paper on the findings of the investigation, which is considered an important historical document due to the fact that the Nazis destroyed all official reports from the inquest after 1933.<ref>[http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/artikel/artikel_44365 Anonymous (was Wilhelm Hoegner), ''Hitler und Kahr. Die bayerischen Napoleonsgrößen von 1923, 1928''] Historisches Lexikon Bayerns. Retrieved 9 May 2008 {{in lang|de}}</ref> He actively opposed Hitler in his time as a member of the German [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] from 1930 to 1933. For this reason, he was dismissed from government service after the [[Machtergreifung|Nazi takeover]] in 1933 and had to escape to [[Austria]], and from there, in 1934, to [[Switzerland]], where he worked as a freelance writer. He was in contact there with other German refugees from the Nazis and worked with them in an organisation called ''Demokratisches Deutschland'', aimed against the Nazis.

== Postwar politics ==
Upon his return to Bavaria in June 1945, he served at the court in Munich. He became minister-president of Bavaria from 1945 to 1946, after the sudden dismissal of [[Fritz Schäffer]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024014558/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,776240,00.html?promoid=googlep "You Don't Know What You Want"] Time Magazine, 8 October 1945. Retrieved 9 May 2008</ref> also holding the post of Minister of Justice until 1947. He became known at this time as the father of the new Bavarian constitution. After losing the [[December 1946 Bavarian state election|December 1946 election]], he was replaced as Bavarian minister-president by Hans Ehard but remained as Minister of Justice. When his party decided to leave the coalition with the [[Christian Social Union of Bavaria|Christian Social Union]] (CSU), he opposed this move and temporarily lost influence within the SPD, resigning from his ministerial post. In October 1946 he served as one of two German witnesses at the execution of the war criminals sentenced to death by the [[Nuremberg Trials|International Military Tribunal]] (the Nuremberg Tribunal).<ref>[[Burton C. Andrus]], "I Was the Nuremberg Jailer" (1969)</ref>

From 1946 to 1970, he was again a member of the Bavarian [[Landtag]] (parliament), leading the SPD faction there from 1958 to 1962. He held the post of Minister of the Interior from 1950 to 1954, when Bavaria was ruled by a CSU-SPD coalition. During this time, he devoted a great deal of effort towards the reunification of the [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]] with the rest of Bavaria, but ultimately failed, as only 7.6 percent of all eligible voters in the Palatinate voted for reunification.<ref>[http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/artikel/artikel_44564 Pfalz (19./20. Jahrhundert)] Historisches Lexikon Bayerns. Retrieved 9 May 2008 {{in lang|de}}</ref>

He became minister-president of Bavaria for a second time in 1954, when he led a four-party grand coalition government until 1957. The coalition fell apart before the end of its term after the [[1957 German federal election|1957 federal elections]] and, as of 2018, Wilhelm Hoegner is still the last non-CSU minister-president of Bavaria.

He was also a member of the German [[Bundestag]] from 1961 to 1962.

While a social democrat, Hoegner was not a doctrinaire socialist, and he always preferred a common-sense approach to politics and the economy, rather than radical theories. He considered being a social democrat to be wholly compatible with Christian ethics and values—an important factor in the traditionally conservative and Catholic-dominated state of Bavaria.<ref>Anthony James Nicholls, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yy2DzmmH48AC&dq=Wilhelm+Hoegner&pg=PA251 ''Freedom with Responsibility: The Social Market Economy in Germany, 1918-1963''] Oxford University Press, p. 251. Retrieved 3 May 2010</ref>

Hoegner died, aged 92, almost blind but mentally still in full capacity, on 5 March 1980 in Munich.<ref>Hildegard Kronawitter, [http://www.hildegard-kronawitter.de/vermischtes/aufsatz_hoegner.pdf Wilhelm Hoegner] (PDF) Retrieved 9 May 2008 {{in lang|de}}</ref>

==Honours==
* Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] (1953)
* Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]] (1956)
* [[Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria|Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria]] (1957)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf | title = Reply to a parliamentary question | language = de | page=37 | access-date = 2 October 2012 }}</ref>
* Honorary doctorate at the [[University of Munich]]

==Works==
* ''Die verratene Republik'' (in German), by Wilhelm Hoegner, Munich, 1979.
* ''Der Volksbetrug der Nationalsozialisten'' (in German), by Wilhelm Hoegner
* ''Der Schwierige Außenseiter: Erinnerungen eines Abgeordneten, Emigranten und Ministerpräsidenten'' (in German), by Wilhelm Hoegner, Munich, publisher: Isar Verlag, 1959

== See also ==
* [[List of minister-presidents of Bavaria]]
* [[Walter Kolbenhoff]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* [http://rzblx2.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/blo/boslview/boslview.php?seite=372&band=1 Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg - Boisls bayrische Biography - Wilhelm Hoegner] pp.&nbsp;356–357 {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/archiv/ed_0120.pdf Institut für Zeitgeschichte - Wilhelm Hoegner] {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.bayern.de/Wilhelm-Hoegner-.264.htm  Wilhelm Hoeger biography] Official Bavarian government website {{in lang|de}}

==External links==
* {{PM20|FID=pe/007966}}

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{{succession box|
  title=[[List of Minister-Presidents of Bavaria|Minister-President of Bavaria]]|
  before=[[Fritz Schäffer]]|
  after=[[Hans Ehard]]|
  years=1945 &ndash; 1946
}}
{{succession box|
  title=[[List of Minister-Presidents of Bavaria|Minister-President of Bavaria]]|
  before=[[Hans Ehard]]|
  after=[[Hanns Seidel]]|
  years=1954 &ndash; 1957
}}
{{s-end}}
{{BavariaPMs}}
{{BavariaIntMin}}
{{Members of the 4th Bundestag}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoegner, Wilhelm}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Minister-presidents of Bavaria]]
[[Category:Ministers of the Bavaria State Government]]
[[Category:Members of the Landtag of Bavaria]]
[[Category:Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Munich]]
[[Category:Politicians from the Kingdom of Bavaria]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria]]
[[Category:Exiles from Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic]]
[[Category:German anti-communists]]