Editing William Walker (composer)

{{short description|American songwriter}}

{{other people|William Walker}}

[[Image:William Walker, American composer.jpg|thumb|William Walker]]
'''William Walker''' (May 6, 1809 – September 24, 1875) was an American [[Baptist]] song leader, [[shape note]] "[[singing school|singing master]]", and compiler of four shape note tunebooks, most notable of which are the influential ''[[Southern Harmony|The Southern Harmony]]'' and ''[[The Christian Harmony]]'', which has been in continuous use (republished 2010).

== Life ==

Walker was born in Martin's Mills (near [[Cross Keys, South Carolina|Cross Keys]]), [[South Carolina]], and grew up near [[Spartanburg, South Carolina|Spartanburg]]. From an early age he became deeply involved in music and became a song leader in the Baptist church. To distinguish him from other William Walkers in Spartanburg, he was nicknamed '''Singing Billy'''.<ref name="walker"/>

He married Amy Golightly in 1832 and they lived in Spartanburg. Her sister Thurza had married [[Benjamin Franklin White]] in 1825; while is clear that there was strife between the two brothers-in-law, there is no evidence for the claim, sometimes heard among Sacred Harp singers, that B.F. White helped Walker compile the ''Southern Harmony,'' only to be cheated of authorship rights when it was finally published.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Steel |first1=David Warren  |last2=Hulan |first2=Richard |date=2010 |title=Makers of the Sacred Harp |url=https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/89sbq9gd9780252035678.html |publisher=University of Illinois Press |pages=4–5 |isbn=978-0-252-07760-9 }}</ref> In 1842 the Whites moved from Spartanburg District, SC to [[Harris County, Georgia]], and in 1844 B. F. White, in concert with [[Elisha J. King]] published ''The [[Sacred Harp]]''.

Walker died in Spartanburg in 1875.<ref name="walker">{{cite web|url=http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/w/a/l/walker_w.htm|title=William Walker|website=www.hymntime.com|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-date=17 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117213116/http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/w/a/l/walker_w.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Walker is buried in Magnolia Cemetery, Spartanburg, Spartanburg County, South Carolina.

== Tunebooks ==

Walker learned shape note music in [[singing school]]s; it had been used by Baptist and Methodist preachers in the [[Second Great Awakening]] to help spread Christianity in the South. Because the music could be read and sung by amateurs, hymns in shape note annotation became the centerpiece of many revivals and [[camp meeting]]s on the frontier. Walker composed his first piece of music at the age of 18.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Eskew|first1=Harry|title=A Bicentennial Tribute to William Walker|journal=Choral Journal|date=2009|volume=50|issue=1|pages=55–58|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=43020175&site=eds-live&scope=site|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

In 1835, Walker published a tunebook entitled ''[[Southern Harmony|The Southern Harmony]]'', a compilation of hymns using the four-shape [[shape note]] system of notation. This collection was revised in 1840, 1847 and 1854. In 1846 he issued ''[[The Southern and Western Pocket Harmonist]]''. Intended as an appendix to the ''Southern Harmony'', the ''Pocket Harmonist'' contains numerous camp-meeting songs with their refrains.

After the Civil War, Walker published a tunebook entitled ''[[The Christian Harmony]]'' (1867), in which he adopted a seven-shape notation. He incorporated over half of the contents of ''The Southern Harmony'' into the ''Christian Harmony'', adding alto parts to those pieces which had lacked them. For the additional three shapes, Walker devised his own system - an inverted key-stone for "do", a quarter-moon for "re", and an isosceles triangle for "si" (or "ti"). Walker issued an expanded edition of ''Christian Harmony'' in 1873. In the same year, he published a collection of [[Sunday school]] songs entitled ''Fruits and Flowers.''

[[File:What Wondrous Love.jpg|thumb|left|What Wondrous Love Is This]]

== As composer ==

Walker is listed as the composer of many of the tunes in ''The Southern Harmony''. But, he acknowledged that in many cases, he borrowed his tunes, probably from the living tradition of [[folk music]] that surrounded him. Glenn C. Wilcox (references below) describes the process as follows, quoting from Walker's own introduction:<!-- to which compilation? -->

{{blockquote|to a "great many good airs (which I could not find in any publication, nor in manuscript)" he has written parts and assigned himself as composer.  This ... shows his tacit acceptance of the commonality of many of the tunes... and the probability that many had achieved the status of folk song, although he of course did not use that term.}}

In working from original tune to finished hymn, Walker borrowed lyrics from established poets such as [[Charles Wesley]] (a common practice in his tradition), who had set many of his works to music earlier. Walker added treble (upper) part and bass parts, to create three-part harmony.

{{listen
|filename=Amazing Grace (2004) - Strolling Strings - United States Air Force Band.mp3
|title="Amazing Grace" (string version)
|description=Instrumental (string) rendition of hymn tune "New Britain", commonly known as "[[Amazing Grace]]" after the most famous hymn text attached to the tune, performed by the [[United States Air Force Band]] Strolling Strings. Walker assigned the lyrics to this melody that it continues to be associated with.
|format=[[ogg]]
|filename2=Amazing Grace (USAFB brass).ogg
|title2="Amazing Grace" (brass version)
|description2=Instrumental (brass) rendition of hymn tune "New Britain" ("[[Amazing Grace]]")
|format2=[[ogg]]
}}

== Legacy ==
[[File:Grave of William Walker (composer).jpg|thumb|left|upright|William Walker's grave in [[Spartanburg]], South Carolina]]
Two of Walker's tunebooks remain in print. Facsimiles of his ''[[Southern Harmony]]'' (1854 edition) continue in use at an annual singing in [[Benton, Kentucky]]. Until 2010, Walker's ''Christian Harmony'' existed in two editions: a facsimile reprint of the 1873 edition, and a revision by O.A. Parris and John Deason first published in 1958, employing the more familiar note-shapes of [[Jesse B. Aikin]].

In 2010, a combined version of the ''Christian Harmony'', known as the ''Georgia Christian Harmony'' or the ''Christian Harmony 2010'', was published, using Aikin's shape-note system. The ''Christian Harmony 2010'' incorporated the entire contents of both the 1873 edition and the 1958 Deason-Parris edition, plus a number of new songs.

Walker's compositions and arrangements are widely sung today by [[Sacred Harp]] singers as well as others. His work is represented by 13 songs in the current 1991 "Denson" edition of ''The Sacred Harp'', and by 12 in the "Cooper" edition. According to the collated minutes kept by the Sacred Harp Musical Heritage Association,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fasola.org/minutes/|title=fasola.org - Sacred Harp and Shape Note singing|work=fasola.org|access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref> his song "Hallelujah" is sung more frequently at Sacred Harp conventions than is any other. The Walker songs are generally sung in four-part versions, with alto parts that were added by early 20th-century composers.

== Representation in other media ==
* [[Charles Faulkner Bryan]] composed the music of folk opera ''[[Singin' Billy]]'' (1952), base on a libretto by [[Donald Davidson (poet)|Donald Davidson]] and featuring Walker as the main figure. The opera incorporates five hymns from ''Southern Harmony''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Livingston|first=Carolyn|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9xZpQjI0lMC&pg=PA160|title=Charles Faulkner Bryan: His Life and Music|location=[[Knoxville, Tennessee]]|publisher=[[University of Tennessee Press]]|pages=160–162|isbn=1-57233-220-4}}</ref>
* Donald Grantham incorporated several tunes from Walker's ''[[Southern Harmony]]'' in his 1998 ''Southern Harmony'', a work for wind band.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.windrep.org/Southern_Harmony|title=Southern Harmony|work=windrep.org|access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref>
* The first ''Christian Harmony'' All-Day Singing in Europe took place on Sunday, 27 October 2013 at St Mary's Church in Primrose Hill, London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonsacredharp.bandcamp.com|title=Music - London Sacred Harp|work=London Sacred Harp|access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref> The event was hosted by the Sacred Harp Singers of London, who regularly sing from Walker's ''Christian Harmony'' (2010).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonsacredharp.org|title=London Sacred Harp|access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref> In attendance were Sacred Harp singers from the UK & Ireland, Europe, and the US.

== Notes ==

<references/>

== References ==
* Harry Eskew, "William Walker's Southern Harmony: Its Basic Editions." ''Latin American Music Review'' 7 (1986):137-48.
* ''White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands'', by George Pullen Jackson
* ''A Checklist of Four-Shape Shape-Note Tunebooks'', by Richard J. Stanislaw
* Wilcox, Glen, eds. (1987) ''The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion'' by William Walker; facsimile edition with editor's introduction. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

== Further reading ==
* Eskew, Harry. "A Bicentennial Tribute to William Walker." ''[[Choral Journal]]''. August 2009. Vol. 50 Issue 1. pages 55–58. Accessible on [[EBSCOHost]]

== External links ==
* {{IMSLP|id=Walker, William|cname=William Walker}}
* [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/walker/harmony/files/harmony.html Southern Harmony online edition]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walker, William}}
[[Category:1809 births]]
[[Category:1875 deaths]]
[[Category:American male composers]]
[[Category:American Christian hymnwriters]]
[[Category:Hymnal editors]]
[[Category:American music publishers (people)]]
[[Category:People from Union County, South Carolina]]
[[Category:Sacred Harp]]
[[Category:Shape note]]
[[Category:Southern Baptists]]
[[Category:19th-century Baptists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Spartanburg, South Carolina]]
[[Category:19th-century American composers]]
[[Category:Songwriters from South Carolina]]
[[Category:19th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:19th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:American male songwriters]]