Editing Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name            = Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin
|settlement_type          = [[Administrative divisions of Wisconsin|City]]
|nickname                 = 
|motto                    = 
<!-- Images --------------->
|image_skyline            = Wood County Courthouse, Wisconsin.jpg
|imagesize                = 275px
|image_caption            = Wood County Courthouse
|image_flag               = 
|image_seal               = 
<!-- Maps ----------------->
|image_map                = Wood County Wisconsin Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Wisconsin Rapids Highlighted.svg
|mapsize                  = 250px
|map_caption              = Location of Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin
|image_map1               = 
|mapsize1                 = 
|map_caption1             = 
|pushpin_map              = Wisconsin#USA
|pushpin_map_caption      = Location within Wisconsin##Location within the United States
|pushpin_relief           = 1
|pushpin_label            = Wisconsin Rapids
<!-- Location ------------->
|subdivision_type         = Country
|subdivision_name         = United States
|subdivision_type1        = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[Wisconsin]]
|subdivision_type2        = [[List of counties in Wisconsin|County]]
|subdivision_name2        = [[Wood County, Wisconsin|Wood]]
<!-- Government ----------->
|government_footnotes     = 
|government_type          = 
|leader_title             = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name              = Matt Zacher
|leader_title1            = 
|leader_name1             = 
|established_title        = Founded
|established_date         = 1900
|established_title1       = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
|established_date1        = April 6, 1868
<!-- Area ----------------->
|unit_pref                = Imperial
|area_footnotes           = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2024">{{cite web|title=2024 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_55.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=December 9, 2024}}</ref>
|area_magnitude           = 
|area_total_km2           = 38.319
|area_land_km2            = 36.005
|area_water_km2           = 2.314
|area_total_sq_mi         = 14.795
|area_land_sq_mi          = 13.902
|area_water_sq_mi         = 0.893
<!-- Population ----------->
|population_as_of         = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
|population_est           = 18670
|pop_est_as_of            = 2023
|pop_est_footnotes        = <ref name="USCensusEst2023"/>
|population_footnotes     = <ref name="2020 Census (City)"/>
|population_total         = 18877
|population_density_km2   = 518.81
|population_density_sq_mi = 1343.69
|population_urban         = 29550<ref name="urban area">{{cite web|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/12/29/2022-28286/2020-census-qualifying-urban-areas-and-final-criteria-clarifications|title=2020 Census Qualifying Urban Areas and Final Criteria Clarifications|publisher=United States Census Bureau|website=Federal Register|date=December 29, 2022}}</ref>
|population_metro         = 73939
<!-- General information -->
|timezone                 = [[Central Time Zone|Central (CST)]]
|utc_offset               = –6
|timezone_DST             = CDT
|utc_offset_DST           = –5
|elevation_footnotes      = <ref name=gnis/>
|elevation_m              = 313
|elevation_ft             = 1027
|coordinates              = {{coord|44|23|0.87|N|89|49|2.45|W|region:US-WI_type:city|display=inline}}
|postal_code_type         = [[ZIP Code]]s
|postal_code              = 54494, 54495
|area_code                = [[Area codes 715 and 534|715 and 534]]
|blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info               = 55-88200
|blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info              = 1576906<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1576906}}</ref>
|website                  = {{URL|https://www.wirapids.org/|wirapids.org}}
|footnotes                = 
}}

'''Wisconsin Rapids''' is a city in and the [[county seat]] of [[Wood County, Wisconsin]], United States, along the [[Wisconsin River]].<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> The population was 18,877 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web|title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Wisconsin_Rapids_city,_Wisconsin?g=160XX00US5588200 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 9, 2024}}</ref> It is a principal city of the [[Marshfield, Wisconsin|Marshfield]]–Wisconsin Rapids [[micropolitan statistical area]], which includes all of Wood County and had a population of 74,207 in 2020.

The city was established in the late 1830s as the series of rapids along the Wisconsin River provided good sites for water-driven sawmills, and nearby forests held pine lumber to be sawed and floated down the river. After the lumber dwindled, the waterpower drove electric generators and various other enterprises–particularly paper mills.<ref name=Consolidation/>

==History==
===Establishment===
The [[Menominee]] claimed the big rapids in the forest prior to European settlement, with [[Ojibwe]] and [[Ho-Chunk]] lands nearby.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tribal Lands Map|url=https://wisconsinfirstnations.org/map/|publisher=Wisconsin First Nations|access-date=June 20, 2024}}</ref> They called the place "Ah-dah-wah-gam" meaning "Two-sided Rapids" because the rapids were split by a large chunk of rock.<ref name=Jones>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=George O.|title=History of Wood CountyWisconsin|year=1923|publisher=H. C. Cooper Jr. & Co.|location=Minneapolis – Winona|url=http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/wch&CISOPTR=39243&REC=2|author2=Norman S. McVean|display-authors=etal}}</ref>{{rp|page=126}} In 1836, the Menominee ceded this land, along with more land to the east, to the U.S. in the [[Treaty of the Cedars]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kellogg|first=Louise Phelps|title=The Menominee Treaty at the Cedars, 1836|journal=Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters|date=1931|volume=XXVI|url=https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/A2XKL2FBIYE2W28E/pages/AMMYLVROU2BXT686?view=one|access-date=June 20, 2024}}</ref> This particular land cession was a strip spanning three miles on either side of the Wisconsin River, starting at [[Point Basse]] and reaching {{convert|48|mi}} upstream to Big Bull Falls – the future site of [[Wausau, Wisconsin|Wausau]]. The U.S. negotiators pressed the Menominee for this strip before the surrounding lands because it held prime pine timber and was within easy reach of the river.<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Alice|title=The History of Wisconsin - From Exploration to Statehood|date=1985|publisher=State Historical Society of Wisconsin|location=Madison|isbn=0-87020-122-0|page=145}}</ref> 

In 1832, [[Daniel Whitney (entrepreneur)|Daniel Whitney]] had built a sawmill {{convert|10|mi}} downstream, across from modern [[Nekoosa, Wisconsin|Nekoosa]].<ref name=Pioneers>{{cite book|last=Rosholt|first=Malcolm|title=Pioneers of the Pinery|date=1979|publisher=Rosholt House|url=https://content.mpl.org/digital/collection/mcml/id/4863/rec/4|access-date=June 21, 2024}}</ref>{{rp|pages=14-15}} Whitney's operation demonstrated the feasibility of rafting lumber to markets downstream. When the treaty of 1836 made the strip along the Wisconsin River available, lumbermen rushed in exploring for mill sites,<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|page=56}} and by 1839 (when Wisconsin was still a [[Wisconsin Territory|territory]]) two water-powered sawmills were running at the future Wisconsin Rapids, when a surveyor described the site as a "succession of rapids & chutes called the Grand Rapids", with two "extensive lumbering establishments thereon owned by Bloomer, Chamberlain, Adams, Strong, Hill & others, now in operation."<ref name=Pioneers/>{{rp|page=32}}

The first house in Rapids was a small log cabin built by H. McCutcheon, a cook for Strong and Bloomer's mill. The second came soon after when Nelson Strong built a frame house for himself with boards sawed at his mill - the first frame house in Rapids, built in 1838. Rapids' first church services were conducted by visiting Catholic priests in 1837. In 1842 a Methodist missionary J.S. Hurlburt began ministering too, visiting homes by foot or horseback.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|page=127}} He also started a primary school in a log cabin in the early 1840s.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|page=159}} The first hotel came in 1843 and the first blacksmith shop in 1844. A post office named Grand Rapids opened in 1845, with mail carried in once a week.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|page=127}} Pioneer J.L. Cotey later wrote an account of the early sawmill town as it stood in 1846. He described a community of "130 males and 17 females," with businesses along a slough crossed by a temporary slab bridge, frame homes and log houses and barns, picturesque pine trees, a sawmill with two up-and-down saws, boarding houses and saloons for the workers at the mills, and a stopping place for loggers headed upstream. Across the river on the west side was another sawmill, three frame houses for the men who worked in the sawmill, two shingle shanties, and a block house. At that time supplies were hauled overland to Rapids by ox and wagon from [[Galena, Illinois|Galena]], which took three weeks.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|pages=128-131}} (The Jones reference gives Cotey's full account.)

The business of this ramshackle wilderness outpost was lumber. In the 6-mile strip along the river, lumberjacks working from winter logging camps felled the prized pine trees. They limbed the trees and cut them into 12 to 18-foot logs, then skidded the logs with oxen and horses to rivers and stream banks where they were stored until spring. During spring floods the [[Log driving|logs were driven]] downstream,<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|page=47-48}} and, if all went well, captured in [[Log boom|booms]] of the sawmills at Grand Rapids. The sawmills pulled the logs in and sawed them into boards.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cleveland|first=A.J.|title=Bird's Eye View of the City of Grand Rapids, Wood Co. Wis 1874|url=https://www.mcmillanlibrary.org/birds-eye-view-city-grand-rapids-wood-co-wis-1874|website=McMillan Public Library|access-date=June 23, 2024|date=1874}}</ref> Some of the boards went into drying piles for local use, but the majority were destined for distant markets like [[Portage, Wisconsin|Portage]], [[Dubuque]], and [[St. Louis]]. These were stacked along the river, then bound into 16 by 16-foot "cribs" of boards. When the river was running well (generally spring) six or seven of these cribs were joined into a "rapids piece" - a 100-foot long, flexible raft suited to running the rocky rapids of the upper Wisconsin River. Of those rapids, Grand Rapids was one of the most dangerous. Before today's placid, flat reservoir, the river surged through a series of rapids a mile long, and rafts had to run when the water was high. In early years that passage was aided by [[wing dam]]s to focus the current; in later years dams across the river provided chutes for the rafts to plunge down, with spectators watching from the bank. The rafts that succeeded in passing the rapids regrouped at Point Basse and joined three of the rapids-piece rafts side by side into a "Wisconsin raft" for the rest of the Wisconsin River, which was less turbulent. Then at the Mississippi the Wisconsin rafts were joined into huge "Mississippi rafts" for the final leg to Dubuque or St. Louis.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Glover|first=W.H.|title=Lumber Rafting on the Wisconsin River|journal=Wisconsin Magazine of History|date=December 1941|volume=25|issue=2|pages=155–170|url=https://content.wisconsinhistory.org/digital/collection/wmh/id/13224/rec/331|access-date=June 22, 2024}}</ref>

In 1848 another treaty with Indians opened most of northern Wisconsin to loggers and settlers, which allowed access to much more timber outside the three-mile strip along the river.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|page=56}}  In 1856 Grand Rapids became the county seat of the new Wood County when it was split out of [[Portage County, Wisconsin|Portage County]].<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|page=133}} The town was growing. A promotional booklet in 1857 reported Grand Rapids' population at about 1,000. It reported eight sawmills from Grand Rapids down to Point Basse, plus six steam-powered mills - all producing 19 million board feet of lumber per year, plus around 42 million shingles. Rapids consisted of 187 buildings including homes and a Catholic church, two public schools, a drug store, five general stores, six variety stores, five taverns (probably meaning inns), two saloons, two lawyers, three blacksmiths, two carpenter shops, two shoe shops, a wagonmakers' shop, two tailors, a cabinet maker, a bakery, two lawyers and two doctors.<ref name=Engel>{{cite book|last=Engel|first=Dave|title=River City Memoirs|date=1985|publisher=South Wood County Historical Society|url=http://www.swch-museum.com/publications/works-by-dave-engel/river-city-memoirs-1983/|access-date=June 24, 2024}}</ref>{{rp|page=15}} In 1857 the first newspaper began publication - the ''Wood County Reporter''.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|page=149}} Mrs. Clarice Arpin later gave her impression of the town when she arrived about 1859: "a rough lumbering town, filled with lumberjacks who engaged in many drunken brawls, and Indians, who when they had an over-supply of firewater yelled and danced in the middle of the streets."<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|page=136}}

The first plat of part of the Rapids had been made in 1847, with others following.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|pages=132-133}} Growth slowed during the [[American Civil War]], when some of the workers left to fight in the [[Union Army]]. A bad flood in 1864 and a fire in the business district in 1865 were other setbacks.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|page=134,141}} In 1869 Grand Rapids incorporated as a city. Its first order of business was to require a license to sell liquor. Shortly after, city officials were elected, including Dr. G.F. Witter to "doctor city poor for the sum of $75 per year." A ban on selling liquor on Sunday was passed, and a ban on running hogs loose in the city.<ref name=Engel/>{{rp|page=16}}

Centralia, a somewhat separate community on the west side of the river, had been developing too. George Kline Sr. had built a sawmill there around 1839. By 1855 Centralia had two sawmills, a [[gristmill]], a general store, a tavern, and houses and shacks.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|page=138}} In the 1850s a ferry carried people across the river between Centralia and Grand Rapids. In the 1860s a wooden bridge was added across the river.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|pages=137,143}} A "town of Centralia" was formalized in 1856, perhaps to avoid annexation by Grand Rapids. In 1874 Centralia was incorporated as a city.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|page=140}}

===Late 19th century===
The railroad boom burst upon Rapids in the 1870s. In 1870 the nearest railroad was at [[New Lisbon, Wisconsin|New Lisbon]], with mail carried from there daily by evening stage. In 1872 the [[Green Bay and Lake Pepin Railroad]] reached Rapids itself, heading west. In 1873 the Wisconsin Valley Railway arrived from [[Tomah, Wisconsin|Tomah]]. The Port Edwards, Centralia & Northern was built by local interests in 1890, and the [[Chicago and North Western Transportation Company|Chicago & Northwestern]] line to Marshfield in 1901.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|page=135}}

With the arrival of the railroads, the transport of lumber from the area began to shift from the unpredictable and dangerous river to more reliable railcars, which could carry the lumber in more directions than downstream. The last rafts of lumber passed through in 1888, from the sawmill at [[Biron, Wisconsin|Biron]] heading downriver for St. Louis.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|page=52}}

In June of 1880 an unusually high flood of the river forced many businesses to evacuate their stock to higher ground, and in some cases tie buildings down with ropes. Nevertheless, several buildings were swept into the river and one hardware store partner drowned while trying to save his goods.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|pages=142-143}} By that year Grand Rapids had 1,367 people and Centralia 800. As pine timber ran out in the vicinity of Grand Rapids, manufacturers took root in Centralia. Around 1880, the big ones were Robb's machine shops, Mackinnon & Griffith's [[Wheel#Hub|hub and spoke]] factory, Wharton Brothers' [[planing mill]], Haertel's chair factory, Bremmer's machine shop and [[foundry]], a flouring mill, Moore's wagon works, and Lyon Bros. [[Wood shingle|shingle]] works. In 1887 the first [[Pulp (paper)|pulp]] mill was built, which would develop into Centralia Pulp and Paper.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|pages=140-141}}

Paper-making was a big new industry for Rapids. Paper had been made over in the Fox River valley for decades, but not on the Wisconsin River.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paper Industry in Wisconsin|url=https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2055|publisher=Wisconsin Historical Society|access-date=June 27, 2024}}</ref> Around 1885 some of the mills at Rapids - formerly sawmills and gristmills - began converting to pulp-grinding and paper-making.<ref>{{cite web|last=Taylor|first=Tom|title=Chronological Sketch - Part 2, 1883-1924|url=https://www.mcmillanlibrary.org/chronological-sketch-0|publisher=McMillan Memorial Library|access-date=June 27, 2024}}</ref> By 1902, after many acquisitions, J.D. Witter and Nels Johnson had organized the many mills and water rights under one corporation - [[Consolidated Papers, Inc.|Consolidated Water Power Company]].<ref name=Consolidation>{{cite book|last=Engel|first=Dave|title=The Age of Paper - Consolidation of the Water Power at Wisconsin Rapids 1886-1904|date=1986|isbn=0-910122-89-X|pages=46–66|publisher=South Wood County Historical Corporation |url=http://www.swch-museum.com/publications/works-by-dave-engel/age-of-paper-1986/|access-date=June 28, 2024}}</ref> They decided to focus their resources on paper-making. The founders both died shortly after, leaving Witter's son-in-law George Mead to manage the new enterprise. The main plant began with 14 pulp-grinders and two [[papermaking]] machines, producing 50 tons of paper per day.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|pages=153-155}}

[[File:John_B_Arpin_House_in_Wisconsin_Rapids.jpg|thumb|John B. Arpin house, 1890]]
Other diversification of the industrial base away from lumber occurred from 1880 to 1920, including the Grand Rapids Brick Company, the Grand Rapids Foundry Co., Wisconsin Ice Machine Co., Prentiss-Wabers Stove Co., Oberback Brothers furniture company, Badger Box & Lumber, Grand Rapids Brewing, Samson Canning, Citizens Factory Company (a pickling [[Farmers' co-op|co-op]]), Blommer Ice Cream, and Chambers [[Creamery]]. These last four resulted from farmers settling in the surrounding cut-over lands, which were also transitioning from the logging era.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|pages=151-156}}

Modern public services began to take shape around the turn of the century. Fire departments were formalized in Centralia in 1887 and in Rapids the following year. At this time that meant a hook-and-ladder, a chemical fire suppression apparatus, and a steam pumping engine. The T.B. Scott Library was started in 1889 with a donation from one of the city's pioneers. In 1890 John Arpin installed an electric [[dynamo]] in his home - the first electric service in Rapids. In 1894 Mack and Spencer added a generator at their dam which offered electricity to the public. The Wood County Telephone Company was a member-owned cooperative started in 1895.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|pages=145-151}} 

===20th century to present===
In 1900 the cities of Grand Rapids and Centralia merged into one city named Grand Rapids. Prior to the merger, Grand Rapids had a population of 1,702 and Centralia 1,425.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|pages=143-144}} The name of the merged city was changed in 1920 to ''Wisconsin Rapids'', after years of mail and other goods being misdirected to the much better known [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The City of Wisconsin Rapids Official Website |url=https://www.wirapids.org/ |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=City of Wisconsin Rapids |language=en}}</ref> In 1904 a small purpose-built hospital opened, to take over from the previous location over the Otto drug store; it was replaced in 1916 by the first Riverside Hospital - a 30-bed brick facility.<ref name=Engel1/>{{rp|pages=52-53}} Parks along the river began development with Lyon Park in 1909. The same year, a private "street railroad" company was organized, which ran a street car line eight miles from the west side of Rapids down to [[Port Edwards, Wisconsin|Port Edwards]] and [[Nekoosa, Wisconsin|Nekoosa]]. To lure riders, it built a dance pavilion north of Nekoosa. A municipal pool was built in 1913, pushed by John Arpin in response to regular drownings of swimmers in the river.<ref name=Jones/>{{rp|pages=145-151}}

The city added an airport in 1928.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taylor |first1=T.A. |title=Chronological Sketch - Part 3 (1925-1939) |url=https://www.mcmillanlibrary.org/chronological-sketch-1 |publisher=McMillan Memorial Library |access-date=June 27, 2024}}</ref> During the [[Great Depression]], Consolidated Papers reduced its work week to four days to share existing work across more workers and avoid layoffs. Consolidated also began producing coated papers more efficiently, with their output used to print [[Life (magazine)|Life Magazine]].<ref name=Bruener>{{cite web|last1=Bruener|first1=Alison|last2=Engel|first2=Dave|title=What Next for River City?|url=http://www.swch-museum.com/the-end-of-an-era/|publisher=South Wood County Historical Museum|access-date=June 28, 2024}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], many locals volunteered to fight overseas, and some died. Back in Rapids, people grew [[victory garden]]s, collected scrap metal for the war effort, and rationed coffee and petroleum. Consolidated adapted to manufacture plastic aircraft materials, and Harvard Clothing made coats for the army.<ref name=Engel1>{{cite book|last=Engel|first=Dave|title=River City Memoirs|date=1983|publisher=South Wood County Historical Corp.|location=Wisconsin Rapids|isbn=0-910122-68-7|url=http://www.swch-museum.com/publications/works-by-dave-engel/river-city-memoirs-1983/|access-date=June 27, 2024}}</ref>{{rp|pages=40,56}}

In the 1970s corner groceries were disappearing, replaced by supermarkets. A number of old properties on the west side were torn down and replaced with the new Rapids Mall. The Riverview Expressway was built.<ref name=Engel1/>{{rp|page=41,58}}

In the 1980s, Consolidated was the largest producer of enamel papers in the world and a Fortune 500 company.<ref name=Bruener/> But after those glory years, paper use dropped as TV and computer screens replaced magazines and newspapers. Starting in 2000, Consolidated was bought and then sold by outside companies that eventually filed for bankruptcy, leading to closure of the mill in Rapids in 2020.<ref name=Shuda>{{cite news|last=Shuda|first=Caitlin|title=Shutdown in a Paper Town - Unfolding 126 years of history at Wisconsin Rapids paper mill|url=https://www.wisconsinrapidstribune.com/in-depth/money/2020/09/22/wisconsin-rapids-paper-mill-unfolding-126-years-history-consolidated-papers-verso/3401093001/|access-date=June 28, 2024|publisher=Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune|date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> Remaining large employers are Riverview Hospital and [[Renaissance Learning]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Wood County Economic Profile 2024 |url=https://www.ncwrpc.org/wood-county-economic-profile-2024/ |publisher=North Central Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission |access-date=June 28, 2024}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Wisconsin Rapids dam on the Wisconsin River.jpg|thumb|Wisconsin Rapids dam on the Wisconsin River]]

Wisconsin Rapids is located at {{coord|44|23|0.87|N|89|49|2.45|W|type:city}} (44.3835763, -89.8173466).<ref name=gnis/>

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|14.795|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which, {{convert|13.902|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|0.893|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2024"/>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1870= 1115
|1880= 1350
|1890= 1702
|1900= 4493
|1910= 6521
|1920= 7243
|1930= 8726
|1940= 11416
|1950= 13496
|1960= 15042
|1970= 18587
|1980= 17995
|1990= 18245
|2000= 18435
|2010= 18367
|2020= 18877
|estyear=2023
|estimate=18670
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |date=December 9, 2024|title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2023|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=December 9, 2024}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref><br>2020 Census<ref name="2020 Census (City)"/>
}}

As of the 2022 [[American Community Survey]], there are 8,527 estimated households in Wisconsin Rapids with an average of 2.15 persons per household. The city has a median household income of $51,186. Approximately 14.3% of the city's population lives at or below the [[Poverty in the United States|poverty line]]. Wisconsin Rapids has an estimated 63.2% employment rate, with 16.3% of the population holding a bachelor's degree or higher and 91.4% holding a high school diploma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Wisconsin Rapids city, Wisconsin|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/marshfieldcitywisconsin/PST045223|access-date=December 9, 2024|website=www.census.gov|language=en}}</ref>

The top five reported ancestries (people were allowed to report up to two ancestries, thus the figures will generally add to more than 100%) were English (95.0%), Spanish (0.9%), Indo-European (0.6%), Asian and Pacific Islander (3.5%), and Other (0.0%).

The median age in the city was 38.3 years.

===2020 census===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin – racial and ethnic composition'''<br><small>{{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}</small>
! Race / ethnicity <small>(''NH = non-Hispanic'')</small>
! Pop. 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Wisconsin Rapids city, Wisconsin|url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALSF12000.P004?g=160XX00US5588200|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 9, 2024}}</ref>
! Pop. 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Wisconsin Rapids city, Wisconsin|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US5588200&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 9, 2024}}</ref>
! {{partial|Pop. 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Wisconsin Rapids city, Wisconsin|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US5588200&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 9, 2024}}</ref>
! % 2000
! % 2010
! {{partial|% 2020}}
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]] alone (NH)
| 17,195
| 16,646
| style='background: #ffffe6; |16,184
| 93.27%
| 90.63%
| style='background: #ffffe6; |85.73%
|-
| [[African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
| 63
| 132
| style='background: #ffffe6; |235
| 0.34%
| 0.72%
| style='background: #ffffe6; |1.24%
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
| 141
| 164
| style='background: #ffffe6; |147
| 0.76%
| 0.89%
| style='background: #ffffe6; |0.78%
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
| 638
| 664
| style='background: #ffffe6; |661
| 3.46%
| 3.62%
| style='background: #ffffe6; |3.50%
|-
| [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
| 2
| 3
| style='background: #ffffe6; |5
| 0.01%
| 0.02%
| style='background: #ffffe6; |0.03%
|-
| [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Other race]] alone (NH)
| 7
| 13
| style='background: #ffffe6; |55
| 0.04%
| 0.07%
| style='background: #ffffe6; |0.29%
|-
| [[Multiracial Americans|Mixed race or multiracial]] (NH)
| 147
| 210
| style='background: #ffffe6; |723
| 0.80%
| 1.14%
| style='background: #ffffe6; |3.83%
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
| 242
| 535
| style='background: #ffffe6; |867
| 1.31%
| 2.91%
| style='background: #ffffe6; |4.59%
|-
| '''Total'''
| '''18,435'''
| '''18,367'''
| style='background: #ffffe6; |'''18,877'''
| '''100.00%'''
| '''100.00%'''
| style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%'''
|}
As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], there were 18,877 people, 8,655 households, and 4,465 families residing in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Census Bureau, Table P16: Household Type |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=Wisconsin%20Rapids%20city,%20Wisconsin%20p16&y=2020 |access-date=December 9, 2024 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> The [[population density]] was {{convert|1360.2|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 9,265 housing units at an average density of {{convert|667.6|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 87.38% [[White (U.S. census)|White]], 1.37% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.93% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 3.52% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.03% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.47% from some other races and 5.30% from two or more races. [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] people of any race were 4.59% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How many people live in Wisconsin Rapids city, Wisconsin |url=https://data.usatoday.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/wisconsin-rapids-city-wisconsin/160-5588200/ |access-date=December 9, 2024 |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> 22.3% of residents were under the age of 18, 5.2% were under 5 years of age, and 19.7% were 65 and older. The gender makeup of the city was 45.3% male and 54.7% female.

===2010 census===
As of the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]], there were 18,367 people, 8,296 households, and 4,626 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|1328.7|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 8,972 housing units at an average density of {{convert|649.2|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was % [[White (U.S. census)|White]], % [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], % [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], % [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], % [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], % from some other races and % from two or more races. [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] people of any race were 2.91% of the population.

The racial makeup of the city was 92.2% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.7% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 1.0% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 3.7% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.9% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.5% from two or more races.

There were 8,296 households, of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.1% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.2% were non-families. 38.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.87.

The median age in the city was 41.1 years. 22.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.3% were from 25 to 44; 25.5% were from 45 to 64; and 19.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.8% male and 52.2% female.

===2000 census===
As of the [[2000 United States census|2000 census]], there were 18,435 people, 7,970 households, and 4,782 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|1390.0|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 8,426 housing units at an average density of {{convert|635.3|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 94.04% [[White (U.S. census)|White]], 0.34% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.80% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 3.46% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.02% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.37% from some other races and % from two or more races. [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] people of any race were 1.31% of the population.

There were 7,970 households, out of which 28.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.0% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $34,956, and the median income for a family was $43,594. Males had a median income of $36,098 versus $22,466 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $17,723. About 7.0% of families and 9.1% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 12.5% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.

==Economy==
[[File:Wisconsin Rapids paper plant.jpg|thumb|Wisconsin Rapids [[paper mill]]]]

Known for its [[Pulp and paper industry|papermaking]] history, Wisconsin Rapids is also an important location for the [[cranberry]] industry. Wisconsin Rapids is the corporate home of the international educational software company, [[Renaissance Learning]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lawder |first1=Melanie |title=Renaissance Learning benefits from central location |url=https://www.wisconsinrapidstribune.com/story/money/companies/pride/2014/09/23/renaissance-learning-wisconsin-rapids-accelerated-reader/16115167/ |access-date=July 18, 2023 |publisher=Wisconsin Rapids Tribune |date=September 23, 2014}}</ref>

From its founding in 1894, Wisconsin Rapids was home to the corporate headquarters of [[Consolidated Papers, Inc.|Consolidated Papers, Inc]], which was acquired by the Finnish company [[Stora Enso]] in early-2000.<ref>[http://www.thestreet.com/story/887644/1/stora-enso-to-purchase-consolidated-papers.html "Stora Enso to Purchase Consolidated Papers"]. The Street. Retrieved March 26, 2016</ref> In 2007, [[NewPage]] acquired the paper production facility.<ref>[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/newpage-to-acquire-stora-enso-north-america-58169737.html "NewPage to Acquire Stora Enso North America"]. PR Newswire. Retrieved August 9, 2016</ref> In 2015, [[Verso Corporation]] acquired the mill.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wisconsinrapidstribune.com/story/news/local/2015/01/07/newpage-verso-merger-now-complete/21395663/|title=NewPage-Verso merger now complete|date=January 7, 2015|work=Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune|access-date=March 20, 2019}}</ref> Verso continued its presence in the area with a [[paper mill]] that houses two [[paper machine]]s and a [[Kraft process|kraft]] [[pulp mill]]. In June 2020, Verso announced the closing of their paper mill for at least two months, with the resulting loss of 900 jobs.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kendall|first=Peter|date=July 30, 2020|title=Pandemic kills off century-old paper plant, and a region reels|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/07/30/wisconsin-paper-mill-shutdown-coronavirus/|access-date=July 31, 2020|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en}}</ref> After being closed for 2 years, [[Billerud]] (also known as BillerudKorsnäs) acquired with Verso in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BillerudKorsnäs completes acquisition of Verso |url=https://www.billerud.com/press--news/press-releases/2022/billerudkorsnas-completes-acquisition-of-verso |access-date=October 28, 2023 |website=Billerud |language=en}}</ref> Since the closing in 2020, the only use of the property has been a lease with Sonoco, another paper manufacturer, which operates in a secondary building of the plant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Dominique |date=July 21, 2023 |title=Wisconsin Rapids holds meeting to discuss future of its paper mill |url=https://www.wsaw.com/2023/07/21/wisconsin-rapids-holds-meeting-discuss-future-its-paper-mill/ |access-date=October 28, 2023 |website= |language=}}</ref>

==Arts and culture==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2020}}

There are three museums, the South Wood County Historical Corporation Museum, the Alexander House, and the Wisconsin River Paper Making Museum, all of which are housed in historical family homes. The South Wood County Historical Corporation Museum houses multiple exhibits covering the history of the South Wood County area. The building is the former Witter family home, Shadowlawn. The Alexander House is a museum to the history of the Nekoosa Edwards Paper Company (NEPCO) and also hosts art exhibitions. The building is the former home of the Alexander Family, which ran the Nekoosa Edwards Paper Company.

There is a [[prairie chicken]] sanctuary at the Buena Vista Wildlife Reservation, and every year the Prairie Chicken Festival is held. The Souper Snow Sculpture Spectacular that takes place every February is one of the largest [[snow sculpture]] competitions in the country by numbers of sculptures. The FRM Music Festival happens every June, as does the Cranberry Blossom Festival. The Grand Affair Arts Festival takes place in September of each year.

==Parks and recreation==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2020}}
[[File:Wisconsin Rapids baseball field for Northwoods League.jpg|thumb|[[Witter Field]] is home to the [[Wisconsin Rapids Rafters]] of the [[Northwoods League]]]]

Wisconsin Rapids has several local parks, including Robinson Park, Gaynor Park, and Lyon Park. There is also a skate park. The state water-skiing championships are held at Lake Wazeecha every year and the national BMX Bandit cycling championships are held at the Central Wisconsin BMX [[velodrome]]. The state  boys and girls cross country championships have been held in Wisconsin Rapids since 1988 with the exception of 2020.<ref>https://www.wiaawi.org/Sports/Fall/Boys-Cross-Country/State-Results-Archive#:~:text=The%20WIAA%20goes%20back%20to,the%20finish%20line%20that%20season.</ref> 

The Wisconsin Rapids Aquatic Center opened in July 2020 and features several pools and other recreational facilities including a tennis court, [[pickleball]] courts, an adventure playground, ice-skating rink, and splash pad.

There is a municipal zoo which is free to enter and operated during the summer only.

The Wisconsin Rapids Riverkings are a hockey team that is a member of the [[United States Premier Hockey League]] and won the Midwest Elite Championship in the 2016–2017 season. The Riverkings currently play their home games at the South Wood County Recreation Center. The [[Wisconsin Rapids Rafters]] are a collegiate summer baseball team formed in 2010 who are a member of the [[Northwoods League]]. The Rafters won the league championship in 2016. They currently play their home games at [[Witter Field]].

==Education==
[[File:Lincoln High School Wisconsin Rapids 2019.jpg|thumb|Lincoln High School]]
[[File:Wisconsin Rapids High School athletic fields.jpg|thumb|Lincoln High School athletic fields]]

Wisconsin Rapids is served by Wisconsin Rapids Public Schools. Lincoln High School is the local public high school, serving grades 9 through 12. [[Assumption High School (Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin)|Assumption High School]] is a private Catholic high school. River Cities High School is an alternative to the local high schools. The city has two middle schools, Wisconsin Rapids Area Middle School (grades 6–8) and Central Oaks (Virtual) Academy (6–8). East Junior High was a junior high school for grades 8–9 before it closed after the 2017–2018 school year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wisconsinrapidstribune.com/story/news/2018/05/17/wisconsin-rapids-schools-east-junior-high-vesper-school-close/587376002/|title=Wisconsin Rapids School District says no plans for East Junior High, Vesper buildings|work=Daily Tribune Media|access-date=October 28, 2018|language=en}}</ref>

Immanuel Lutheran School (4K-8th grade) is a Missouri Synod lutheran school that has won multiple national education awards. Good Shepherd Lutheran School<ref>{{cite web|title=About|url=http://school.1goodshepherd.org/about/}}</ref> (1–8th grade) and St. Paul's Lutheran School<ref>{{cite web|title=Our School at a Glance|url=http://www.stpaulswr.org/page/180007335/180027265/Our-School-at-a-Glance}}</ref> (3K–8th grade) are two grade schools of the [[Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod]] in Wisconsin Rapids.

[[Mid-State Technical College]], which has a campus in the city, offers vocational diplomas, and [[Lakeland University]] offers qualifications in academic subjects.

[[McMillan Memorial Library]] serves Wisconsin Rapids and southern Wood County. McMillan was a Finalist for the 2019 [[National Medal for Museum and Library Service]].

==Media==
Both the ''[[Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune]]'', a daily newspaper founded in 1920, and the ''Wisconsin Rapids City-Times'', a daily [[online newspaper]] launched in 2013, serve the community. ''WRCM'' is a [[public, educational, and government access]] (PEG) broadcast on [[cable TV]].

Radio stations based in Wisconsin Rapids include:
* ''[[WFHR]]'' 1320 kHz, News/talk Radio – Established November 1940 – Originally broadcasting at 1340 kHz
* ''Country Legends 24/7'' 105.5Mhz [[WIRI (FM)|WIRI]] – 1980s, 1990s, and contemporary. Established as KZZA in 2003, later WRCW.
* ''Hot 96-7'' 96.7Mhz [[WHTQ]] [[Top 40]] – Established as WYTE in 1985, later WLJY
* ''[[WIFC]]'' 95.5Mhz – CHR – Established 1969 – Formerly WSAU-FM
* ''[[WDEZ]]'' 101.9Mhz [[country music|Country & western]] – Established as WRIG-FM in 1964
* ''Y106.5'' 106.5Mhz [[WYTE]] – Contemporary Country & Western – Established as WDLB-FM in 1965
* ''[[WGLX]]'' 103.3Mhz [[WGLX-FM]] – Classic Rock – Established as WFHR-FM in 1946, later WWRW.
* ''[[WSPT]]'' 97.9Mhz [[WSPT-FM]] – Greatest Hits – Established 1961.
* ''Wisconsin Public Radio'' 89.1 MHz [[WHAA]] – News, current affairs, and arts programming. Part of the [[Wisconsin Public Radio]] network, established locally 2007.

==Transportation==
[[File:WisconsinRiverWisconsinRapidsWIS54WIS13.jpg|thumb|[[Wisconsin Highway 13]] / [[Wisconsin Highway 54|54]] bridge over the [[Wisconsin River]]]]

The [[South Wood County Airport]] (IATA: ISW, ICAO: KISW, FAA LID: ISW), also known as Alexander Field, is a public use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) south of the central business district of Wisconsin Rapids. [[Dial-a-ride]] transit services are provided by River City Cab.

==Notable people==
{{colbegin|colwidth=32em}}
* [[Ken Anderson (wrestler)|Ken Anderson]], professional wrestler
* [[Mark E. Anderson]], [[U.S. National Guard]] general
* [[Bonnie Bartlett]], actress
* [[Vince Biegel]], NFL linebacker for the Baltimore Ravens
* [[Bruno Block]], [[MLB]] catcher
* [[Theodore W. Brazeau]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[Arthur J. Crowns]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[James Daly (actor)|James Daly]], actor
* [[Paul Dauenhauer]], Engineer & inventor
* [[George R. Gardner]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[Orestes Garrison]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[John A. Gaynor]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[Harvey F. Gee]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[Bill Granger (author)|Bill Granger]], journalist and novelist
* [[George Hambrecht]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[Jidenna]], hip-hop musician
* [[Stephen E. Johnson]], [[U.S. Navy]] admiral
* [[William Merriam (Wisconsin politician)|William Merriam]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[Tom Metcalf]], MLB pitcher
* [[Edith Nash]], educator and poet
* [[Philleo Nash]], professor and anthropologist
* [[Grim Natwick]], animator and film director
* [[George Allen Neeves]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[Casey Nelson]], NHL player
* [[John Offerdahl]], [[NFL]] player
* [[Peter Pernin]], Catholic pastor and [[Peshtigo fire]] memoirist
* [[John M. Potter]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[Bryan Reffner]], [[NASCAR]] driver
* [[Don Rehfeldt]], All-American college and NBA basketball player
* [[Donald E. Reiland]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[Scott Scharff]], NFL player
* [[Thomas B. Scott]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[Arthur H. Treutel]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[Dick Trickle]], NASCAR driver
* [[Robert Uehling]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[Byrde M. Vaughan]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[Charles M. Webb]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[William E. Wheelan]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[Herman C. Wipperman]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[Isaac P. Witter]], Wisconsin legislator
* [[Joseph Wood (Wisconsin politician)|Joseph Wood]], merchant, and Wisconsin legislator
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.wirapids.org/ City of Wisconsin Rapids – official website]
* [https://www.wisconsinrapidschamber.com/ Heart of Wisconsin Chamber of Commerce]
* [https://www.visitwisrapids.com/ Wisconsin Rapids Area Convention and Visitors Bureau]
* [https://wrcitytimes.com/ Wisconsin Rapids City Times]
* [https://www.wrps.org/ Wisconsin Rapids Public Schools]

===Historical Fire Insurance Maps=== 
* [https://content.wisconsinhistory.org/digital/collection/maps/id/5231 December 1884] 
*  [https://content.wisconsinhistory.org/digital/collection/maps/id/5239 September 1891] 
* [https://content.wisconsinhistory.org/digital/collection/maps/id/5214 September 1895] 
* [https://content.wisconsinhistory.org/digital/collection/maps/id/5525 August 1902] 
* [https://content.wisconsinhistory.org/digital/collection/maps/id/5257 October 1909] 
* [https://content.wisconsinhistory.org/digital/collection/maps/id/5278 February 1919]

{{Wood County, Wisconsin}}
{{Wisconsin county seats}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin| ]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Cities in Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Cities in Wood County, Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Micropolitan areas of Wisconsin|Wisconsin Rapids-Marshfield]]
[[Category:County seats in Wisconsin]]