Editing Woolly monkey

{{Short description|Genus of New World monkeys}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Woolly monkeys
| image = Lagothrix lagotricha.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Common woolly monkey|Lagothrix lagothricha]]''
| taxon = Lagothrix
| authority = [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1812
| type_species = ''[[Brown woolly monkey|Lagothrix humboldtii]]'' <ref name=msw3/>
| type_species_authority = [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1812
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = ''[[Lagothrix flavicauda|L. flavicauda]]''<br />''[[Lagothrix lagothricha|L. lagothricha]]''
}}

The '''woolly monkeys''' are the [[genus]] '''''Lagothrix''''' of [[New World monkeys]], usually placed in the family [[Atelidae]].<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=151–152}}</ref>

Both species in this genus originate from the [[rainforest]]s of [[South America]].  They have [[prehensile tail]]s and live in relatively large social groups.

==Taxonomy==
The following 2 species and 5 subspecies are currently considered to be within the genus:<ref>{{Cite web|title=ITIS - Report: Lagothrix|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=572814#null|access-date=2021-11-20|website=www.itis.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Database|first=Mammal Diversity|title=Mammal Diversity Database|date=2021-11-06|doi=10.5281/zenodo.5651212 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5651212|access-date=2021-11-20}}</ref>
{{Species table |genus=[[Lagothrix]] |authority-name= [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]] |authority-year= 1812 |species-count=two|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}

{{Species table/row
|name= Yellow-tailed woolly monkey|binomial=[[Lagothrix flavicauda]]
|image=File:Cola amarilla.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Humboldt |authority-year= 1812|authority-not-original=yes
|range=  Peru
|range-image=File:Yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey area.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= CR
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= Common woolly monkey|binomial=[[Lagothrix lagothricha]]
|image=File:Lagothrix lagotricha (male).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Humboldt|authority-year= 1812 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=  Rio Tapajos in Brazil, to eastern Peru, Ecuador and Colombia, Venezuela.
|range-image=File:Brown Woolly Monkey area.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status=VU
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Five subspecies |bullets=on
| [[Gray woolly monkey]], ''L. l. cana''
|[[Brown woolly monkey]], ''L. l. lagothricha''
| [[Colombian woolly monkey]], ''L. l. lugens''
| [[Silvery woolly monkey]], ''L. l. poeppigii''
| [[Peruvian woolly monkey]], ''L. l. tschudii''
}}
}}

{{Species table/end}}



==Description==
Woolly monkeys are closely related to [[spider monkey]]s.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Stevenson|first=P. R.|year=2006|title=Activity and ranging patterns of colombian woolly monkeys in north-western amazonia|journal=Primates|volume=47|issue=3|pages=239–47|pmid=16505944|doi=10.1007/s10329-005-0172-6|s2cid=10831742 }}</ref> They  have a thick brown coat with dark gray appendages. The stomach area is black and heads are light brown. The fur color is the same for both males and females. Variation in color exist among subspecies. A prehensile tail assists in climbing and fulfills many functions of an opposable thumb. Arm and legs are about equal in length.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/woolly_monkey/taxon|title=Primate Factsheets: Woolly monkey (Lagothrix) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology|website=Primate Info Net|publisher=National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin|language=en|access-date=2017-08-03}}</ref> All species are large, weighing around {{convert|7|kg|lb}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Defler|first=T.|title=Aspects of the Ranging Pattern in a Group of Wild Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha)|journal=American Journal of Primatology|volume=38|issue=4|year=1996|pages=289–302|doi=10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1996)38:4<289::aid-ajp1>3.0.co;2-v|pmid=31918484 |s2cid=85137196 }}</ref> Males weigh 45% more than females on average but are of equal length.<ref name=":0" />

==Habitat and social behaviour==
[[File:LagothrixHumboldtiiWolf.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of ''[[Common woolly monkey|Lagothrix lagothricha]]'']]
Woolly monkeys are found throughout the northern countries of [[South America]] ([[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Peru]]). They usually reside in high-elevation cloud forests, seasonally flooded rainforests, and forests which are situated within Colombia's eastern plains region, although their ideal habitat is humid and mature tropical forests.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=Strier|first=Karen B.|title=Behavioral Ecology and Conservation Biology of Primates and Other Animals|date=1997-01-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065345408603782|series=Advances in the Study of Behavior |volume=26|pages=101–158|editor-last=Slater|editor-first=Peter J. B.|publisher=Academic Press|doi=10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60378-2 |isbn=9780120045266 |language=en|access-date=2021-11-20|editor2-last=Rosenblatt|editor2-first=Jay S.|editor3-last=Snowdon|editor3-first=Charles T.|editor4-last=Milinski|editor4-first=Manfred|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Woolly monkey|url=https://primate.wisc.edu/primate-info-net/pin-factsheets/pin-factsheet-woolly-monkey/|access-date=2021-11-20|website=WNPRC|language=en-US}}</ref>

The species lives in social groups ranging from 5 to 45 individuals.<ref>{{Cite book |title=[[World Book]] |publisher=World Book |year=2020 |isbn=0716601206 |edition=1st |location=Chicago |pages=402 |language=English}}</ref> Foraging groups, however, tend to consist of two to six individuals which branch out from the main group, which is probably intended to reduce food competition between individuals. Woolly monkey diets consist of fruit with an addition of leaves, seeds, flowers, and [[invertebrate]]s. Each group is governed and led by an alpha male, and the social organization within a larger group is organized by age, sex, and the reproductive status of females. Reproduction in these groups is characterized by promiscuity; one male (either the alpha or subordinate) mates with more than one female, just as females mate with more than one male. Shortly after the females reach maturity, they leave their natal groups to avoid any occurrence of inbreeding, while males tend to remain in their natal groups.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Play not only serves as a bonding process to rekindle relationships among individuals, but is also a way the species establishes a hierarchy or social pecking order, as well as passive food sharing, which is also considered a common routine in the species. Woolly monkeys have an elaborate system of vocalization and [[olfactory communication|olfactory]], visual, and tactile communication. These can be used to coordinate group activities, indicate aggression, affection, and marking, and establish territories.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

==Predation and preservation==
Woolly monkeys are hunted by a variety of species of eagles and cats, such as the [[jaguar]]. Their main predators, however, are humans, who hunt the species both for food and for the illegal pet trade. Habitat encroachment is also threatening the survival of the species; all these factors are believed to be the cause of the species' recent decline. Woolly monkeys are now considered highly endangered, and captive individuals are bred to ensure the survival of the species as part of the International Breeding Program for Endangered Species<!-- European? (such as the European Breeding Program for Endangered Species)-->.

==See also==
*[[Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
Defler T., Stevenson P. (2014) Introduction: Studying Woolly Monkeys. In: Defler T., Stevenson P. (eds) The Woolly Monkey. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects, vol 39. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0697-0_1

G. H. Theilen, D. Gould, M. Fowler, D. L. Dungworth, C-Type Virus in Tumor Tissue of a Woolly Monkey (Lagothrix spp.) With Fibrosarcoma, JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 47, Issue 4, October 1971, Pages 881–889, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/47.4.881

== Further reading ==
* Thomas R. Defler & Pablo R. Stevenson (eds.): ''The Woolly Monkey: Behavior, Ecology, Systematics, and Captive Research.'' Springer, New York 2014. {{ISBN|978-1-4939-0696-3}} (print); {{ISBN|978-1-4939-0697-0}} (eBook)

==External links==
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/lagothrix Primate Info Net ''Lagothrix'' Factsheets]

{{Atelidae nav}}
{{Haplorhini|S.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1061113}}

[[Category:Atelinae]]
[[Category:Primates of South America]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]]
[[Category:Woolly monkeys| ]]