Editing Workers' Party (Brazil)

{{Short description|Political party in Brazil}}
{{Redirect|Partido dos Trabalhadores|the Bissau-Guinean party|Workers' Party (Guinea-Bissau)}}
{{Distinguish|Brazilian Labour Party (disambiguation){{!}}Brazilian Labour Party}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox political party
| name             = Workers' Party
| native_name      = Partido dos Trabalhadores
| native_name_lang = pt
| logo             = PT (Brazil) logo 2021.svg
| colorcode        = {{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}
| abbreviation     = PT
| leader1_title    = President
| leader1_name     = [[Gleisi Hoffmann]]
| leader2_title    = Vice President
| leader2_name     = [[Washington Quaquá]]
| leader3_title    = Honorary President
| leader3_name     = [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| founded          = {{start date and age|1980|2|10|df=y}}
| registered       = {{Start date and age|1982|2|11|df=yes}}
| split            = 
| newspaper        = ''Focus Brasil''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pt.org.br/tag/revista-focus-brasil/ | title=Revista Focus Brasil | language=pt-br}}</ref>
| headquarters     = {{ubl|[[São Paulo]], Brazil|[[Brasília]], Brazil}}
| membership_year  = 2024
| think_tank       = Fundação Perseu Abramo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fpabramo.org.br/|title=Página inicial - com gutenberg|website=Fundação Perseu Abramo|accessdate=September 6, 2023}}</ref>
| student_wing     = Juventude do PT<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pt.org.br/tag/juventude-do-pt/ | title=Juventude do PT | website=pt.org.br | language = pt-br}}</ref>
| membership       = {{increase}} 1,653,361<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sig.tse.jus.br/ords/dwapr/r/seai/sig-eleicao-filiados/home?p0_partido=PT&session=209160262768047 | title=Estatísticas de filiação | language=pt | trans-title=Membership Statistics | website=sig.tse.jus.br}}</ref>
| ideology         = {{ubl|class=nowrap|[[Social democracy]]<ref name="Samuels 2004">{{cite journal | last=Samuels | first=David | title=From Socialism to Social Democracy: Party Organization and the Transformation of the Workers' Party in Brazil | journal=[[Comparative Political Studies]] | volume=37 | issue=9 | year=2004 | issn=0010-4140 | url=https://www.doi.org/10.1177/0010414004268856 | doi=10.1177/0010414004268856 | pages=999–1024| s2cid=10001704 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238536276 |title=Is Social Democracy Possible in Latin America? |date= |accessdate=29 December 2021}}</ref>
 |[[Progressivism]]<ref name="liberal Lula 2">{{cite news |title=Guidelines for soy don't protect tropical forests in Brazil |url=https://www.futurity.org/tropical-forests-brazil-soybean-farming-2823882-2/ |quote=Voters chose between the conservative Jair Bolsonaro and the liberal Lula da Silva. |access-date=11 January 2023 |agency=[[Futurity (website)|Futurity]] |date=2 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Liisa L. North, Timothy D. Clark |title=Dominant Elites in Latin America: From Neo-Liberalism to the 'Pink Tide' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNsxDwAAQBAJ&dq=Brazil+%22progressive+Workers%27+Party%22&pg=PA212 |quote= In Brazil, as Simone Bohn makes straightforward (Chap. 3), the progressive Workers' Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores, PT) governments did not threaten the power of the national elite or landlord class; ...|date=2017 |page=212 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=9783319532554 }}</ref>
 |[[Populism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/brasil/fc12069802.htm|title=Proposta do PT é "populista' e "estúpida", diz Dornbusch|trans-title=PT's proposal is "populist" and "stupid", says Dornbusch|website=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]|language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-31/these-elections-could-reshape-latin-america#xj4y7vzkg|title=These Elections Could Reshape Latin America|last1=Cattan|first1=Nacha|last2=Biller|first2=David|date=2017-10-31|access-date=2017-09-01|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref>
 |[[Lulism]]<ref name=Singer2009>{{cite journal |last1=Singer |first1=André |title=Raízes sociais e ideológicas do lulismo |trans-title=Social and ideological roots of Lulism |language=pt-BR |journal=Novos Estudos - CEBRAP |date=2009 |issue=85 |pages=83–102 |doi=10.1590/S0101-33002009000300004 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 |'''Factions:'''
 |[[Democratic socialism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3joQKjDtn4wC&q=democratic+socialist+brazilian+workers+party&pg=PA193|title=Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey|isbn=9780275968861|last1=Busky|first1=Donald F.|year=2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing }}</ref><ref name="L">{{cite web | url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/apesar-de-resistencia-do-pt-lula-quer-participacao-de-meirelles-em-eventual-governo/ | title=Apesar de resistência do PT, Lula quer participação de Meirelles em eventual governo, dizem aliados | trans-title=Despite PT's resistance, Lula wants [[Henrique Meirelles|Meirelles]] to participate in an eventual government, say allies | website=[[CNN Brazil]] | language=pt-BR | date=21 September 2016 | access-date=28 October 2022 | first1=Gustavo | last1=Uribe | first2=Thais | last2=Herédia}}</ref>
 |[[Socialism of the 21st century]]<ref>
* Amaral, Oswaldo E. do. ''A estrela não é mais vermelha: as mudanças do programa petista nos anos 1990'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). São Paulo, Garçoni, 2003.
* Gadotti, M.; Pereira, O. ''Pra que PT:'' Origem, Projeto e Consolidação do Partido dos Trabalhadores (in Brazilian Portuguese). São Paulo, Cortez, 1989.
* Keck, Margareth E. ''PT: a lógica da diferença: o Partido dos Trabalhadores na construção da democracia brasileira'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). São Paulo, Ática, 1991.
* Singer, André. ''Raizes sociais e ideológicas do lulismo'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). Revista Novos Estudos CEBRAP, n. 85, nov. 2009.</ref>
 |[[Catholic left]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Paradox of Adversity: New Left Party Survival and Collapse in Latin America |first=Brandon Philip |last=van Dyck |year=2014 |publisher=Harvard University |pages=112–113}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |language=pt |title=Os católicos oPTaram?: os "setores católicos" e o Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) na grande São Paulo (1978-1982) |first=Adriano Henriques |last=Machado |year=2010 |page=60}}</ref><ref name="smith">{{cite book |title=Religion and Brazilian Democracy: Mobilizing the People of God |first=Amy Erica |last=Smith |year=2019 |doi=10.1017/9781108699655 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-48211-0 |page=8}}</ref>
 |[[Liberation theology]]<ref name="knoll">{{cite journal |title=Seeking Liberation in Brazil |journal=NACLA Report on the Americas |volume=51 |issue=3 |doi=10.1080/10714839.2019.1650483 |first=Travis |last=Knoll |year=2019 |pages=229–230 |issn=2471-2620}}</ref><ref name="flynn">{{cite journal |title=Brazil and Lula, 2005: crisis, corruption and change in political perspective |first=Peter |last=Flynn |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=1221– 1267 |year=2005 |issn=1360-2241 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.1080/01436590500400025}}</ref><ref name="faith">{{cite book |title=Faith in Civil Society: Religious Actors as Drivers of Change |isbn=978-91-980391-4-6 |issn=1403-1264 |location=Uppsala |year=2013 |publisher=Uppsala Centre for Sustainable Development |page=125 |author1=Heidi Moksnes |author2=Mia Melin}}</ref><br>'''Historical:'''<br>[[Socialism]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Samuels |first=David |date=2004 |title=From Socialism to Social Democracy: Party Organization and the Transformation of the Workers' Party in Brazil |url=https://www.doi.org/10.1177/0010414004268856 |journal=[[Comparative Political Studies]] |volume=37 |issue=9 |publisher=[[Sage Journals]] |pages=999-1024 |doi=10.1177/0010414004268856 |issn=0010-4140 |s2cid=10001704 |access-date=2025-03-09|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
}}
| position         = {{ubl|class=nowrap|
 |[[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref>{{bulleted list|
{{cite news |last=Gallas |first=Daniel |date=2016-02-29 |title=Dilma Rousseff and Brazil face up to decisive month |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-35922425 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=2025-02-09}}|{{cite web |date= |title="Dilma é muito mais de esquerda do que eu", afirma Lula |trans-title="Dilma is much more leftist than me", says Lula |url=https://www.osul.com.br/dilma-e-muito-mais-de-esquerda-do-que-eu-afirma-lula/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201214018/https://www.osul.com.br/dilma-e-muito-mais-de-esquerda-do-que-eu-afirma-lula/ |archive-date=2019-12-01 |website=Jornal O Sul |location=Brazil |language=pt-BR |access-date=2025-03-09}}|{{Cite journal |date=May 6, 2022 |title=Brazilian Electoral Bulletin 2022 |url=https://www.braziloffice.org/campaigns/view-campaign/3Cr3BcCcZNfslVusPicWnj9l_ye50Z7Ay2W3I-YDvdoGBcD0riXdq3mEN2B2J5J3-CY579oj7OI1_lvF9wB9KDKvgcbUzwoq |journal=Washington Brazil Office |volume=13 |issue= |quote=The party alliance supporting Lula da Silva’s candidacy is practically defined and will be composed of one center-right party (Solidariedade), two center parties (Green Party, PV; Sustainable Network, REDE), three center-left parties (Workers’ Party, PT; Communist Party of Brazil, PCdoB; and the Brazilian Socialist Party, PSB), and one left-wing party (Party of Socialism and Liberty, PSOL).}}
}}</ref>
 |'''Factions:'''
 |[[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]{{cref|A}}<ref>{{cite news |date=2018-11-01 |title=The demise of Brazil's great centrist party |url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2018/11/01/the-demise-of-brazils-great-centrist-party |publisher=[[The Economist]] |access-date=2018-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004214827/https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2018/11/03/the-demise-of-brazils-great-centrist-party |archive-date=2022-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Shebab |date=2018-11-24 |title=Jair Bolsonaro: Brazil's far-right president-elect accused of campaign funding irregularities |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-far-right-president-campaign-funding-irregularities-investigation-a8633 |publisher=[[The Independent]] |access-date=2025-03-10}}</ref><br>'''Historical:'''<br>[[Left-wing]]<ref>{{cite book |last= Bogdan |first= J Szajkowski |date= 2005 |title= Political Parties of the World |url= https://archive.org/details/politicalparties0000unse_c5d1/mode/2up |publisher= John Harper Publishing |page= 81 |access-date= 2025-02-24 |quote= In October 2002 elections the left-wing Worker’s Party (PT) won the presidential elections for the first time.}}</ref>}}
| national         = [[Brazil of Hope]]
| regional         = [[São Paulo Forum]]<br />[[COPPPAL]]
| international    = [[Progressive Alliance]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://progressive-alliance.info/2016/09/22/participants-of-the-denpasar-seminar-20-21-september-2016/|title=Participants of the Denpasar Seminar, 19 – 20 September 2016 - Progressive Alliance|access-date=22 November 2016|date=2016-09-22}}</ref><br>[[For the Freedom of Nations!]]
| colors           = {{color box|{{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Red]] {{color box|white|border=darkgray}} [[White]]
| blank1_title     = [[Superior Electoral Court|TSE]] Identification Number
| blank1           = 13
| seats1_title     = [[List of current state governors in Brazil|Governorships]]
| seats1           = {{composition bar|4|27|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| seats2_title     = [[Municipalities of Brazil|Mayors]]
| seats2           = {{composition bar|252|5570|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| seats3_title     = [[Federal Senate (Brazil)|Federal Senate]]
| seats3           = {{composition bar|9|81|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| seats4_title     = [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| seats4           = {{composition bar|67|513|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| seats5_title     = [[Mercosur Parliament]]
| seats5           = {{composition bar|7|38|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| seats6_title     = [[Legislative Assemblies of Brazilian states|State Assemblies]]
| seats6           = {{composition bar|118|1024|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| seats7_title     = [[Câmara municipal#Brazil|City Councillors]]
| seats7           = {{composition bar|3130|56810|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| flag             = [[File:Bandeira do Partido dos Trabalhadores (2022).svg|180px|border|Flag of the Workers' Party]]
| country          = Brazil
| website          = {{URL|pt.org.br}}
| footnotes        = {{cnote|A|A broad left-wing faction, it includes some {{nowrap|[[Far-left politics|far-left]]<ref name="figeac">{{cite journal |title=Brazilian left-wing activists on Facebook: the role of cultural events in political participation |journal=Brasiliana: Journal for Brazilian Studies |year=2021 |volume=10 |issue=1 |issn=2245-4373 |doi=10.25160/bjbs.v10i1.125719 |author1=Julien Figeac |author2=Nathalie Paton |author3=Angelina Peralva |author4=Arthur Coelho Bezerra |author5=Guillaume Cabanac |author6=Héloïse Prévost |author7=Pierre Ratinaud |author8=Tristan Salord |page=263}}</ref>}} factions.}}
}}
{{Social democracy sidebar}}
{{Progressivism sidebar}}
The '''Workers' Party''' ({{langx|pt|Partido dos Trabalhadores}}, '''PT''') is a [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]]<ref>Gallas, Daniel (29 March 2016). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-35922425 "Dilma Rousseff and Brazil face up to decisive month"]. ''[[BBC News]]''. Retrieved 20 July 2017.</ref><ref name="L2">{{cite web | url=https://www.osul.com.br/dilma-e-muito-mais-de-esquerda-do-que-eu-afirma-lula/ | title="Dilma é muito mais de esquerda do que eu", afirma Lula | trans-title="Dilma is much more leftist than me", says Lula | website=Jornal O Sul | language=pt-BR | date=20 January 2016 | access-date=28 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201214018/https://www.osul.com.br/dilma-e-muito-mais-de-esquerda-do-que-eu-afirma-lula/ | archive-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> [[List of political parties in Brazil|political party]] in [[Brazil]] that is currently the country's ruling party. Some scholars classify its ideology in the 21st century as [[social democracy]], with the party shifting from a broadly [[Socialism|socialist]] ideology in the 1990s,<ref name="Samuels 2004" /> although the party retains a [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]]<ref>[https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2018/11/01/the-demise-of-brazils-great-centrist-party The demise of Brazil's great centrist party]. ''[[The Economist]]''. Published 1 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.</ref><ref>Khan, Shehab (14 November 2018). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-far-right-president-campaign-funding-irregularities-investigation-a8633596.html Jair Bolsonaro: Brazil's far-right president-elect accused of campaign funding irregularities]. ''[[The Independent]]''. Retrieved 22 November 2018.</ref> and marginal far-left faction to this day.<ref name="figeac"/> Founded in 1980, PT governed at the federal level in a [[coalition government]] with several other parties from 1 January 2003 to 31 August 2016. After the [[2002 Brazilian general election|2002 parliamentary election]], PT became the largest party in the [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]] and the largest in the [[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]] for the first time.<ref>[http://www.jusbrasil.com.br/politica/5986364/pt-elege-maior-bancada-na-camara-e-a-segunda-do-senado "PT elege maior bancada na Câmara e a segunda do Senado"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721023250/http://www.jusbrasil.com.br/politica/5986364/pt-elege-maior-bancada-na-camara-e-a-segunda-do-senado |date=July 21, 2011 }}. [PT elects the largest group in the Chamber and the second in the Senate]. ''JusBrasil'' {{in lang|pt-br}}. 5 October 2010.</ref> With the highest approval rating in the history of the country at one time, President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] was PT's most prominent member.<ref>Rabello, Maria Luiza. [http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-02-01/lula-s-chosen-heir-surges-in-brazil-presidential-poll-update2-.html "Lula's Chosen Heir Surges in Brazil Presidential Poll"]{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek|Business Week]]''. 1 February 2010.</ref> [[Dilma Rousseff]], also a member of PT, was elected twice (first on 31 October 2010, and then again on 26 October 2014) but did not finish her second term due to [[Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff|her impeachment in 2016]]. The party came back to power with Lula's victory in the [[2022 Brazilian general election|2022 presidential election]].

Both born among the opposition to the [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|1964 ''coup d'état'']] and the subsequent [[Military dictatorship in Brazil|military dictatorship]], PT and the [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party]] (PSDB) were the biggest adversaries in contemporary [[Politics of Brazil|Brazilian politics]] from 1994 to 2014, with their candidates finishing either first or second on the ballot in each presidential election in that period. The Worker's Party won five presidential elections since the [[History of Brazil (1985–present)|country reinstated democracy]], and came in second in every other election held in that time.

The party has been involved in a [[List of scandals in Brazil|number of corruption scandals]] since Lula first came to power and saw its popular support plummet between 2015 and 2020, with presidential approval ratings falling from over 80% to 9%<ref>[https://veja.abril.com.br/revista-veja/as-cinco-piores-taxas-de-popularidade-dos-presidentes-do-brasil/ "As cinco piores taxas de popularidade dos presidentes do Brasil"]. [The five worst popularity ratings of Brazilian presidents]. ''[[Veja (magazine)|Veja]]'' {{in lang|pt-br}}. 27 July 2017.</ref> and successive reductions in all elected offices since 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saiba como eram e como ficaram as bancadas na Câmara dos Deputados, partido a partido |trans-title=Find out how the benches in the Chamber of Deputies were and how they were, party by party |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/eleicao-em-numeros/noticia/2018/10/08/pt-perde-deputados-mas-ainda-tem-maior-bancada-da-camara-psl-de-bolsonaro-ganha-52-representantes.ghtml |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=[[G1 (website)|G1]] |date=October 8, 2018 |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-30 |title=PT "desaparece" das capitais, MDB lidera prefeituras e DEM é o que mais cresce; veja destaques |trans-title=PT "disappears" from the capitals, MDB leads city halls and DEM is the fastest growing; see highlights |url=https://www.infomoney.com.br/politica/pt-desaparece-das-capitais-mdb-lidera-prefeituras-e-dem-e-o-que-mais-cresce-veja-destaques/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=InfoMoney |language=pt-br}}</ref> The [[2022 Brazilian general election|2022 general election]] marked a turning point in that trajectory.

The party symbols are a five-pointed [[red star]] inscribed with the initials "PT" in the center; a [[Red flag (politics)|red flag]] with a white star also with the initials in the center; and the Workers Party's anthem.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6V3BIwA7rO8| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/6V3BIwA7rO8| archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live|title=Hino do PT - Workers' Party of Brazil|last=LuizPuodzius|date=18 September 2011|access-date=22 November 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Its [[Superior Electoral Court]] (TSE) identification number is 13. Members and sympathisers of the party are known as "Petistas".

==History==
[[File:Dep. lula.jpg|left|thumb|233x233px|Lula, at the time a [[Federal deputy|Federal Deputy]], makes a speech at the [[Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1988)|1988 Brazilian Constituent Assembly]]]]
The Workers' Party was launched by a heterogeneous group made up of militants opposed to Brazil's military government, trade unionists, left-wing intellectuals and artists and Catholics linked to the [[liberation theology]]<ref name="Sam">Samuels, David. [http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/members/congress-papers/lasa2004/files/SamuelsDavid_xCD.pdf "From Socialism to Social Democracy: Party Organization and The Transformation of the Workers' Party in Brazil"]. ''Comparative Political Studies''. p. 3.</ref> on 10 February 1980 at Colégio Sion in [[São Paulo]], a private Catholic school for girls.<ref name="Ter">{{in lang|pt}} [[Agência Brasil]]. [http://noticias.terra.com.br/eleicoes2006/interna/0,,OI1051899-EI6651,00.html "Saiba mais sobre a história do PT"]. Terra. 24 June 2006.</ref> The party emerged as a result of the approach between the labor movements in the [[ABC Region]] such as the Conferência das Classes Trabalhadoras (Conclat), later developed into the [[Central Única dos Trabalhadores]] (CUT) which carried major strikes from 1978 to 1980; and the old Brazilian left-wing, whose proponents, many of whom were journalists, intellectuals, artists and union organizers, were returning from exile with the 1979 Amnesty law, many of them having endured imprisonment and torture at the hands of the military regime<ref>{{cite web|url=http://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/opiniao/colunistas/para-que-nao-se-esqueca-para-que-nunca-mais-aconteca/|title=Para que não se esqueça, para que nunca mais aconteça|access-date=22 November 2016|date=2014-04-02}}</ref> in addition to years of exile.<ref name="Ter"/> [[Dilma Rousseff]] herself was imprisoned and tortured by the dictatorship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/world/americas/president-rousseffs-decades-old-torture-detailed.html|title=Leader's Torture in the '70s Stirs Ghosts in Brazil|date=5 August 2012|work=The New York Times|access-date=22 November 2016}}</ref>

{{rquote|center|PT was born by historical need. PT is not an accident. The future of Brazil goes through a party with the same program as PT, under any name whatsoever, under any leader whomsoever.|Claudio Solano, journalist}}

PT was launched under a [[democratic socialism]] trend.<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://www2.fpa.org.br/manifesto-aprovado-na-reuniao-do-sion "Manifesto aprovado na reunião do Sion"]. 24 April 2006. Fundação Perseu Abramo.</ref> After the [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|1964 ''coup d'état'']], Brazil's main federation of labor unions, the General Command of Workers (''Comando Geral dos Trabalhadores'' – CGT), which gathered leaders approved by the [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (Brazil)|Ministry of Labour]] since its formation, a practice tied to the fact that since [[Getúlio Vargas]]' dictatorship, unions had become quasi-state entities, was dissolved while unions themselves suffered intervention of the military regime.

[[File:Trabalhadores.JPG|right|thumb|Workers' Party regional branch in [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Minas Gerais]]]]

The resurgence of an organized labour movement, evidenced by strikes in the [[ABC Region]] on the late 1970s led by [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], enabled the reorganization of the labour movement without the direct interference of the state. The movement originally sought to act exclusively in union politics, but the survival of a conservative unionism under the domination of the state (evidenced in the refoundation of CGT) and the influence exercised over the trade union movement by leaders of traditional left-wing parties, such as the [[Brazilian Communist Party]] (''Partido Comunista Brasileiro'', PCB), forced the unionist movement of ABC, encouraged by [[Anti-Stalinist left|anti-Stalinist]] leaders, to organize its own party.

PT was officially recognized as a party by the [[Superior Electoral Court|Brazilian Supreme Electoral Court]] on 11 February 1982.<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.tse.gov.br/internet/partidos/index.htm Political parties registered under the Supreme Electoral Court] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129060458/http://www.tse.gov.br/internet/partidos/index.htm|date=November 29, 2010}}. Tribunal Superior Eleitoral.</ref> The first membership card belonged to art critic and former [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] activist Mário Pedrosa, followed by literary scholar [[Antonio Candido]] and historian [[Sérgio Buarque de Holanda]].<ref>{{in lang|pt}} OGASSAWARA, Juliana Sayuri. [http://www.revistaforum.com.br/sitefinal/EdicaoNoticiaIntegra.asp/?id_artigo=6979 "Onde estão os intelectuais brasileiros"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526035544/http://www.revistaforum.com.br/sitefinal/EdicaoNoticiaIntegra.asp/?id_artigo=6979 |date=May 26, 2020 }}. ''Fórum''. São Paulo: Editora Publisher, May 2009. Page 20.</ref> Holanda's daughter Ana de Holanda later became [[Ministry of Culture (Brazil)|Minister of Culture]] in the Rousseff cabinet.

===Electoral history===
[[File:Eleições PT e PSDB.gif|framed|Presidential elections against [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party|PSDB]] between 1994 and 2014]]

Since 1988, the Workers' Party has grown in popularity on the national stage by winning the elections in many of the largest Brazilian cities, such as [[São Paulo]], [[Fortaleza]], [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Porto Alegre]] and [[Goiânia]] as well as in some important states, such as [[Rio Grande do Sul]], Espírito Santo and the [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]]. During the time it governed [[Porto Alegre]], it implemented measures such as a progressive tax reform, involving the rich being taxed more highly to fund basic services for the poor, and the development of new institutions of genuine popular participation which gave, according to one study, "real decision-making power to civil society and involving a large number of civil organizations – from neighbourhood groups to non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and from cultural groups to education, health and housing pressure groups – in running the city."<ref>Introduction to Latin America Twenty-First Century Challenges by Peadar Kirby, P.151</ref>

This winning streak culminated with the victory of its presidential candidate Lula in 2002 who succeeded [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] of the [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party]] (''Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira –'' PSDB). For its defense of [[economic liberalism]], PSDB is the party's main electoral rival as well as the [[Democrats (Brazil)|Democrats]], heir of the [[National Renewal Alliance]] (''Aliança Renovadora Nacional –'' ARENA), ruling party during the [[military dictatorship]]. Along with the [[Cidadania|Popular Socialist Party]] (''Partido Popular Socialista –'' PPS), a dissidence of PCB, they have been said to form the centre-right opposition to the Lula administration.

'''1989 presidential elections'''<!--The general elections were a year later, in 1990.-->
{{main|1989 Brazilian presidential election}}
In the 1989 general elections, Lula went to the second round with [[Fernando Collor de Mello]]. Even though all centrist and left-wing candidates of the first round united around Lula's candidacy, Collor's campaign was strongly supported by the mass media (notably [[Rede Globo]] as seen on the documentary ''[[Beyond Citizen Kane]]'') and Lula lost in the second round by a close margin of 5.7%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/brazil/101.htm|title=Brazil – The Presidential Election of 1989|publisher=Countrystudies.us|access-date=1 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com.br/scholar?hl=pt-BR&safe=off&q=author:%22Boas%22+intitle:%22Television+and+Neopopulism+in+Latin+America%22+&um=1&ie=UTF-8&oi=scholarr |title=author:"Boas" intitle:"Television and Neopopulism in Latin America" – Google Acadêmico|access-date=1 November 2010}}</ref>

'''1994 and 1998 general elections'''
{{main|1994 Brazilian general election|1998 Brazilian general election}}
Leading up to the 1994 general elections, Lula was the leading presidential candidate in the majority of polls. As a result, centrist and right-wing parties openly united for [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]]'s candidacy. As Minister of Economy, Cardoso created the [[Plano Real|Real Plan]], which established the [[Brazilian real|new currency]] and subsequently ended inflation and provided economic stability. As a result, Cardoso won the election in the first round with 54% of the votes. However, it has been noted that "the elections were not a complete disaster for PT, which significantly increased its presence in the Congress and elected for the first time two state governors".<ref name="1994 elections">{{cite book|last=Branford|first=Sue|author2=Bernardo Kucinski|title =Brazil: Carnival of the Oppressed|publisher=Latin America Bureau|year=1995|location=London|page=120|isbn=978-0-906156-99-5}}</ref> Cardoso would once again beat Lula in a rematch and re-elected for a second term in 1998.

'''2002 general elections'''
{{main|2002 Brazilian general election}}
After the detrition of PSDB's image and as a result of an economic crisis that burst in the final years of Cardoso's government, Lula won the 2002 presidential election in the second round.

'''2006 general elections'''
{{main|2006 Brazilian general election}}
On 29 October 2006, PT won 83 seats in the [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]] and 11 seats in the [[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]]. Lula was re-elected with more than 60% of the votes, extending his position as [[President of Brazil]] until 1 January 2011.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6095820.stm "Brazil re-elects President Lula"], [[BBC]], 30 October 2006.</ref>

PT was now the second largest party in the Chamber of Deputies, the fourth largest party in the Federal Senate and has five state governorships. However, it only gained control of one among the ten richest states ([[Bahia]]).

'''2010 general elections'''
{{main|2010 Brazilian general election}}
[[File:PT-black-cat-toucan.png|thumb|PT as a black cat chasing a toucan ([[Brazilian Social Democracy Party|PSDB]]'s mascot) by [[Carlos Latuff]]]]
In the 2010 general elections held on 3 October, PT gained control of 17.15% of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies, a record for the party since 2002. With 88 seats gained, it became the largest party in the lower chamber for the first time ever. PT also became the second largest party in the Federal Senate for the first time after electing of 11 senators, making a total of 14 senators for the 2010–2014 legislature. [[With the Strength of the People|Its national coalition]] gained control of 311 seats in the lower house and 50 seats in the upper house, a broad majority in both houses which the Lula administration never had. This election also saw the decrease in the number of seats controlled by the [[Change Brazil|centre-right opposition bloc]] as it shrank from 133 to 111 deputies. The left-wing opposition, formed by PSOL, retained control of three seats.

The party was also expected to elect its presidential candidate [[Dilma Rousseff]] in the first round. However, she was not able to receive the necessary number of valid votes (over 50%) and a second round in which she scored 56% of the votes took place on 31 October 2010. On 1 January 2011, she was inaugurated and thus became the first female [[head of government]] ever in the [[history of Brazil]] and the first ''de facto'' female [[head of state]] since the death in 1816 of [[Maria I of Portugal|Maria I]], [[List of Portuguese monarchs|Queen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]].

In the 2010 elections, PT retained control of the governorships of Bahia, [[Sergipe]] and [[Acre (state)|Acre]], in addition to gaining back control of Rio Grande do Sul and the Federal District. Nevertheless, it lost control of [[Pará]]. Candidates supported by the party won the race in [[Amapá]], Ceará, [[Espírito Santo]], Maranhão, [[Mato Grosso]], Pernambuco, [[Piauí]] and [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], which means that PT would participate in 13 out of 27 state governorships.

'''2014 general elections'''
{{main|2014 Brazilian general election}}In the 2014 general elections held on 5 October, the party won 13.9% of the vote and 69 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, down from the 88 seats they gained in 2010. In the first round of the presidential election, Rousseff won 41.6% of the vote but not enough to secure a victory.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-09|title=Eleições 2014|url=http://www.eleicoes2014.com.br/|access-date=2021-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909193015/http://www.eleicoes2014.com.br/|archive-date=September 9, 2019}}</ref> In the run-off on 26 October, Rousseff was re-elected with a narrow victory with 51.6% of the vote against Senator [[Aécio Neves]].

==Cabinet representation==
PT enjoyed strong representation in the cabinets it led for most of the time that it was in office. PT held the majority of cabinet positions in the first two coalitions, with its occupation of ministerial positions comprising 60% in the first coalition,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2010/11/10-brazil-politics-pereira/1110_brazil_politics_pereira.pdf|title=Brookings Institution}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rB0gE4DzsSsC&pg=PA164|title=Policy Studies Review Annual|first=Irving Louis|last=Horowitz|date=1 July 1981|publisher=Transaction Publishers|access-date=22 November 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9780803913158}}</ref> 54.8% in the second coalition and 46.5% in the third coalition.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tquM3XUW5ccC&pg=PA164
|title=The Transformation of the Workers' Party in Brazil, 1989–2009|first=Wendy|last=Hunter|date=13 September 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|access-date=22 November 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9781139492669}}</ref>

==Ideology==
{{main|Socialism in Brazil}}
[[File:Manifestation of the CUT in Brasilia.jpg|thumb|Demonstration of the [[Central Única dos Trabalhadores]] (CUT) — Brazil's largest [[national trade union center]] — in [[Brasília]]. Both CUT and PT share the same origin and both organizations maintain a strong connection]]

Although PT deliberately never identified itself with a particular brand of leftism, it nevertheless "always defined itself as socialist" and espoused many radical positions.<ref name="dilm"/> For example, at the [[Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1988)|Brazilian Constituent Assembly of 1988]] it advocated repudiation of Brazil's [[external debt]], nationalization of the country's banks and mineral wealth and a radical [[land reform]].<ref name="dilm">[http://dilmanarede.com.br/ondavermelha/blogs-amigos/convocacao-dia-nacional-de-mobilizacao-dilma-presidente-27-de-outubro Convocação: Dia Nacional de Mobilização Dilma Presidente 27 DE OUTUBRO] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706152118/http://dilmanarede.com.br/ondavermelha/blogs-amigos/convocacao-dia-nacional-de-mobilizacao-dilma-presidente-27-de-outubro |date=July 6, 2011 }}, Secretaria de cultura do PT-DF, 22 October 2010</ref> In addition, as a form of protest and as a signal that the party did not fully accept the "rules of the game" PT's delegates refused to sign the draft constitution.<ref name="dilm"/>

Over the next few years, the party moderated a bit, but it never clearly shed its radicalism and undertook no major reforms of party principles even after Lula's defeat in the [[1989 Brazilian presidential election|1989 presidential elections]].<ref name="dilm"/> For example, the resolution from the party's 8th National Meeting in 1993 reaffirmed PT's "revolutionary and socialist character", condemned the "conspiracy" of the elites to subvert democracy, stated that the party advocated "radical agrarian reform and suspension of the external debt" and concluded that "capitalism and private property cannot provide a future for humanity".<ref name="dilm"/>
[[File:MST International Socialist46623.jpeg|thumb|Activists of the [[Landless Workers' Movement]], one of the main social movements linked to the Worker's Party]]
In 1994, Lula ran for the presidency again and during his campaign dismissed [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]]'s recently implemented Real Plan as an "electoral swindle".<ref name="dilm"/> The resolutions from the 1994 National Meeting condemned the "control by the dominant classes over the means of production" and reaffirmed the party's "commitment to socialism".<ref name="dilm"/> PT's Program of Government that year also committed the party to "anti-monopolist, anti-[[Latifundium|latifúndio]], and anti-imperialist change [...] as part of a long-term strategy to construct an alternative to capitalism", statements that "sent shivers down the spine of the international financial community". Thus, as of 1995 "little or nothing" had changed in PT's official ideology since the early 1990s.<ref name="dilm"/>

After Lula's 1994 loss, the party began a slow process of self-examination.<ref name="dilm"/> The resolution adopted at its 10th National Meeting in 1995 stated that "our 1994 defeat invites a cruel reflection about our image in society, about the external impact of our internal battles, [and] about our ideological and political ambiguities".<ref name="dilm"/> The move from self-examination did not involve a clean break with the past as in other socialist parties after the end of the Cold War.<ref name="dilm"/> The process was gradual, full of contradictions and replete with intra-party tension.<ref name="dilm"/> By 1997, the National Meeting resolution redefined PT's version of socialism as a "democratic revolution", emphasizing a political rather than economic vision of socialism that aimed to make the state "more transparent and socially accountable".<ref name="dilm"/>

Lula's third presidential campaign platform in 1998 cut socialist proposals and even the mention of a transition to a socialist society, but the party's self-definition remained highly ambiguous as the resolution from the party's Meeting that year affirmed that Lula's platform "should not be confused with the socialist program of PT".<ref name="dilm"/> Thus, while PT had begun to distance itself from its original socialist rhetoric and proposals by 1998, a clearer shift did not occur until after Lula lost again that year and after Lula and his group had more fully digested the impact of Brazil's changing political context and of Cardoso's economic reforms.<ref name="dilm"/>

During Lula's fourth presidential run in 2002, the transition away from overt left-wing policies was fully cemented, and in a document known as the ''Letter to the Brazilian People'', Lula committed himself and his party to the reform of taxes and pensions, and to promoting economic growth.<ref>[https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/brasil/ult96u33908.shtml]. Retrieved 2020-12-04.</ref> He also accepted some of the liberal reforms from the Cardoso government, meaning that the party program was now ''de facto'' centre-left and social democratic in its ideology. Lula won the 2002 election in a landslide. However, some of the more left-wing factions of the party were critical of this turn toward the center and later left to form new left-wing parties like the [[Socialism and Liberty Party]].

The party has a strong left-wing Catholic faction, and the Catholic left is considered the leading force behind the creation of the party, together with the Marxist left and 'new unionism'. Catholic grassroots communities known as CEBs became widespread in Brazil and became the backbone of organization development of the PT in rural peripheries and rural areas, where the party relied on its Catholic faction to provide structural network. Whereas the party was considered a 'vehicle' for social change, supportive Catholic communities were "gasoline stations". The socialism of PT appealed to the Brazilian Catholic left, who was heavily influenced by [[liberation theology]] and believed that Marxism and [[Political Catholicism]] complemented one another. One of pro-PT Catholic priests, [[Frei Betto]], declared in 1986: "A real Christian is a communist, and a real communist a Christian."<ref name="dyk">{{cite book |title=The Paradox of Adversity: New Left Party Survival and Collapse in Latin America |first=Brandon Philip |last=van Dyck |year=2014 |publisher=Harvard University |pages=111–114}}</ref>

Thanks to its large grassroots base, the Catholic left allowed PT to expand en masse and influenced the ideology of the party, as the Catholic factions provided meeting places for PT nuclei and engaged in "political consciousness-raising" amongst the rural population. Because of this, the pastoral work of the Catholic Church is considered to have been "fundamental for the PT's achieving a truly national character". One of the co-founders of PT, Hamilton Pereira, wrote that thanks to its Catholic origins, the party "became a party that [brought] along the various expressions of Brazil". Lula also stated several times that the Catholic left played a more important role in the PT than trade unions.<ref name="dyk"/> The Workers' Party was the only party in Brazil able to develop such close relations with the Catholic Church.<ref name="smith"/>

The PT is also influenced by [[liberation theology]], considered an important factor in the creation of the party.<ref name="faith"/> Peter Flynn in the [[Third World Quarterly]] wrote that the party is closely linked to liberation theology, and its liberation Catholic faction was an important contribution towards the party's victory in the [[2002 Brazilian general election]].<ref name="flynn"/> The liberation theology faction of the party is also regularly included in the party's cabinet appointment. Liberationist bishop [[Mauro Morelli]] served as president of the National Council for Food Security, and later became a political advisor of Lula. The PT mayor and Catholic lawyer [[Patrus Ananias]] became famous through his administration in [[Belo Horizonte]], which became distinguished for its church-coordinated work against hunger and poverty. Liberation theologist Frei Betto also served as Lula's special adviser, and the faction also played a crucial role in the education policy of the party and the 2010 anti-corruption "clean slate" law.<ref name="knoll"/> Major liberation theology figures such as [[Leonardo Boff]] became supporters of the party.<ref>{{cite book |language=pt |title=Os católicos oPTaram?: os "setores católicos" e o Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) na grande São Paulo (1978-1982) |first=Adriano Henriques |last=Machado |year=2010 |page=89}}</ref> The PT's close relationship with Brazil's progressive Catholic Church continues to influence the rherotic of the party, with its politicians referring concepts from liberation theology.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Chalmers |first=Douglas A. |title=The new politics of inequality in Latin America: rethinking participation and representation |author2=Vilas |first2=Carlos M. |author3=Hite |first3=Katherine |author-link3=Katherine Hite |author4=Martin |first4=Scott B. |author5=Piester |first5=Kerianne |author6=Segarra |first6=Monique |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-19-878183-0 |location=New York |page=431}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
===Presidential elections===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!rowspan="2"|Election
!rowspan=2|Candidate
!rowspan="2"|'''Running mate'''
!rowspan="2"|Coalition
!colspan=2|First round
!colspan="2"|Second round
!rowspan="2"|'''Result'''
|-
!'''Votes'''
!'''%'''
!'''Votes'''
!'''%'''
|-
![[1989 Brazilian presidential election|1989]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] (PT)
|[[José Paulo Bisol]] ([[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]])
|PT; [[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]]; [[Communist Party of Brazil|PCdoB]]
|11,622,673
|16.1% (#2)
|31,076,364
|47.0% (#2)
|'''Lost''' {{Nay}}
|-
![[1994 Brazilian general election|1994]]
|[[Aloizio Mercadante]] (PT)
|PT; [[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]]; [[Communist Party of Brazil|PCdoB]]; [[Cidadania|PPS]]; [[Green Party (Brazil)|PV]]; [[Unified Workers' Socialist Party|PSTU]]
|17,122,127
|27.0% (#2)
|–
|–
|'''Lost''' {{Nay}}
|-
![[1998 Brazilian general election|1998]]
|[[Leonel Brizola]] ([[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|PDT]])
|PT; [[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|PDT]]; [[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]]; [[Communist Party of Brazil|PCdoB]]; [[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]]
|21,475,211
|31.7% (#2)
|–
|–
|'''Lost''' {{Nay}}
|-
![[2002 Brazilian general election|2002]]
|[[José Alencar]] ([[Liberal Party (Brazil, 1985)|PL]])
|PT; [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 1985)|PL]]; [[Communist Party of Brazil|PCdoB]]; [[Party of National Mobilization|PMN]]; [[Brazilian Communist Party|PCB]]
|39,455,233
|46.4% (#1)
|52,793,364
|61.3% (#1)
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
![[2006 Brazilian general election|2006]]
|[[José Alencar]] ([[Republicans (Brazil)|PRB]])
|PT; [[Republicans (Brazil)|PRB]]; [[Communist Party of Brazil|PCdoB]]
|46,662,365
|48.6% (#1)
|58,295,042
|60.8% (#1)
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
![[2010 Brazilian presidential election|2010]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Dilma Rousseff]] (PT)
|rowspan="2"|[[Michel Temer]] ([[Brazilian Democratic Movement|PMDB]])
|PT; [[Brazilian Democratic Movement|PMDB]]; [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|PR]]; [[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]]; [[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|PDT]]; [[Communist Party of Brazil|PCdoB]]; [[Social Christian Party (Brazil)|PSC]]; [[Republicans (Brazil)|PRB]]; [[Christian Labour Party|PTC]]; [[Podemos (Brazil)|PTN]]
|47,651,434
|46.9% (#1)
|55,752,529
|56.1% (#1)
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
![[2014 Brazilian general election|2014]]
|PT; [[Brazilian Democratic Movement|PMDB]]; [[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)|PSD]]; [[Progressistas|PP]]; [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|PR]]; [[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|PDT]]; [[Republicans (Brazil)|PRB]]; [[Republican Party of the Social Order|PROS]]; [[Communist Party of Brazil|PCdoB]]
|43,267,668
|41.6% (#1)
|54,501,118
|51.6% (#1)
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
![[2018 Brazilian presidential election|2018]]
|[[Fernando Haddad]] (PT)
|[[Manuela d'Ávila]] ([[Communist Party of Brazil|PCdoB]])
|PT; [[Communist Party of Brazil|PCdoB]]; [[Republican Party of the Social Order|PROS]]
|31,341,997
|29.3% (#2)
|47,040,380
|44.8% (#2)
|'''Lost''' {{Nay}}
|-
![[2022 Brazilian general election|2022]]
|[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] (PT)
|[[Geraldo Alckmin]] ([[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]])
|PT; [[Communist Party of Brazil|PCdoB]]; [[Green Party (Brazil)|PV]]; [[Socialism and Liberty Party|PSOL]]; [[Sustainability Network|REDE]]; [[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]]; [[Solidariedade]]; [[Avante (political party)|Avante]]; [[Act (Brazil)|Agir]]
|57,259,405
|48.4% (#1)
|60,325,504
|50.9% (#1)
|'''Elected''' {{Y}}
|-
|colspan="9"|<small>Source: [http://electionresources.org/br/president.php?election=1994&state=BR Election Resources: Federal Elections in Brazil – Results Lookup]</small>
|}

===Chamber of Deputies and Senate elections===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Election
! colspan="4" | [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]]
! colspan="4" | [[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]]
! rowspan="2" | Status
|-
! Votes
! %
! Seats
! +/–
! Votes
! %
! Seats
! +/–
|-
| [[1982 Brazilian legislative election|1982]]
| 1,458,719
| 3.5
| {{composition bar|8|479|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{increase}} 8
| 1,538,786
| 3.6
| {{composition bar|0|25|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{steady}}
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1986 Brazilian legislative election|1986]]
| 3,253,999
| 6.9
| {{composition bar|16|487|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{increase}} 8
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| {{composition bar|0|49|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{steady}}
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1990 Brazilian legislative election|1990]]
| 4,128,052
| 10.2
| {{composition bar|35|502|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{increase}} 19
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| {{composition bar|1|31|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{increase}} 1
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1994 Brazilian general election|1994]]
| 5,959,854
| 13.1
| {{composition bar|49|513|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{increase}} 14
| 13,198,319
| 13.8
| {{composition bar|4|54|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{increase}} 3
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1998 Brazilian general election|1998]]
| 8,786,528
| 13.2
| {{composition bar|58|513|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{increase}} 9
| 11,392,662
| 18.4
| {{composition bar|7|81|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{increase}} 3
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[2002 Brazilian general election|2002]]
| 16,094,080
| 18.4
| {{composition bar|91|513|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{increase}} 33
| 32,739,665
| 21.3
| {{composition bar|14|81|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{increase}} 7
| {{yes2|[[First cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Coalition]]}}
|-
| [[2006 Brazilian general election|2006]]
| 13,989,859
| 15.1
| {{composition bar|83|513|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 8
| 16,222,159
| 19.2
| | {{composition bar|10|81|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 4
| {{yes2|[[First cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Coalition]]}}
|-
| [[2010 Brazilian legislative election|2010]]
| 16,289,199
| 16.9
| {{composition bar|88|513|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{increase}} 5
| 39,410,141
| 23.1
| {{composition bar|15|81|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{increase}} 5
| {{yes2|[[Cabinet of Dilma Rousseff|Coalition]]}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[2014 Brazilian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" | 13,554,166
| rowspan="2" | 14.0
| rowspan="2" | {{composition bar|68|513|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| rowspan="2" | {{decrease}} 20
| rowspan="2" | 15,155,818
| rowspan="2" | 17.0
| rowspan="2" | {{composition bar|12|81|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| rowspan="2" | {{decrease}} 3
| {{yes2|[[Cabinet of Dilma Rousseff|Coalition]] (2014–2016)}}
|-
| {{no2|Opposition (2016–2018)}}
|-
| [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018]]
| 10,126,611
| 10.3
| {{composition bar|56|513|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 12
| 24,785,670
| 14.5
| {{composition bar|6|81|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 6
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[2022 Brazilian general election|2022]]
| 15,354,125{{efn|Votes obtained as part of [[Brazil of Hope]] coalition.}}
| 13.9
| {{composition bar|69|513|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{increase}} 13
| 12,456,553
| 12.2
| {{composition bar|9|81|hex={{party color|Workers' Party (Brazil)}}}}
| {{increase}} 3
| {{yes2|[[Second cabinet of Lula da Silva|Coalition]]}}
|-
|colspan="10" | <small>Sources: [http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Elecdata/Brazil/brazil.html Georgetown University], [http://electionresources.org/br/deputies.php?election=1998&state=BR Election Resources], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110515095756/http://jaironicolau.iesp.uerj.br/banco2004.html Rio de Janeiro State University]</small>
|}
{{Notelist}}

==Voter base==
Most of the Workers' Party votes in presidential elections since 2006 stems from the [[North Region, Brazil|North]] and [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]] regions of Brazil. Nevertheless, the party has always won every presidential election in [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] from 1998 to 2014, the [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]] from 1989 to 2010 (with the exception in 1998 when Cardoso won there) and in [[Minas Gerais]] from 2002 to 2014 (these are two of the three largest states by number of voters and together they comprise 18.5% of voters). The party also maintains a stronghold in the southernmost state of [[Rio Grande do Sul]], where it has won continuously since the second round of 1989 until 2002.

[[File:Registro da Candidatura de Lula - Eleições 2018 12.jpg|350px|thumb|PT supporters in the 2018 election. The banner in the front says "[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula]] is arrested unfairly".]]
Most of PT's rejection comes from [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] as it has won elections there only once in 2002 (both rounds). The historical PT rejection in São Paulo was more widespread in interior than the capital as PT won the 1988, 2000 and 2012 [[São Paulo]] mayoral election and was a major force in his homeland, the [[Greater São Paulo]]. Despite this, the party lost its support even in the region and has not won any electoral zone in the capital in 2016 municipal elections. [[Fernando Haddad]], the candidate seeking reelection, stayed in a distant second place, with 36 percentual points below the winner [[João Doria]]. PT managed to win in only one city of the region, the small and distant municipality of [[Franco da Rocha]]. PT is also strongly rejected in other states of the [[Centro-Sul|Center-South]], such as [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], which until [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018]] had voted in the Workers Party presidential candidates in all new republic elections except 1994, the party shows strong difficulties to make representatives in federal, state and municipal levels. The party never elected a mayor in the [[Rio de Janeiro|capital of the state]], never elected a governor ([[Benedita da Silva]], the sole governor of the state from the party, took over because the resignation of the titular [[Anthony Garotinho]] in 2002, which her party had broken some years early, and was massive defeated in the same year's election by the Garotinho's wife [[Rosângela Matheus]]) and is often overturned in elections by left-wing parties with much less weight in national elections. The triumphs in the state were more associated with a strong rejection of PSDB in the state (which is even more weak and rejected despite his national strength) than a support of PT's program. In 2018 presidential elections, PT lost in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo with similar percentages in both states, with a difference of only 0.02% less percent of valid votes to the party in São Paulo. Despite being a [[Southeast Region, Brazil|southeastern]] state, many regions of Minas Gerais, especially in the north region of the state, had strong economic, cultural and socially ties with the Northeast. [[São Francisco River]], a symbol of the Northeast, has its source in a small city of Minas, [[Pirapora]]. With the exception of Rio Grande do Sul, Distrito Federal, and [[Espírito Santo]] PT never gets an elected governor in the Center-south until 2014, when [[Fernando Pimentel|Fernando Damata Pimentel]] was elected governor of Minas Gerais.

PT had a strong electoral stronghold in North Brazil and in the Amazonian region; The party triumphed in every state governorship in [[Acre (state)|Acre]] from 1990 to 2018. However, the Acre section of the party is far more independent and moderate than the rest of the party and PT had only won the presidential election in the state twice in 2002 and 2006. PT also lost the governorship of Acre in 2018 to a candidate from right-wing [[Progressistas|Progressive Party]]. [[Roraima]], which the impact of the controversy about the [[Indigenous territory (Brazil)|indigenous territory]] of [[Raposa Serra do Sol]], which former President Lula gave strong support despite the opposition of the non-indigenous people; and [[Rondônia]], which had a large population of evangelicals and south/southeastern migrants, also show reservations about the party. The electoral stronghold was also lost in 2018 elections; PT only triumphed in the states of [[Pará]] and [[Tocantins]], the only states in the region which borders Brazilian Northeast and much of their culture is near from Northwest than the rest of Amazon. In Amazonas, the largest Brazilian states, PT lost in 2018 for the first time since 1998; PT lost in the capital of the state, [[Manaus]], a [[Free Economic Zone of Manaus|free zone]] which concentrates more than the half of the population of the state; in the large, sparsely inhabited interior of the Amazonian state, PT win by a large margin but insufficient to guarantee the fifth triumph of the party in the state on presidential election.

PT, however, maintained and expanded his stronghold in Northeast Brazil, conquered in Lula first elections in 2002. Since 2002, the only time that a state other than these which did not vote in PT in a presidential election was Alagoas in both rounds of 2002 presidential elections. PT and its allies was able to make big gains in north and northeast regions of Brazil even in times which the party was in crisis, like in the last mayoral elections. PT's most loyal party PCdoB and former allies [[Brazilian Socialist Party]] (''Partido Socialista Brasileiro'' − PSB) and [[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|Democratic Labour Party]] (''Partido Democrático Trabalhista'' − PDT) made huge gains in region together with PT in the Lula−Rousseff era. PCdoB is now the strongest party in [[Maranhão]] state and was able to elect the mayor of [[Aracaju]], [[Sergipe]]; PSB is now the strongest party in the states of [[Pernambuco]] and [[Paraíba]]; and PDT was able to triumph in three capitals of the northeastern. Despite losing all capitals in northwest, PT had the governorships of three northwestern states, [[Piauí]], [[Bahia]] and [[Ceará]]. The governorship of Bahia, conquered in 2006, is symbolical. The party was a stronghold of [[Democrats (Brazil)|Liberal Front Party]] (''Partido da Frente Liberal'' − PFL), now [[Democrats (Brazil)|Democrats]] (''Democratas'' − DEM), the greatest ideological rival of PT in national level. PSDB is a strongest party and headed all presidential tickets which PFL/DEM participated since 1994, but the origin of PSDB resembling with the origins PT as a leftist opposition to the dictatorship, and the parties had strong links until PSDB broke with PT and join in a coalition with PFL, a right-wing party with strong fiscal conservative views, associated with the [[Military dictatorship in Brazil|Brazilian military regime]] in 1993 and the homeland of [[Antônio Carlos Magalhães]], the strongest leadership of PFL and a fierce foe of PT. Bahia is now the main stronghold of PT, the most reliable state for the Petismo and is considered a governance model to the party. Despite this, the state's capital [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] is governed by [[Antônio Carlos Magalhães Neto|ACM Neto]], a leading member of [[Democrats (Brazil)|DEM]] and grandson of Antonio Carlos Magalhães.

The party is often accused of exploiting the North–South divide in Brazil to gain votes in the northeast. The party denies the claims and accuses the opposition to do the same in the South and Southeast.

According to a poll conducted by IBOPE on 31 October 2010, during the second round voting PT's candidate Dilma Rousseff had an overwhelming majority of votes among the poorest Brazilians.<ref name="OESP">[http://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,entre-mais-pobres-dilma-teve-26-pontos-de-folga,636229 Entre mais pobres, Dilma teve 26 pontos de folga]. [[O Estado de S. Paulo]]. 7 November 2010.</ref> Her lead was of 26% among those who earned a [[minimum wage]] or less per month.<ref name="OESP"/> Rousseff also had the majority of votes among Catholics (58%), blacks (65%) and mixed-race Brazilians (60%).<ref name="OESP" /> Amongst whites and Protestants, she was [[Margin of error|statistically tie]] to [[José Serra]] and her lead was of only 4% on both demographic groups.<ref name="OESP"/> Even though she was the first female candidate in a major party, her votes amongst men was wider than amongst women.<ref name="OESP"/>

==Controversies==
{{See also|List of scandals in Brazil}}

===2003–2007 internal crisis and split===
The changes in the political orientation of PT (from a left-wing socialist to a centre-left [[Social democracy|social-democratic]] party) after Lula was elected president were well received by many in the population, but as a historically more radical party, the PT has experienced a series of internal struggles with members who have refused to embrace the new political positions of the party. These struggles have fueled public debates, the worst of which had its climax in December 2003, when four dissident legislators were expelled from the party for voting against Social Insurance Reform.<ref name="Dissent">{{cite news|date=1 October 2003|title=Lula's purge: The Workers' Party sheds its dissenters|newspaper=The Economist|url=http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_NPDPPGN}}</ref> Among these members were congressman [[João Batista Oliveira de Araujo]] (known as Babá) and senator [[Heloísa Helena (politician)|Heloísa Helena]], who formed the [[Socialism and Liberty Party]] (''Partido Socialismo e Liberdade'' − PSOL) in June 2004 and ran for president in 2006, becoming at the time the woman who had garnered the most votes in Brazilian history.

In another move, 112 members of the radical wing of the party announced they were abandoning PT in the [[World Social Forum]] in [[Porto Alegre]] on 30 January 2005. They also published a [[manifesto]] entitled ''Manifesto of the Rupture'' that states that PT "is no longer an instrument of social transformation, but only an instrument of the status quo", continuing with references to the [[International Monetary Fund]] and other economic and social issues.

===BANCOOP scandal===
This scandal, called the [[BANCOOP case]], included [[João Vaccari Neto]] and four other directors of the housing cooperative. The cooperative received government contracts and had multi-million real revenue. The cooperative was found to have illegally padded the service contracts by 20%, with many of the contracts going unfulfilled. The cooperative eventually folded with a deficit of over R$100 million, requiring liquidation of assets to minimize the loss by members.

===2006 electoral scandal===
This scandal unfolded around September 2006, just two weeks before general elections. As a result, Berzoini left the coordination of Lula's re-election after allegedly using PT's budget (which is partially state-funded through party allowances) to purchase, from a confessed fraudster, a dossier that would be used to attack political adversaries. On 25 April 2007, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal unanimously cleared Lula of any responsibility for this scandal.<ref>{{cite news|last=Duffy|first=Gary|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6593545.stm |title=Lula cleared of electoral scandal|work=BBC News|date=25 April 2007|access-date=2010-11-01}}</ref>

===Mensalão scandal===
{{main|Mensalão scandal}}
In July 2005, members of the party suffered a [[Mensalão scandal|sequence of corruption accusations]], started by a deputy of the [[Brazilian Labour Party (current)|Brazilian Labour Party]] (''Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro –'' PTB), [[Roberto Jefferson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiobras.gov.br/materia_i_2004.php?materia=234343&editoria=|title=Portal da Cidadania|date=September 29, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095527/http://www.radiobras.gov.br/materia_i_2004.php?materia=234343&editoria=|access-date=January 22, 2019|archive-date=September 29, 2007}}</ref> Serious evidence for slush funding and bribes-for-votes were presented, dragging PT to the most serious crisis in its history, known colloquially as the ''[[Mensalão scandal|Mensalão]]''. [[José Genoíno]] resigned as president of the party and was replaced by [[Tarso Genro]], former mayor of Porto Alegre. A small minority of party members defected as a result of the crisis. Most of them went to PSOL.

===Lava Jato scandal===
{{main|Operation Car Wash}}
{{Update|section|date=April 2021}}
The investigation of a series of crimes, such corruption and money laundering, led to the arrest of the party's treasurer João Vaccari Neto and his sister-in-law. José Genoino, José Dirceu, Delcídio do Amaral, André Vargas and Delúbio Soares were also arrested in the process. Most recently, former President Lula was arrested in April 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/15/brazil-treasurer-petrobras-arrested|title=Brazil Workers' Party treasurer arrested in Petrobras corruption investigation|date=16 April 2015|agency=Associated Press|access-date=22 November 2016|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> However, in March 2021, the [[Supreme Federal Court]] overturned all the convictions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56326389.amp|title=Brazil judge annuls ex-leader Lula's convictions |date=March 8, 2021 }}</ref> This came after leaks which suggested that Judge Sérgio Moro had conspired with the prosecution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/08/anti-corruption-crusades-paved-way-bolsonaro/596449/ |title=The Dirty Problems With Operation Car Wash: News reports have pointed to serious wrongdoing at the heart of the anti-corruption inquiry that has shaken many Latin American countries |author=Vincent Begins | date=21 August 2019 |publisher=The Atlantic}}</ref>

==Organization==

=== Presidents ===
Since its inception the party has been led by the following:
* [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] (10 February 1980 – 24 January 1994)
* [[Rui Falcão]] (1994)
* [[José Dirceu]] (1995–2002)
* [[José Genoíno]] (2002–2005)
* [[Tarso Genro]] (2005) (interim)
* [[Ricardo Berzoini]] (2005–2006)
* [[Marco Aurélio Garcia]] (6 October 2006 – 2 January 2007) (interim)
* [[Ricardo Berzoini]] (2 January 2007 – 19 February 2010)
* [[José Eduardo Dutra]] (19 February 2010 – 29 April 2011)
* [[Rui Falcão]] (29 April 2011 – 3 June 2017)
* [[Gleisi Hoffmann]] (since 3 June 2017)

===Structure===
The party maintains directorates at the zonal, municipal, state and national levels, all elected directly by members of the party based on proportionality, gender parity, and both ethnic-racial and generational criteria. Each directorate elects an executive committee on the same basis to steer each directorate. The National Executive Committee maintains several national secretariats:<ref>{{Cite web |title=secretaria-nacional |url=https://pt.org.br/secretarias-e-setoriais/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Partido dos Trabalhadores |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Columns-list|* General
* Women;
* Youth;
* Combating Racism
* Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, Transvestites and Transsexuals (LGBT)
* Environment and Agrarian Development
* Trade Unions
* Culture
* Finance and Planning
* Organization
* Communication
* Popular Movements and Sectoral Policies
* International Relations
* Political Education
* Mobilization
* Institutional Affairs
* Economic Development
* Regional Coordination|colwidth=15em}}

===Factions===
There are about thirty [[Political faction|factions]] (''tendências'') within PT, ranging from Articulação, the centre-left group that Lula is a part of, to [[Marxism|Marxists]] and [[Christian socialism|Christian socialists]].

====Tendencies integrating the Building a New Brazil field====
Considered the right-wing of the party, i.e. going from centre to centre-left.
* Articulation - Unity on Struggle (AUNL)
* PT Movement
* Radical Democracy (DR)

====Tendencies categorized as the left-wing of the party====
* {{ill|O Trabalho|pt|O Trabalho|lt=The Work}} (O Trabalho, OT)
* Left-wing Articulation (AE)
* [[Socialist Democracy (Brazil)|Socialist Democracy]] (DS)
* Socialist Brazil (BS)
* Democratic Left (ED)
* Popular Socialist Left (EPS)
* Socialist Resistance (RS)

====Former factions====
* Workers' Cause (CO) – seceded from the party in 1990 as the [[Workers' Cause Party]] (PCO)
* {{ill|Socialist Convergence (Brazil)|pt|Convergência Socialista|lt=Socialist Convergence}} (CS) – seceded in 1993 as part of [[Unified Workers' Socialist Party]] (PSTU)
* Workers' Socialist Current (CST) – seceded in 2004 to form the [[Socialism and Liberty Party]] (PSOL)
* Socialist Left Movement (MES) – seceded in 2004 to form the [[Socialism and Liberty Party]] (PSOL)
* Popular Socialist Action (APS) – seceded in 2005 and joined the [[Socialism and Liberty Party]] (PSOL)
* Tendency for the Workers' Revolutionary Party (TPOR) – Trotskyist faction that seceded in 1990 as the Workers' Revolutionary Party (POR)
* Marxist Left (EM), the Brazilian section of the [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] [[Revolutionary Communist International|International Marxist Tendency]]. Marxist Left released a statement saying that "for the revolutionaries, there is no more room for the construction of socialist ideas within PT".<ref>{{cite web|title=Esquerda Marxista (Marxist Left) decides to leave PT|url=http://www.marxist.com/esquerda-marxista-decides-to-leave-pt.htm|website=In Defense of Marxism|access-date=26 June 2015|date=5 May 2015}}</ref>

== Famous members ==
Its members are known as ''petistas'', from the Portuguese acronym PT.
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Henos Amorina]]
* [[Alexandre Padilha]]
* [[Aloizio Mercadante]]
* [[Ana Julia Carepa]]
* [[Antônio Palocci]]
* [[Arlindo Chinaglia]]
* [[Benedita da Silva]]
* [[Binho Marques]]
* [[Cabo Almi]]
* [[Chico Buarque]]
* [[Chico Mendes]]
* [[Dilma Rousseff]]
* [[Eduardo Suplicy]]
* [[Fernando Haddad]]
* [[Fernando Damata Pimentel|Fernando Pimentel]]
* [[Guido Mantega]]
* [[Jaques Wagner]]
* [[João Paulo Cunha]]
* [[João Vaccari Neto]]
* [[José Dirceu]]
* [[Luis Favre]]
* [[Luiz Gushiken]]
* [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
* [[Luizianne Lins]]
* [[Marcelo Déda]]
* [[Marco Aurélio Garcia]]
* [[Marilena Chaui]]
* [[Juliana Prestes]], niece of [[Luís Carlos Prestes]]
* [[Olívio Dutra]]
* [[Paulo Delgado]]
* [[Paulo Freire]]
* [[Rodrigo Maroni]]
* [[Sérgio Buarque de Holanda]]
* [[Tarso Genro]]
* [[Wellington Dias (politician)|Wellington Dias]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
=== In English ===
* {{cite book|editor-last=Baiocchi|editor-first=Gianpaolo |title=Radicals in Power: The Workers' Party and Experiments in Urban Democracy in Brazil|publisher=Zed Books|year=2003}}
* {{cite book|last1=Branford|first1=Sue|first2=Bernardo|last2=Kucinski|title=Lula and the Workers' Party in Brazil|publisher=New Press|year=2005}}
* {{cite book|first=Hernán F. Gómez|last=Bruera|title=Lula, the Workers' Party and the Governability Dilemma in Brazil|publisher=Routledge|year=2013}}
* {{cite book|first=Wendy|last=Hunter|title=The Transformation of the Workers' Party in Brazil, 1989–2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-51455-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Keck|first=Margaret E.|title=The Workers' Party and Democratization in Brazil|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1995}}

=== In Portuguese ===
* Couto, A. J. Paula. ''O PT em pílulas''.
* Dacanal, José Hildebrando. ''A nova classe no poder''.
* Demier, Felipe. ''As Transformações do PT e os Rumos da Esquerda no Brasil''.
* Godoy, Dagoberto Lima. ''Neocomunismo no Brasil''.
* Harnecker, Martha (1994). ''O sonho era possível''. São Paulo: Casa das Américas.
* Hohlfeldt, Antônio. ''O fascínio da estrela''.
* Moura, Paulo. ''PT – Comunismo ou Social-Democracia?''.
* Paula Couto, Adolpho João de. ''A face oculta da estrela''.
* Pedrosa, Mário (1980). ''Sobre o PT''. São Paulo: CHED Editorial.
* Pluggina, Percival. ''Crônicas contra o totalitarismo''.
* Tavares, José Antônio Giusti with Fernando Schüller, Ronaldo Moreira Brum and Valério Rohden. ''Totalitarismo tardio – o caso do PT''.
* Singer, André. ''O PT – Folha Explica''.
* Singer, André. ''Os Sentidos do Lulismo''.

=== Annotated bibliography ===
* [http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4739869P5 Carlos Henrique Metidieri Menegozzo]; [http://lattes.cnpq.br/8715129121601284 Dainis Karepovs]; [http://lattes.cnpq.br/9984832119154642 Aline Fernanda Maciel]; [http://lattes.cnpq.br/4925098455180178 Patrícia Rodrigues da Silva]; [http://lattes.cnpq.br/7904921324819047 Rodrigo Cesar] (2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140222235722/http://novo.fpabramo.org.br/sites/default/files/pt_bibliografia_1ed-3.pdf "Partido dos Trabalhadores: bibliografia comentada (1978–2002)"] (PDF). São Paulo: Editora Fundação Perseu Abramo. 413 p.

==External links==
* {{in lang|pt}} [http://www.tse.gov.br/ Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (Brazilian Electoral Superior Court)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105064924/http://www.tse.gov.br/ |date=November 5, 2010 }}
* {{in lang|pt}} [http://www.pt.org.br/ Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers' Party) official webpage]
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{{succession box|title=Numbers of Brazilian Official Political Parties|before=[[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|12 – DLP (PDT)]]|after=[[Brazilian Democratic Movement|15 – BDM (MDB)]]|years=13 – WP (PT)}}
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{{Brazil political parties}}
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[[Category:1980 establishments in Brazil]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1980]]
[[Category:Centre-left parties in South America]]
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