Editing Yellow-browed bulbul

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Yellow-browed bulbul.jpg 
| image_caption = [[File:Ioleindica.ogg|thumb|Calls]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Acritillas indica'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22713173A94363317 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22713173A94363317.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> 
| genus = Acritillas
| parent_authority = [[Harry Oberholser|Oberholser]], 1905
| species = indica
| authority = ([[Thomas C. Jerdon|Jerdon]], 1839)
| range_map = Acritillas indica distribution map.png
| synonyms = * ''Hypsipetes indica''
* ''Hypsipetes indicus''
* ''Iole indica''
* ''Trichophorus indicus''
}}

The ''' yellow-browed bulbul''' ('''''Acritillas indica'''''), or '''golden-browed bulbul''', is a species of [[songbird]] in the [[bulbul]] family, Pycnonotidae. It is found in the forests of southern India and Sri Lanka. The yellow-browed bulbul is mainly yellow on the underside and olive above with a distinct yellow brow. They are easily located by their loud calls but tend to skulk within foliage below the forest canopy. While its taxonomic classification has changed over time, it is currently the sole species within the monotypic genus '''''Acritillas''''' which is closely related to ''[[Hemixos flavala|Hemixos]]''.

==Taxonomy and systematics==
[[File:Yellow browed bulbul.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''A. i. icterica'' at [[Dandeli]], India]]
{{cladogram|align=left|caption=Evolutionary relationships based on Fuchs et al., 2018.
|cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
 |label1=
 |1={{clade
  |label1=
  |1={{clade
   |label1=
   |1={{clade
    |label1=
    |1={{clade
     |label1=
     |1={{clade
      |label1=
      |1={{clade
       |label1=
       |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Hypsipetes]]''
       }}
       |label2=
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Acritillas]]''
        |2=''[[Hemixos]]''
       }}
      }}
      |2=''[[Ixos]]''
     }}
     |2=''[[Alcurus]]''
    }}
    |2=''[[Iole (bird)|Iole]]''
   }}
   |2=''[[Alophoixus]]''
  }}
  |2=''[[Tricholestes]]''
 }}
}}

}}
The yellow-browed bulbul was originally described in the genus ''[[Trichophorus]]'' (a synonym for ''Criniger'') in 1839 by T. C. Jerdon on the basis of specimens from the Wynaad region and given the original binomial (or protonym) of ''Trichophorus indicus''. Formerly, the yellow-browed bulbul was classified in the genus ''[[Iole (genus)|Iole]]'' as two separate species but a study<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Dickinson, E.C.  |author2=Gregory, S.M.S. |name-list-style=amp | title= Systematic notes on Asian birds. 24. On the priority of the name Hypsipetes Vigors, 1831, and the division of the broad genus of that name| journal=Zool. Verh. Leiden |volume=340 |year=2002 |pages=75–91| url= http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/46722}}</ref> determined that this species is exceptional and it is now placed in the monotypic genus ''Acritillas''.<ref name=peters/><ref name=hbk>{{cite book |author1=Ali, S |author2=Ripley, SD |name-list-style=amp | year=1996|title=Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 6|edition=2| pages=104–107| publisher=Oxford University Press|place= New Delhi}}</ref><ref name=fbi1>{{cite book|title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 1|pages=283–284|url= https://archive.org/stream/birdsindia01oaterich#page/283/mode/1up| publisher=Taylor and Francis|place= London| author=Oates, EW|year=1889}}</ref> Some authorities have included the yellow-browed bulbul in the genus ''[[Hypsipetes]]'' but a 2018 molecular phylogenetic study indicated the nearest living relative as ''[[Hemixos flavala]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/ibi.12580|last1=Fuchs|first1=Jérôme|last2=Pasquet|first2=Eric|last3=Stuart|first3=Bryan L|last4=Woxvold|first4=Iain A|last5=Duckworth|first5=J. W|last6=Bowie|first6=Rauri C. K|title=Phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic Bare-faced Bulbul ''Pycnonotus hualon'' with description of a new genus|journal=Ibis|volume=160|issue=3|pages=659|year=2018}}</ref>

===Subspecies===
Three subspecies are currently recognized:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/bulbuls/|title=Bulbuls « IOC World Bird List|website=www.worldbirdnames.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref><ref name=peters>{{cite book|url= https://archive.org/stream/checklistofbirds91960pete#page/289/mode/1up|pages=289–290| year=1960| place= Cambridge, Massachusetts| title=Check-list of birds of the World. Volume IX.| editor1=Ernst Mayr Ernst |editor2=James C. Greenway Jr. |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology}}</ref>

* ''A. i. icterica'' - <small>([[Hugh Edwin Strickland|Strickland]], 1844)</small>: Originally described as a separate species in the genus ''[[Criniger]]'' from a specimen from Satara, Maharashtra. The upperparts are more greyish green and the yellow a bit duller and it is found in the northern Western Ghats population but intergrades with ''A. i. indica'' in the Londa area.<ref name=hbk />
* ''A. i. indica'' - <small>([[Thomas C. Jerdon|Jerdon]], 1839)</small>: Found in the [[Western Ghats]] and [[Nilgiris]] of India, northern and eastern Sri Lanka. This has the yellow brighter than in ''A. i. icterica''.<ref name=hbk />
* ''A. i. guglielmi'' - <small>([[Sidney Dillon Ripley|Ripley]], 1946)</small>: Found in south-western Sri Lanka. Has a more greenish plumage with the underparts tinged green unlike the bronzy tinge of ''A. i. indica''.<ref name=hbk />

==Description==
This bulbul is about {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, lacks a crest and has the upperparts olive-green with a prominent yellow brow and goggle with the underparts being all yellow. The sexes do not differ in plumage. The bill is black and the iris is reddish brown. The population in the northern Western Ghats (ssp. ''icterica'') is paler yellow than the populations further south (ssp. ''indica''). A somewhat disjunct population is found in the Eastern Ghats. Southwestern Sri Lankan populations (ssp. ''gugliemi'') are greener while the northern populations are included in the nominate subspecies.<ref name=peters/><ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen, PC  |author2=Anderton, JC |name-list-style=amp |year=2005| title=Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|pages=341–342|publisher= Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions|place=Washington, DC and Barcelona}}</ref>
[[File:Yellow-eared Bulbul near Sinharaja.jpg|thumb|left|''A. i. guglielmi'' near Sinharaja showing greenish tinge on underside]] The calls include a whistle-like call and sharp ''pick-wick'' notes.

==Distribution and habitat==
The yellow-browed bulbul has been considered as the wet-zone counterpart of the dry-zone [[white-browed bulbul]].<ref name=hbk/> It is found mainly below the forest canopy of the hill forests and plantations in the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. They also occur in parts of the Eastern Ghats including the Kolli hills,<ref>{{cite journal|author= Karthikeyan, S |year=1997| title= Yellowbrowed Bulbul ''Hypsipetes indicus'' (Jerdon) in the Kolli Hills (Tamil Nadu), Eastern Ghats| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 94|issue=3|pages=570–571|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48601948}}</ref> Nallamalas and parts of Tirupathi and Mamandur regions in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Srinivasulu, C |author2=Rao, V Vasudeva |year=2000|title=Occurrence of the Yellowbrowed Bulbul ''Hypsipetes indicus'' (Jerdon) in the Nalamalla Hills, Andhra Pradesh|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=97|issue=1|pages= 144–145|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48567570}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Santharam, V| year=1991|title= Yellowbrowed Bulbul ''Hypsipetes indicus'' (Jerdon) in the Eastern Ghats|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume =88| issue=2|pages=287–288|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48673709 }}</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
Yellow-browed bulbuls are found in pairs or small groups and call loudly. They feed mainly on berries and insects. The breeding season is during the dry spell before the monsoons, mainly January to May. The nest is a cup built in a low fork covered with moss and cobwebs on the outside, giving the appearance of a large [[white-eye]] nest,<ref name=hbk/> and lined with fine root fibres.<ref name=pcr/> The typical clutch size in India is three eggs and in Sri Lanka two. A study of 153 nests in Silent Valley National Park of India found 92% of nests had two eggs.<ref name="Balakrishnan, Peroth 2009 176–183"/> Peak breeding in the Silent Valley National Park of Kerala was found in January and February.<ref name="Balakrishnan, Peroth 2009 176–183">{{cite journal|author=Balakrishnan, Peroth| year=2009| title= Breeding ecology and nest-site selection of yellow-browed bulbul ''Iole indica'' in Western Ghats, India| journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=106| issue=2| pages=176–183|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48379183 }}</ref> About a week is taken for building the nest and the eggs are incubated for about 13 days. The eggs are pale pink or white with reddish brown speckling.<ref name=fbi2>{{cite book|title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Volume 1|edition=2|pages= 405–406|url=https://archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin01bake#page/405/mode/1up|year=1922| author=Baker, EC Stuart|publisher=Taylor and Francis|place= London}}</ref> The eggs hatch synchronously and the nestlings fledge after about 13 days.<ref name="Balakrishnan, Peroth 2009 176–183"/> Nestlings are fed with caterpillars, soft insects and berries.<ref name=hbk/>

==References==
{{Commons category|Acritillas indica}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Passerida|S.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1305365}}

[[Category:Pycnonotidae|yellow-browed bulbul]]
[[Category:Bulbuls|yellow-browed bulbul]]
[[Category:Birds of South India]]
[[Category:Birds of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1839|yellow-browed bulbul]]