Editing Yellow badge

{{Short description|Badge forced to be worn by Jews at various times in history}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Pp-sock|small=yes}}
[[File:Juif.JPG|thumb|Yellow star labeled {{lang|fr|Juif}}, the [[French language|French]] term for ''Jew'', that was worn during the [[Nazi occupation of France]].]]
{{Antisemitism sidebar|expanded=Persecution}}
The '''yellow badge''', also known as the '''yellow patch''', the '''Jewish badge''', or the '''yellow star''' ({{langx|de|Judenstern}}, {{Literal translation|Jew's star}}), was an accessory that [[Jews]] were required to wear in certain non-Jewish societies throughout history. A Jew's ethno-religious identity, which would be denoted by the badge, would help to [[Badge of shame|mark them as an outsider]].<ref>{{cite book |last=D'Ancona |first=Jacob |author-link=Jacob of Ancona |url=https://archive.org/details/cityoflight0000jaco_t7c4 |title=The City of Light: The Hidden Journal of the Man Who Entered China Four Years Before Marco Polo |publisher=Citadel Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-8065-2463-4 |location=New York |pages=23–24 |translator-last=Selbourne |translator-first=David |quote=But the wearing of a badge or outward sign – whose effect, intended or otherwise, successful or not, was to shame and to make vulnerable as well as to distinguish the wearer – was one thing. |translator-link=David Selbourne |url-access=limited}}</ref> Legislation that mandated Jewish subjects to wear such items has been documented in some Middle Eastern [[Caliphate|caliphates]] and in some European kingdoms during the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]] and the [[early modern period]]. The most recent usage of yellow badges was during [[World War II]], when Jews living in [[Nazi Germany]] and [[German-occupied Europe]] were ordered to wear a yellow [[Star of David]] to keep their Jewish identity disclosed to the public in the years leading up to [[the Holocaust]].

==History==
===Muslim world===
The practice of wearing special clothing or markings to distinguish Jews and other non-Muslims ([[dhimmi]]s) in Muslim-dominated countries seems to have been introduced in the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] by Caliph [[Umar II]] in the early 8th century.<ref name="Bell2005"/> In the 9th century, Islamic authorities begun to harden their attitude on {{lang|ar-Latn|ghiyār}} ({{lang|ar|غيار}}, or the differentiating of non-Muslims from Muslims.<ref name="Stillman">{{cite book |last1=Stillman |first1=Norman |title=Arab Dress, A Short History: From the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times |date=8 June 2022 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-49162-5 |pages=103–105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUB0EAAAQBAJ |access-date=3 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Abbasid]] caliph [[al-Mutawakkil]] issued a decree in 850 that ordered Jews and Christians to wear the {{lang|ar-Latn|[[zunnar]]}} ({{lang|ar|زنار}}), honey-coloured outer garments and badge-like patches on their clothing and their servants' clothing. This begun the long tradition of differentiating by colour, though the colour and badges would change over time and place.<ref name="Roth">{{cite book |last1=Roth |first1=Norman |title=Routledge Revivals: Medieval Jewish Civilization (2003): An Encyclopedia |date=5 July 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-67698-4 |pages=173–174 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RTorDwAAQBAJ |access-date=2 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Stillman" />

The clothing was also enforced outside of the Islamic heartlands. In [[Aghlabid dynasty|Aghlabid]] Northern Africa and Sicily dhimmis were required to wear a patch ({{langx|ar|رقعة}}, {{lang|ar-Latn|ruq'a}}) of white fabric on the shoulder of their outer garment, with the patch for Jews being a in the image of an ape and for Christians the image of a pig.<ref name="Stillman" /><ref name="Simonsohn">{{cite book |last1=Simonsohn |first1=Šelomō |title=The Jews in Sicily: 383–1300 |date=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10977-3 |page=xxiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLgr_TuHaYUC |access-date=3 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It is not clear how long this humiliating decree remained in force, but it is clear that in the Maghrebi case, the purpose of the patch was not merely {{lang|ar-Latn|ghiyār}} ('differentiation'), but also {{lang|ar-Latn|dhull}} ({{lang|ar|ذل}}, 'humiliation') in keeping with the koranic injunction ([[At-Tawba 29|Sura 9:29]]) that non-Muslims should be humbled.<ref name="Stillman" /> A [[genizah]] document from 1121 gives the following description of decrees issued in Baghdad:

{{quote|Two yellow badges [are to be displayed], one on the headgear and one on the neck. Furthermore, each Jew must hang round his neck a piece of lead weighing [3 grams] with the word {{lang|ar-Latn|dhimmi}} on it. He also has to wear a belt round his waist. The women have to wear one red and one black shoe and have a small bell on their necks or shoes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Johnson (writer) |year=1987 |title=A History of the Jews |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjews0000john |url-access=limited |location=New York |publisher=Harper & Row |pages=204–205 |isbn=978-0-06-015698-5 }}</ref>}}

In the late 12th century, the [[Almohads]] forced the Jews of North Africa to wear yellow cloaks and turbans,<ref name="Roth2">{{cite book |last1=Roth |first1=Norman |title=Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia |date=8 April 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77155-2 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8edQAwAAQBAJ |access-date=2 October 2024 |language=en |chapter=Almohads}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Taieb-Carlen |first1=Sarah |title=The Jews of North Africa: From Dido to De Gaulle |date=23 February 2010 |publisher=University Press of America |isbn=978-0-7618-5044-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9txi3xuuENcC |access-date=2 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> a practice the subsequent [[Hafsid dynasty|Hafsid]] dynasty continued to follow.<ref name="Stillman1">{{cite book |last1=Stillman |first1=Norman |title=Arab Dress, A Short History: From the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times |date=8 June 2022 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-49162-5 |pages=110–114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUB0EAAAQBAJ |access-date=3 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In 1250, under Hafsid caliph al-Mustansir, Jews had to wear some sort of distinguishing badge ({{langx|ar|شكيلة}}, {{lang|ar-Latn|[[shikla]]}}), though it is not exactly known how it looked like and it may have referred to both a special patch and an overall attire unique to Jews.<ref name="Joffé">{{cite book |last1=Joffé |first1=George |title=Routledge Handbook on the Modern Maghrib |date=20 November 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-99964-2 |page=328 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=243ZEAAAQBAJ |access-date=3 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> At the same time, the [[Ayyubid Sultanate|Ayyubid Sultan]] decreed that the life and property of any Jew or Christian found in the street without a distinguishing badge ({{langx|ar|علامة}}, {{lang|ar-Latn|'alāma}}) or {{lang|ar-Latn|zunnar}} would be forfeit.<ref name="Stillman1" /> Mid-15th century reports describe the {{lang|ar-Latn|shikla}} as a piece of yellow cloth worn on the outer clothing that [[Tunisian Jews]] were obliged to wear.<ref name="FentonLittman">{{cite book |last1=Fenton |first1=Paul B. |last2=Littman |first2=David G. |title=Exile in the Maghreb: Jews under Islam, Sources and Documents, 997–1912 |date=5 May 2016 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-61147-788-7 |pages=57–59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMZnCgAAQBAJ |access-date=3 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Joffé" /> The {{lang|ar-Latn|shikla}} ceased to be used in Morocco from the 16th century, but it continued to be such a regular defining mark of Tunisian Jews up to the 19th century, that they were commonly referred to as {{lang|ar-Latn|shikliyyūn}} ('those who wear the sign').<ref name="Stillman1" />

===Medieval and early modern Europe===
[[File:Wormsjews.jpg|thumb|A 16th century depiction of a Jewish couple from [[Worms, Germany]], wearing the obligatory yellow badge; the man holds a moneybag and bulbs of garlic (often used in artistic portrayals of Jews in medieval Europe).]]
In largely Catholic Medieval Europe, Jews and Muslims were required to wear distinguishable clothing in some periods. These measures were not seen as being inconsistent with the papal bulls ''{{lang|la|[[Sicut Judaeis]]}}''. Most significantly, the [[Fourth Council of the Lateran]] headed by [[Pope Innocent III]] ruled in 1215 that Jews and Muslims must wear distinguishable dress (Latin ''{{lang|la|habitus}}''). This wording of the council decree may have been influenced indirectly by the Muslim requirements for Jews.<ref name="Roth2" /> Canon 68 reads, in part:

{{quote|In some provinces a difference in dress distinguishes the Jews or [[Saracen]]s from the Christians, but in certain others such a confusion has grown up that they cannot be distinguished by any difference. Thus it happens at times that through error Christians have relations with the women of Jews or Saracens, and Jews and Saracens with Christian women. Therefore, that they may not, under pretext of error of this sort, excuse themselves in the future for the excesses of such prohibited intercourse, we decree that such Jews and Saracens of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress. Particularly, since it may be read in the writings of Moses [{{bibleverse||Numbers|15:37–41|NIV}}], that this very law has been enjoined upon them.<ref name="Halsall_1996">{{cite book|editor-last=Halsall|editor-first=Paul|date=March 1996|chapter=Twelfth Ecumenical Council: Lateran IV 1215|chapter-url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/lateran4.asp|title=Internet Medieval Sourcebook|via=[[Internet History Sourcebooks Project]]|access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref>}} 

Innocent III had in 1199 confirmed ''{{lang|la|Sicut Judaeis}}'', which was also confirmed by [[Pope Honorius III]] in 1216. In 1219, Honorius III issued a dispensation to the Jews of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]],<ref name="Adler&Jacobs">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Adler|first1=Cyrus|author-link1=Cyrus Adler|last2=Jacobs|first2=Joseph|author-link2=Joseph Jacobs|year=1902|editor-last=Singer|editor-first=Isidore|editor-link=Isidore Singer|title=BADGE|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2317-badge|encyclopedia=[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]]|volume=II|location=New York; London|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls|pages=425–427|access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref> the largest Jewish population in Europe. Spanish Jews normally wore [[turban]]s, which presumably met the requirement to be distinctive.<ref name="Roth" /> Elsewhere, local laws were introduced to bring the canon into effect.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schreckenberg|first=Heinz|year=1996|title=The Jews in Christian Art: An Illustrated History|url=https://archive.org/details/jewsinchristiana00schr|url-access=limited|location=New York|publisher=Continuum|pages=15 and passim|isbn=0-8264-0936-9}}</ref> The identifying mark varied from one country to another, and from period to period.

In 1227, the [[Council of Narbonne (1227)|Synod of Narbonne]], in canon 3, ruled:

{{quote|That Jews may be distinguished from others, we decree and emphatically command that in the center of the breast (of their garments) they shall wear an oval badge, the measure of one finger in width and one half a palm in height.<ref name="Halsall_1996" />}}

However, these ecclesiastic pronouncements required legal sanctions of a temporal authority. In 1228, [[James I of Aragon]] ordered Jews of [[Aragon]] to wear the badge;<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" /> and in 1265, the ''{{lang|es|[[Siete Partidas]]}}'', a legal code enacted in Castile by [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]] but not implemented until many years later, included a requirement for Jews to wear distinguishing marks.<ref name="Halsall_1997">{{cite book|editor-last=Halsall|editor-first=Paul|date=October 1997|chapter=Las Siete Partidas: Laws on Jews, 1265|chapter-url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/jews-sietepart.html|title=Internet Medieval Sourcebook|via=[[Internet History Sourcebooks Project]]|access-date=2006-09-18}}</ref> On 19 June 1269, [[Louis IX of France]] imposed a fine of ten [[French livre|livres]] (one livre was equivalent to a pound of silver) on Jews found in public without a badge ({{langx|la|rota|lit=wheel}}, {{langx|fr|rouelle}} or {{lang|fr|roue}}).<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" /><ref name="Birnbaum">{{cite news|last=Birnbaum|first=Eli|title=This Day in Jewish History|url=http://info.jpost.com/1999/Supplements/JewishHistory/today.cgi?mon=6&day=19|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|access-date=2006-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519053707/http://info.jpost.com/1999/Supplements/JewishHistory/today.cgi?mon=6&day=19|archive-date=2006-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> The enforcement of wearing the badge is repeated by local councils, with varying degrees of fines, at [[Arles]] 1234 and 1260, [[Béziers]] 1246, [[Albi]] 1254, [[Nîmes]] 1284 and 1365, [[Avignon]] 1326 and 1337, [[Rodez]] 1336, and [[Vanves]] 1368.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" /> The "rota" looked like a ring of white or yellow.<ref>{{harvnb|Schreckenberg|1996|p=15}}, although {{harvnb|Piponnier|Mane|1997|p=137}}, say red was commonest for badges of all shapes, followed by yellow or green, or red and white together.</ref> The shape and colour of the patch also varied, although the colour was usually white or yellow. Married women were often required to wear two bands of blue on their veil or head-scarf.<ref name="Piponnier&Mane_p137" />

In 1274, [[Edward I of England]] enacted the [[Statute of Jewry]], which also included a requirement:

{{quote|Each Jew, after he is seven years old, shall wear a distinguishing mark on his outer garment, that is to say, in the form of [[Ten Commandments|two Tables joined]], of yellow felt of the length of {{convert|6|in|mm|round=5|disp=sqbr|spell=in}} and of the breadth of {{convert|3|in|mm|round=5|disp=sqbr|spell=in}}.{{sfn|Schreckenberg|1996|p=305}}<ref name="ThisSceptredIsle">{{cite episode|title=A Day in the Life of 13th-Century England|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/27.shtml?question=27|series=[[This Sceptred Isle (radio series)|This Sceptred Isle]]|network=[[BBC Radio 4]]|access-date=2006-09-05}}</ref>}}

In Europe, Jews were required to wear the {{lang|de|[[Judenhut]]}} or {{lang|la|pileum cornutum}}, a cone-shaped hat, in most cases yellow.<ref>{{cite news|last=Yoked|first=Tzach|date=21 April 2023|title=How European Jews Were Labeled, Centuries Before the Yellow Star|url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2023-04-21/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/how-european-jews-were-labeled-centuries-before-the-yellow-star/00000187-a132-dccf-a9ef-a3fbcbb90000|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref> In 1267, the [[Vienna]] city council ordered Jews to wear this type of hat rather than a badge.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" /> There is a reference to a dispensation from the badge in [[Erfurt]] on 16 October 1294, the earliest reference to the badge in Germany.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" /> There were also attempts to enforce the wearing of full-length robes, which in late 14th-century [[Rome]] were supposed to be red. In Portugal, a red [[Star of David]] was used.<ref name="Piponnier&Mane_p137">{{cite book|last1=Piponnier|first1=Françoise|last2=Mane|first2=Perrine|year=1997|translator-last=Beamish|translator-first=Caroline|title=Dress in the Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/dressinmiddleage00fran|url-access=limited|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|page=137|isbn=0-300-06906-5}}</ref>

Enforcement of the rules was variable; in [[Marseille]] the magistrates ignored accusations of breaches, and in some places individuals or communities could buy exemption. [[Catharism|Cathars]] who were considered "first time offenders" by the [[Catholic Church]] and the [[Inquisition]] were also forced to wear yellow badges, albeit in the form of crosses, about their person.

The yellow badge remained the key distinguishing mark of Jewish dress in the Middle Ages.<ref>{{harvnb|Schreckenberg|1996|p=15}}, although ''The Jewish Encyclopedia'' cites a reference from 1208 in France. See ''The Jewish Encyclopedia'' for the ''Judenhut'' being more widespread than the badge.</ref> From the 16th century, the use of the ''{{lang|de|Judenhut}}'' declined, but the badge tended to outlast it, surviving into the 18th century in places.{{sfn|Schreckenberg|1996|pp=308–329}}

===Axis powers===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101III-Wisniewski-010-21A, Polen, Radom, Juden, Junge mit Armbinde.jpg|thumb|upright|A Jewish boy in [[Radom]] with a [[Star of David]] armband]]
After [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[invasion of Poland]] in 1939, there were different local decrees requiring Jews to wear a distinctive sign under the [[General Government]]. The sign was a white armband with a blue Star of David on it; in the [[Reichsgau Wartheland|Warthegau]] a yellow badge in the form of a Star of David on the left side of the breast and on the back.<ref>{{cite web|title=JEWISH BADGE|url=http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/text/x02/xr0254.html|website=Museum of Tolerance Multimedia Learning Center|publisher=[[Simon Wiesenthal Center]]|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212104347/http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/text/x02/xr0254.html|archive-date=2008-02-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> The requirement to wear the Star of David with the word {{lang|de|Jude}} (German for "Jew") – inscribed in [[Faux Hebrew]] letters [[Typeface#Ethnic typefaces|meant to resemble]] [[Hebrew alphabet#Stylistic variants|Hebrew writing]] – was then extended to all Jews over the age of six in the Reich and the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]] (by a decree issued on 1 September 1941, signed by [[Reinhard Heydrich]])<ref name="Polizeiverordnung">{{cite web|date=1 September 1941|title=Polizeiverordnung über die Kennzeichnung der Juden|url=http://www.verfassungen.de/de/de33-45/juden41.htm|website=Verfassungen der Welt|language=de|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722015720/http://www.verfassungen.de/de/de33-45/juden41.htm|archive-date=22 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Robertson|first=Struan|title=I. Buildings Integral to the Former Life and/or Persecution of Jews in Hamburg - Neustadt/St. Pauli. {{!}} 23. No. 35 Karolinenstraße|url=http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/rz3a035/karolinenstrasse.html|website=rrz.uni-hamburg.de|publisher=Regional Computing Center, [[University of Hamburg]]|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112172306/http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/rz3a035/karolinenstrasse.html|archive-date=12 November 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was gradually introduced in other [[German-occupied Europe|German-occupied areas]], where local words were used (e.g. {{lang|fr|Juif}} in French, {{lang|nl|Jood}} in Dutch).

One observer reported that the star increased German non-Nazi sympathy for Jews as the impoverished citizens who wore them were, contrary to [[propaganda in Nazi Germany|Nazi propaganda]], obviously not the cause of German failure on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]]. In the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, government had to ban [[hat tip]]ping towards Jews and other courtesies that became popular as protests against [[occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)|the German occupation]]. A [[whispering campaign]] that claimed that the action was in response to the United States government requiring [[German Americans]] to wear swastikas was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Howard K.|author-link=Howard K. Smith|year=1942|title=Last Train from Berlin|url=https://archive.org/details/lasttrainfromber0000smit_p0b1|url-access=limited|location=New York|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|pages=195–199, 203–204}}</ref>

===Post–World War II===
In May 2001, the [[Taliban]] government in Afghanistan ruled that [[Hinduism in Afghanistan|Hindus]] in the country must wear a yellow badge, causing international outcry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com US edition: US lawmakers say 'We are Hindus' |url=https://www.rediff.com/us/2001/jun/14us1.htm |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Harding |first1=Luke |date=2001-05-24 |title=Taliban defends Hindu badges plan |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/24/lukeharding |access-date=2023-10-17 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In May 2021, in response to the [[vaccine hesitancy|anti-vaccine movement]] in the United States, hatWRKS, a hat store in [[Nashville, Tennessee]], sold badges that resembled the yellow stars with the words "Not vaccinated" on them. In response, the [[Stetson]] company announced they would no longer sell any hats to the store. This also sparked protests outside the store.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Alonso|first1=Melissa|last2=Rose|first2=Andy|date=29 May 2021|title=Demonstrators gather outside Nashville hat store that offered 'not vaccinated' yellow Star of David badges|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/29/us/demonstrators-nashville-hat-store-not-vaccinated-badges/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref> The practice of wearing yellow stars in [[protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic]] spread to Montreal, London, Amsterdam and Paris. The practice sparked condemnation by various Jewish advocacy groups and [[Holocaust survivors]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Thomas|first=Katelyn|date=2021-08-19|title=Jewish groups, minister condemn yellow stars worn by anti-vaccine protesters|url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/jewish-groups-minister-condemn-yellow-stars-worn-by-anti-vaccine-protesters|newspaper=[[Montreal Gazette]]|access-date=2021-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=More than 20,000 people took part in Amsterdam march, officials say|url=https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2021/09/more-than-20000-people-took-part-in-amsterdam-march-officials-say/|website=DutchNews|access-date=2021-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2021-05-07|title=German call to ban 'Jewish star' at Covid demos|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57020697|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=2021-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gouvy|first1=Constantin|last2=Charlton|first2=Angela|date=2021-07-19|title=Anger as French protesters compare vaccines to Nazi horrors|url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-health-government-and-politics-coronavirus-pandemic-race-and-ethnicity-e3757c1c51abd7ce56473c455f6f880d|work=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=2021-09-12}}</ref>

On 31 October 2023, [[Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations]] [[Gilad Erdan]], as well as other [[Israel|Israeli]] delegates, began wearing yellow star badges with the words "[[Never again|Never Again]]" written on them, in protest to criticism of Israel's conduct during the [[Gaza war]]. Erdan claimed that the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] was "silent" about the [[2023 Hamas attack on Israel|7 October Hamas attack on Israel]], and said that he would wear the star "as a symbol of pride".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-31 |title=Israel's UN delegates criticised for wearing yellow stars as 'symbol of pride' |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/israels-un-delegates-criticised-wearing-yellow-stars-symbol-pride-2023-10-31/ |access-date=2023-11-26}}</ref> However, this decision was immediately condemned by [[Yad Vashem]] chairman [[Dani Dayan]], calling it a "[disgrace to] the victims of the Holocaust as well as the state of Israel", pointing out that the slaughter of Jews by Hamas differs from the Holocaust in that "Jews have today a state and an army. We are not defenseless and at the mercy of others."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-25 |title=Yad Vashem, Israeli officials react harshly to UN chief remarks on Oct 7 massacre |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/diplomacy/1698236015-yad-vashem-israeli-officials-react-harshly-to-un-chief-remarks-on-oct-7-massacre |website=i24 News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-31 |title=Israel envoy wears yellow star at UN, drawing Yad Vashem criticism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231031-israel-envoy-wears-yellow-star-at-un |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=France 24 |language=en |agency=AFP}}</ref> According to [[Ynet]], unnamed officials from Israel's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] were also highly critical of the decision, with one calling it a "cheap gimmick that doesn’t serve our goal", and others describing it as an attempt to appeal to [[Likud]] party members.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Magid |first=Jacob |others=AFP |title=Erdan tells UN he'll don yellow Star of David until it condemns Hamas; Yad Vashem fumes |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/erdan-tells-security-council-hell-don-yellow-star-of-david-until-it-condemns-hamas/}}</ref>

==Timeline==
===Caliphates===
;717–720: Caliph [[Umar II]] orders non-Muslims ({{lang|ar-Latn|[[dhimmi]]}}) to wear vestimentary distinctions (called {{lang|ar-Latn|giyār}}, {{lang|ar|غيار}}, 'distinguishing marks').<ref>{{cite book |last=Heinemann |first=Isaak |title=Antisemitism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-02PsKF1ioC&q=Caliph+%5B%5BUmar+II%5D%5D+orders+non-Muslims+(%5B%5Bdhimmi%5D%5D)+to+wear+vestimentary+distinctions |publisher=Keter Books |year=1974 |page=84 |isbn=978-0-7065-1327-1}}</ref>
;847–861: Caliph [[al-Mutawakkil]] reinforces and reissues the edict. Christians are required to wear patches. One of the patches was to be worn in front of the breast and the other on the back. They were required to be honey-coloured.<ref name="Bell2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bell |first=Dean Phillip |year=2005 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Richard S. |editor-link=Richard S. Levy |title=Yellow Badge |url=https://archive.org/details/antisemitism-a-historical-encyclopedia-of-prejudice-and-persecution-vols-1-2/page/779/mode/2up |encyclopedia=Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution |volume=1 |location=Santa Barbara, California |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |page=779 |isbn=1-85109-439-3 }}</ref>
;888: Ibrahim ibn Ahmad, the [[Aghlabids|Aghlabid]] ruler of North Africa and Sicily, proclaims an order according to which Jews have to wear a patch depicting a monkey and Christians one depicting a pig.<ref name="Simonsohn" />
;1005: The [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] caliph [[al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|al-Hakim]] forces Jews to wear black robes and a wooden [[golden calf|image of a calf]] in public and a bell around their neck when in public baths (the same applies for Christians who have to wear a wooden cross around their neck in the baths).<ref name="Roth" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lane-Poole |first1=Stanley |title=A History of Egypt: in the middle ages |date=1968 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7146-1686-5 |page=127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzUix2rKFqwC |access-date=2 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
;1184–1199: The Almohad [[Yaqub al-Mansur]] orders that Jews must dress in Muslim fashion of mourning (dark blue or black). His successor requires Jews to wear yellow cloaks and turbans.<ref name="Roth2" /> 
;1249: The Ayyubid Sultan issues an order according to which the property and life of Jews or Christians which are found on the streets without a distinguishing badge is forfeit.<ref name="Stillman1" />
;1450: The Algerian {{lang|ar-Latn|[[qadi]]}} Muhammad al-Uqbani and the Flemish traveller [[Anselm Adornes]] report that [[Tunisian Jews]] are obliged to wear a distinctive piece of yellow cloth on their clothing.<ref name="FentonLittman" /><ref name="Joffé" />

===Medieval and early modern Europe===
;1215: The [[Fourth Council of the Lateran]] headed by [[Pope Innocent III]] declares: "Jews and [[Saracen]]s of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress."<ref name="LateranIV_Canon68">[[Fourth Council of the Lateran]], Canon 68.</ref>
;1219: [[Pope Honorius III]] issues a dispensation to the Jews of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]].<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" /> Spanish Jews normally wore [[turban]]s in any case, which presumably met the requirement to be distinctive.<ref name="Roth" />
;1222: [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] [[Stephen Langton]] orders English Jews to wear a white band two fingers broad and four fingers long.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />
;1227: The Synod of [[Narbonne]] rules: "That Jews may be distinguished from others, we decree and emphatically command that in the center of the breast (of their garments) they shall wear an oval badge, the measure of one finger in width and one half a palm in height."<ref name="LateranIV_Canon68" />
;1228: [[James I of Aragon|James I]] orders Jews of [[Aragon]] to wear the badge.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />[[File:Aaron,SonOfDevil.jpg|thumb|In the 1277 caricature ''[[Aaron, Son of the Devil]]'', Aaron wears a badge with the [[Tablets of Stone|Tablets of the Law]]]]
;1265: The {{lang|es|[[Siete Partidas]]}}, a legal code enacted in Castile by [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]] but not implemented until many years later, includes a requirement for Jews to wear distinguishing marks.<ref name="Halsall_1997" />
;1267: In a special session, the [[Vienna]] city council forces Jews to wear {{lang|la|[[Jewish hat|pileum cornutum]]}} (a cone-shaped head dress, common in medieval illustrations of Jews); a badge does not seem to have been worn in Austria.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />
;1269: [[Kingdom of France|France]]. (Saint) [[Louis IX of France]] orders all Jews found in public without a badge ({{langx|fr|rouelle}} or {{lang|fr|roue}}, {{langx|la|rota}}) to be fined ten livres of silver.<ref name="Birnbaum" /> The enforcement of wearing the badge is repeated by local councils, with varying degrees of fines, at [[Arles]] 1234 and 1260, [[Béziers]] 1246, [[Albi]] 1254, [[Nîmes]] 1284 and 1365, [[Avignon]] 1326 and 1337, [[Rodez]] 1336, and [[Vanves]] 1368.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />
;1274: The [[Statute of Jewry]] in England, enacted by King [[Edward I of England|Edward I]], enforces the regulations. "Each Jew, after he is seven years old, shall wear a distinguishing mark on his outer garment, that is to say, in the form of two Tables joined, of yellow felt of the length of {{convert|6|in|mm|round=5|disp=sqbr|spell=in}} and of the breadth of {{convert|3|in|mm|round=5|disp=sqbr|spell=in}}."<ref name="ThisSceptredIsle" />
;1294: [[Erfurt]]. The earliest mention of the badge in Germany.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />
;1315–1326: Emir [[Ismail I of Granada|Ismail Abu-I-Walid]] forces the Jews of [[Granada]] to wear the yellow badge.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />
;1321: [[Henry II of Castile]] forces the Jews to wear the yellow badge.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />[[File:Jewish man - worms - 16th century.jpg|thumb|16th-century watercolour of a Jew from Worms, Germany. The {{lang|la|rota}} or ''Jewish ring'' on the cloak, moneybag, and garlic bulb are symbols of [[stereotypes of Jews|antisemitic ethnic stereotypes]]]]
;1415: A bull of the [[Antipope Benedict XIII]] orders the Jews to wear a yellow and red badge; the men on their breast, the women on their forehead.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />
;1434: Emperor [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]] reintroduces the badge at [[Augsburg]].<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />
;1528: The [[Council of Ten]] of [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] allows the newly arrived famous physician and professor [[Jacob Mantino ben Samuel]] to wear the regular black doctors' cap instead of Jewish yellow hat for several months (subsequently made permanent), upon the recommendation of the French and English ambassadors, the [[papal legate]], and other dignitaries numbered among his patients.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Deutsch |first1=Gotthard |author-link1=Gotthard Deutsch |last2=Broydé |first2=Isaac |author-link2=Isaac Broydé |year=1904 |editor-last=Singer |editor-first=Isidore |editor-link=Isidore Singer |title=Mantino, Jacob ben Samuel |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10379-mantino-jacob-ben-samuel |encyclopedia=[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]] |volume=VIII |location=New York; London |publisher=[[Funk & Wagnalls]] |pages=297–298 |access-date=13 July 2023 }}</ref>
;1555: [[Pope Paul IV]] decrees, in his {{lang|la|[[Cum nimis absurdum]]}}, that the Jews should wear yellow hats.
;1566: King [[Sigismund II Augustus]] passes a law that required [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Lithuanian]] Jews to wear yellow hats and head coverings. The law was abolished twenty years later.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />
;1710: [[Frederick William I of Prussia|Frederick William I]] abolished the mandatory Jewish yellow patch in [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] in return for a payment of 8,000 [[thaler]] (about $75,000 worth of silver at 2007 prices) each.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elon |first=Amos |author-link=Amos Elon |year=2002 |title=The Pity of It All: A History of the Jews in Germany, 1743–1933 |url=https://archive.org/details/pityofitallhisto00elon |url-access=limited |location=New York |publisher=Metropolitan Books |page=15 |isbn=0-8050-5964-4 }} See talk page for conversion.</ref>

===Axis powers===
====1939====
:Local German occupation commanders ordered Jewish Poles to wear an identifying mark under the threat of death. There were no consistent requirements as to its colour and shape: it varies from a white armband, a yellow hat to a yellow Star of David badge. [[Hans Frank]] ordered all Jewish Poles over the age of 11 years in [[General Government|German-occupied Poland]] to wear white armbands with a blue Star of David.

====1940==== 
:A popular legend portrays king [[Christian X of Denmark]] wearing the yellow badge on his daily morning horseback ride through the streets of [[Copenhagen]], followed by non-Jewish Danes responding to their king's example, thus preventing the Germans from identifying Jewish citizens. Queen [[Margrethe II of Denmark]] has explained that the story was not true.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wolden-Ræthinge|first=Anne|author-link=Anne Wolden-Ræthinge|year=1990|title=Queen in Denmark|location=Copenhagen|publisher=Gyldendal|isbn=87-01-08623-5}}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Did King Christian X of Denmark wear a yellow star in support of the Danish Jews?|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10008043|encyclopedia=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]]|access-date=2006-08-17}}</ref> No order requiring Jews to wear identifying marks was ever introduced in Denmark.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Paulsson|first=Gunnar S.|author-link=Gunnar S. Paulsson|date=July 1995|title=The 'Bridge over the Øresund': The Historiography on the Expulsion of the Jews from Nazi-Occupied Denmark|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]]|volume=30|issue=3|pages=431–464|doi=10.1177/002200949503000304|jstor=261157|s2cid=162324125}}</ref>

====1941====
:Jews in the [[Independent State of Croatia]], a puppet state of Nazi Germany, were ordered to wear "Jewish insignia".<ref>{{cite web|date=17 June 1941|title=Notice regarding the obligatory wearing of Jewish insignia and the marking of Jewish trades, stores and companies|url=http://www.jusp-jasenovac.hr/Default.aspx?sid=7457|website=jusp-jasenovac.hr|publisher=Jasenovac Memorial Site|access-date=2014-01-16}}</ref> Jewish Poles in German-occupied [[Kresy|Soviet-annexed Poland]], Jewish Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians as well as Soviet Jews in German-occupied areas were obliged to wear white armbands or yellow badges. All Romanian Jews were ordered to wear the yellow badge.<ref>{{cite book|last=Evans|first=Richard J.|author-link=Richard J. Evans|year=2008|title=[[The Third Reich at War]]|location=New York|publisher=Penguin Books|page=231|isbn=978-0-14-311671-4}}</ref> The yellow badge was the only standardised identifying mark in the German-occupied East; other signs were forbidden. Jewish Germans and Jews with citizenship of annexed states (Austrians, Czechs, Danzigers) from the age of six years were ordered to wear the yellow badge from 19 September when in public.<ref name="Polizeiverordnung" /> In Luxembourg, the German occupation authorities introduce the [[Nuremberg Laws]], followed by several other anti-Jewish ordinances including an order for all Jews to wear a yellow star with the word {{lang|de|Jude}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Webb |first=Chris |date=2010 |title=The Destruction of the Jews of Luxembourg |url=http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation/luxembourg.html |website=HolocaustResearchProject.org |publisher=Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team |access-date=15 March 2018 }}</ref> The [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]] ordered its Jews to wear yellow badges.

==== 1941/1942 ====
[[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] started to force Jews in newly annexed territories, denied Romanian citizenship, to wear the yellow badge.[[File:Die Katze lasst das Mausen nicht!.jpg|thumb|"Whoever wears this sign is an enemy of our people" &ndash; {{lang|de|[[Parole der Woche]]}}, 1 July 1942]]

====1942====
:The [[Gestapo]] ordered Jewish Germans and Jews with citizenship of annexed states to mark their apartments or houses at the front door with a white badge.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Benz|editor-first=Wolfgang|editor-link=Wolfgang Benz|year=1988|title=Die Juden in Deutschland, 1933–1945: Leben unter nationalsozialistischer Herrschaft|language=de|location=Munich|publisher=C. H. Beck|pages=618seq|isbn=3-406-33324-9}}</ref> Jewish Dutch people were ordered to wear the yellow badge. Jewish Belgians were ordered to wear the yellow badge. Jews in [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|occupied France]], covering the northern and western half of the country, were ordered to wear a yellow star by the German authorities. Bulgaria ordered its Jewish citizens to wear small yellow buttons. German forces invaded and occupied the ''[[zone libre]]'', i.e. the south-eastern half of France, but did not enforce the yellow star directive there.

====1944====
:After the occupation of [[Hungary in World War II|Hungary]], the Nazi occupiers ordered Jewish Hungarians and Jews with defunct other citizenships (Czechoslovak, Romanian, Yugoslav) in Hungarian-annexed areas to wear the yellow badge.{{sfn|Evans|2008|p=616}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Judaism}}
* [[Antisemitism in Christianity]]
* [[Antisemitism in Islam]]
* [[Cathar yellow cross]]
* [[History of antisemitism]]
* [[Jewish visibility]]
* [[Nazi concentration camp badge]]
* [[P (Nazi symbol)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

* [https://www.yadvashem.org/artifacts/featured/jewish-badges.html Distinctive Badges that Jews Were Forced to Wear During the Holocaust] – [[Yad Vashem]] website
* [https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-yellow-star-1779682 The Jewish Badge] at ThoughtCo
* [http://star-of-david.blogspot.com/search/label/Yellow%20Badge Yellow Badge in Art]
* [https://www.yadvashem.org/education/educational-materials/artifacts/yellow-star-button.html A Yellow Star of David Button, Which the Bulgarian Jews were Forced to Wear in 1941 with the Onset of the German Occupation] from the Yad Vashem artifacts collection
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040604232153/http://www.yad-vashem.org.il:80/about_holocaust/documents/part1/doc14.html "Wear It With Pride, The Yellow Badge" by Robert Weltsch] ''[[Jüdische Rundschau]]'', No. 27, 4 April 1933

'''Denmark: The king against the yellow badge'''
* [http://auschwitz.dk/Denmark.htm Rescue of the Danish Jews] at auschwitz.dk
* [https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/a-star-is-borne/ Fact Check {{!}} The King of Denmark Wore a Yellow Star] at [[Snopes]]

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[[Category:Disabilities (Jewish)]]
[[Category:The Holocaust]]
[[Category:Islam and antisemitism]]
[[Category:Medieval European costume]]
[[Category:Terminology of Nazi concentration camps]]
[[Category:Yellow symbols|Badge, yellow]]
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