Editing Yellow crazy ant

{{Short description|Species of ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes)}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[longhorn crazy ant]] (''Paratrechina longicornis'') or the [[Rasberry crazy ant]] (''Nylanderia fulva'')}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = ''Anoplolepis gracilipes''
| image = Starr 050610 2340 anoplolepis gracilipes.jpg
| genus = Anoplolepis
| species = gracilipes
| authority = [[Frederick Smith (entomologist)|F. Smith]], 1857
| synonyms = ''Formica longipes''<br />''Plagiolepis longipes''<br />''Anoplolepis longipes''<ref name=database />
}}

The '''yellow crazy ant''' ('''''Anoplolepis gracilipes'''''), also known as the '''long-legged ant''' or '''Maldive ant''', is a species of [[ant]], thought to be native to [[West Africa]] or [[Asia]].  They have been accidentally introduced to numerous places in the world's tropics.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Davies |first1=Ella |title=Battle of the Ants |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbc.com/earth/bespoke/story/20140908-battle-of-the-ants/index.html |access-date=2021-08-05 |website=BBC }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-26 |title=One Remote Island's Battle Against Acid-Spewing Ants |url=https://www.audubon.org/magazine/july-august-2015/one-remote-islands-battle-against-acid |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=Audubon |language=en}}</ref>

The yellow crazy ant has colloquially been given the modifier "crazy" on account of the ant's erratic movements when disturbed. Its long legs and [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]] make it one of the largest [[Invasive species|invasive]] ant species in the world.<ref name=database>[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=110 ''Anoplolepis gracilipes''.] Global Invasive Species Database. ISSG.</ref><ref name=padil>{{cite web |url=http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPestDiagnosticImages.aspx?id=84 |title=Pests and Diseases Image Library: ''Anoplolepis gracilipes'' |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729114734/http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPestDiagnosticImages.aspx?id=84 |archive-date=2008-07-29 }}</ref>

Like several other invasive ants, such as the red imported fire ant (''[[Red imported fire ant|Solenopsis invicta]]''), the big-headed ant (''[[Pheidole megacephala]]''), the little fire ant (''[[Electric ant|Wasmannia auropunctata]]''), and the Argentine ant (''[[Argentine ant|Linepithema humile]]''), the yellow crazy ant is a "tramp ant", a species that easily becomes established and dominant in new habitat due to traits such as [[aggression]] toward other ant species, little aggression toward members of its own species, efficient [[Recruitment (biology)|recruitment]], and large [[Ant colony|colony]] size.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kirschenbaum, R. and Grace, J. K. 2008|url=http://manoa.hawaii.edu/ctahr/termite/aboutcontact/grace/pdfs/242.pdf|title= Agonistic responses of the tramp ants ''Anoplolepis gracilipes'', ''Pheidole megacephala'', ''Linepithema humile'', and ''Wasmannia auropunctata'' (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)|journal=Sociobiology|volume= 51|issue=3|pages= 673–84}}</ref>

It is on a list of "one hundred of the world's worst invasive species" formulated by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN),<ref>[http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/100_worst.php One Hundred of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species.] Global Invasive Species Database. Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), IUCN Species Survival Commission.</ref> having invaded ecosystems from [[Hawaii]] to the [[Seychelles]], and formed [[Ant supercolony|supercolonies]] on [[Christmas Island]] in the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name="Aus-ISC-push-back" />

In 2023, a scientific article postulated a [[Yellow crazy ant#Reproduction|unique reproductive cycle]] for  ''A. gracilipes'', suggesting that males are obligate [[chimerism|chimeras]].<ref name="Darras_etal"/>

==Physiology==
''Anoplolepis gracilipes'' is a relatively large, yellow to orange ant with long legs, large eyes and extremely long antennal scapes.

Although ''A. gracilipes'' is the only invasive species in the genus ''Anoplolepis'', there are several other genera for which it can be mistaken. Both ''[[Leptomyrmex]]'' and ''[[Oecophylla]]'' can be confused with ''Anoplolepis'' because of their similar sizes and very long limbs. ''Anoplolepis'' can be distinguished from ''Leptomyrmex'' by the presence of an [[acidopore]], while ''Anoplolepis'' can be distinguished from ''Oecophylla'' by the more compact [[Petiole (insect anatomy)|petiole]]. Although both of these genera occur in the Pacific, neither contain any invasive species.

Several species of invasive ants belonging to the genera ''[[Camponotus]]'' and ''[[Paratrechina]]'' can appear similar to ''A. gracilipes''. Although several invasive species of ''[[Pheidole]]'' can also be slender-bodied with long legs and long antennal scapes, they can be separated from ''A. gracilipes'' by their two-segmented waists.

''A. gracilipes'' is widespread across the tropics, and populations are especially dense in the Pacific region. The species is most infamous for causing the ecological "meltdown" of [[Yellow crazy ant#Impact on Christmas Island|Christmas Island]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://wolfweb.unr.edu/~ldyer/classes/396/odowd.pdf |title=Invasional 'meltdown' on an oceanic island|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=6|issue=9|pages=812–817|doi=10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00512.x|year=2003|last1=O'Dowd|first1=Dennis J.|last2=Green|first2=Peter T.|last3=Lake|first3=P. S.}}</ref><ref name="Aus-ISC-push-back" /> Although widespread across the Pacific, ''A. gracilipes'' can cause significant damage to native biological diversity.  Strong [[quarantine]] measures are encouraged to keep it from spreading to new localities.

==Geographical range and dispersal==
[[File:YellowCrazyAnt-Dinakarr-4May11.JPG|thumb|right|A dead [[gecko]] being dragged by yellow crazy ants in [[India]]]]

The yellow crazy ant's natural habitats are the moist tropical lowlands of [[Southeast Asia]], and surrounding areas and islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anoplolepis gracilipes |work=The Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics (GABI) database |url=http://antmaps.org/?mode=species&species=Anoplolepis.gracilipes  |access-date= 23 January 2019}}</ref> It has been introduced into a wide range of tropical and subtropical environments including northern Australia, some of the Caribbean islands, some Indian Ocean islands ([[Seychelles]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Réunion]], the [[Cocos Islands]] and the Christmas Islands)<ref name="Aus-ISC-push-back" /> and some Pacific islands ([[New Caledonia]], [[Hawaii]], [[French Polynesia]], [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]], [[Vanuatu]], [[Micronesia]], [[Johnston Atoll]], and the [[Galapagos archipelago]]).<ref name=h2002>{{cite journal |last1=Holoway D.A. |year=2002|title= The causes and consequences of ant invasions |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics|volume=33 |pages=181–233|doi= 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150444 |first1=David A. |last2=Lach |first2=Lori |last3=Suarez |first3=Andrew V. |last4=Tsutsui |first4=Neil D. |last5=Case |first5=Ted J.|s2cid=16691880}}</ref><ref name=mcg>{{cite journal | last1 = McGlynn T.P. | year=1999 | title =The Worldwide Transfer of Ants: Geographical Distribution and Ecological Invasions| journal = Journal of Biogeography| volume= 26| pages= 535–548 | doi =10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00310.x | first1 = Terrence P. | issue=3| s2cid=83955798 }}</ref> The species has been known to occupy such agricultural systems as cinnamon, citrus, coffee and coconut plantations. Because yellow crazy ants have generalized nesting habits, they are able to disperse via trucks, boats and other forms of human transport.<ref name=database/>

Crazy ant colonies naturally disperse through "budding", i.e. when mated queens and workers leave the nest to establish a new one, and only rarely through flight via female winged reproductive forms. Generally, colonies that disperse through budding have a lower rate of dispersal, requiring human intervention to reach distant areas. It has been recorded that ''A. gracilipes'' moves as much as {{convert|400|m|abbr=on}} a year in the [[Seychelles]].<ref name=h2002/> A survey on [[Christmas Island]], however, yielded an average spreading speed of {{convert|3|m|sp=us}} per day, the equivalent of one kilometer (0.6 mile) per year.<ref name=o1999>{{cite journal | last = O’Dowd D.J. | year=1999 | title =Crazy Ant Attack| journal = Wingspan| volume= 9| pages= 7 | issue=2}}</ref>

==Diet==
[[File:Anoplolepis gracilipes moving Blattidae sp. toward nest.jpg|thumb|right|''A. gracilipes'' (yellow crazy ants) moving a dead [[American cockroach]] (''Periplaneta americana'') toward their nest in [[Pohnpei]], [[Federated States of Micronesia]]]]
''A gracilipes'' has been described as a "scavenging predator" exhibiting a broad diet, a characteristic of many invasive species. It consumes a wide variety of foods, including grains, seeds, arthropods, and decaying matter such as vertebrate corpses. They have been reported to attack and dismember invertebrates such as small [[isopods]], [[myriapods]], [[molluscs]], [[arachnids]], [[land crabs]], [[earthworm]]s and insects.<ref name=o1999/>

Like all ants, ''A gracilipes'' requires a protein-rich food source for the queen to lay eggs and carbohydrates as energy for the workers. They get their carbohydrates from plant [[nectar]] and [[honeydew (secretion)|honeydew]] producing insects, especially [[scale insect]]s, [[aphid]]s, and other [[Sternorrhyncha]]. Studies indicate that crazy ants rely so much on scale insects that a scarcity of them can actually limit ant population growth.<ref name=h2002/>

==Reproduction==
Similar to other ants, the queen produces eggs which are fertilized by male sperm that are stored in sperm stores. When an egg is fertilized, there are three distinct events that can happen: (i) the resulting [[diploid]] organism develops into a queen if the egg is fertilized by an R sperm or (ii) into an infertile diploid worker if the egg is fertilized by a W sperm. However, a third outcome has been described in a 2023 scientific study: (iii) the egg is fertilized by a W sperm but the parental nuclei bypasses [[syngamy|the fusion of the two gametes]] and divide separately within the same egg, leading to a [[haploid]] male that is [[chimerism|chimeric]] with a portion of cells carrying the W genome and a portion of cells carrying the R genome.<ref name="Darras_etal">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369856466|title=Obligate chimerism in male yellow crazy ants|first1=H.|last1=Darras|first2=C.|last2=Berney|first3=S.|last3=Hasin|first4=J.|last4=Drescher|first5=H.|last5=Feldhaar|first6=L.|last6=Keller|date=April 7, 2023|journal=Science|volume=380|issue=6640|pages=55–58|doi=10.1126/science.adf0419|pmid=37023182 |s2cid=257985666 }}</ref> Interestingly, not all tissues have equal proportions of each cell line, with sperm cells mostly carrying the W genome and thus providing the W alleles with a fitness advantage.<ref name="Darras_etal"/> This is the first known case of obligate [[chimerism]] in animals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yellow crazy ant males have two sets of DNA|url=https://phys.org/news/2023-04-yellow-crazy-ant-males-dna.html|author=Bob Yirka}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-01002-3|title=Crazy ants' strange genomes are a biological first|first=Ewen|last=Callaway|date=April 6, 2023|journal=Nature|via=www.nature.com|doi=10.1038/d41586-023-01002-3|pmid=37024590 |s2cid=258007429 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Mutualism==
Crazy ants obtain much of their food requirements from [[scale insect]]s, which are plant pests that feed on sap of trees and release [[honeydew (secretion)|honeydew]], a sugary liquid. Ants eat honeydew, and in return protect the scale insects from their enemies and spread them among trees, an example of [[mutualism (biology)|mutualism]]. The honeydew not eaten by the ants drips onto the trees and encourages the growth of sooty mold over the leaves and stems. This gives plants an ugly black appearance and reduces their health and vigor.

The ants protect the insects by "nannying" the mobile crawler stages and protecting them against their natural enemies.<ref name=ness>{{cite journal |last1=Ness |year=2004|title= The Effects of Invasive Ants on Prospective ant Mutualists |journal=Biological Invasions |volume=6 |pages=445–461|doi= 10.1023/B:BINV.0000041556.88920.dd |first1=J.H. |last2=Bronstein |first2=J.L. |issue=4|s2cid=10180210|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Experiments have shown that this connection is so strong that, in environments where ''A. gracilipes'' was removed, the density of scale insects dropped by 67% within 11 weeks, and to zero after 12 months.<ref name=a2007>{{cite journal |last1=Abbott |year=2007|title= Collapse of an ant-scale mutualism in a rainforest on Christmas Island |journal=Oikos|volume=116 |pages=1238–1246 |doi=10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15629.x |first1=Kirsti L. |last2=Green |first2=Peter T. |issue=7|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

==In Australia==
In [[Australia]], yellow crazy ants have been found at more than 30 sites in [[Queensland]], and in [[Arnhem Land]] in the [[Northern Territory]], where a large scattered population exists.<ref name=r1>Invasive Species Council; (2016) [https://invasives.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/fs-yellow-crazy-ants.pdf Yellow Crazy Ants In Australia], Invasive Species Council Fact Sheet.</ref> A single [[New South Wales]] infestation was detected and eradicated, and, in [[Western Australia]], yellow crazy ants have been intercepted in shipping freight arriving at [[Fremantle]].<ref name=Csurhes2012>Csurhes, Steve and Hankamer, Clare; 2012 (updated 2016) [https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/63372/IPA-Yellow-Crazy-Ant-Risk-Assessment.pdf "Invasive Animal Risk Assessment Yellow Crazy Ant"]; Queensland Government of Australia. Retrieved 2017-03-17.</ref>

Queensland's main infestation is {{convert|830|ha}} in and around [[Wet Tropics of Queensland]] [[rainforest]], a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name=r1/> The Northern Territory infestation covers {{convert|2,500|km2}},<ref name=Csurhes2012/> an area larger than the [[Australian Capital Territory]].<ref>[https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories Area of Australia – States and Territories]. Geoscience Australia</ref>

Climate modelling indicates yellow crazy ants could spread across northern Australia from Queensland to Western Australia, across much of Queensland and into coastal and inland parts of New South Wales.<ref name=Csurhes2012/>  Areas with the most ideal habitat and climatic conditions, such as the Wet Tropics of Queensland rainforests, are likely to experience the highest impacts.<ref name=Hoskin>{{cite journal|author=Hoskin, Conrad and Lach, Lori|year= 2015|title=Too much to lose: Yellow crazy ants in the wet tropics|journal= Wildlife Australia|volume= 52|issue= 3|pages= 37–41|issn= 0043-5481|url= http://www.wettropics.gov.au/site/user-assets/docs/yellow-crazy-ants-lach--hoskin-spring-2015.pdf}}</ref>

A cost{{ndash}}benefit analysis by the Queensland government undertaken in 2012 found that yellow crazy ants could cost Australia's economy over [[Australian dollar|A$]]3 billion if the ants were not treated. This analysis did not take potential impacts on Australia's biodiversity into account.<ref name=Hoskin/> The known impacts of crazy ants in tropical rainforests overseas may provide useful insights into these impacts, bearing in mind that the most significant impacts are associated with relatively small islands, such as Christmas Island.<ref name=Csurhes2012/><ref name="Aus-ISC-push-back" />

==Impact on Christmas Island==
Crazy ants have had a profound impact on the biodiversity of Christmas Island.<ref name=Csurhes2012/><ref name=Aus-ISC-push-back/>

The crazy ant has a significant destructive impact on the island's ecosystem, killing and displacing crabs on the forest floor. The [[Ant supercolony|supercolonies]] also devastate crab numbers migrating to the coast. This has seen a rapid depletion in the number of land crabs<ref name="Aus-ISC-push-back" /> — killing up to 20 million of them<ref name=Aus-ISC-push-back/> — which are vital to Christmas Island's biodiversity; land crabs are a keystone species in the forest ecology: they dig burrows, turn over the soil, and fertilize it with their droppings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Red crab migration |year=2017 |publisher=Parks Australia |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/christmas/people-place/red-crabs.html}}</ref>

Seedlings that were previously eaten by crabs started to grow and, as a result, changed the structure of the forest. Weeds have spread into the rainforest because there are no crabs to control them. One of the most noticeable changes in the forest is the increased numbers of the stinging tree ''[[Dendrocnide peltata]]'', which now flourishes in many areas frequently visited by humans. The forest canopy also changed as the scale insects tended by yellow crazy ants multiplied and killed mature trees.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Davis, Naomi |author2=O’Dowd, Dennis |author3=Green, Peter |author4=MacNally, Ralf |date=15 July 2008 |title=Effects of an alien ant invasion on abundance, behaviour, and reproductive success of endemic island birds |journal= Conservation Biology|volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=1165–1176 |doi= 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00984.x|pmid=18637918 |s2cid=36086986 }}</ref><ref name=Hoskin/>

[[Christmas Island red crab]]s are completely wiped out in infested areas.<ref name=Aus-ISC-push-back/> Populations of other ground and canopy dwelling animals, such as reptiles and other [[leaf litter]] fauna, have also decreased. During crab migrations, many crabs move through areas infested with ants and are killed. Studies show that the ant has displaced an estimated 15–20 million<ref name=Aus-ISC-push-back/> crabs by occupying their burrows, killing and eating resident crabs, and using their burrows as nest sites. This factor has greatly depleted [[Christmas Island red crab|red crabs]], and made their annual land migrations far more perilous.<ref name=r2>{{cite report |title=Christmas Island yellow crazy ant control program |publisher=Department of the Environment, Australia |website=environment.gov.au |url=https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/898583db-b929-491a-8448-73fb652bca66/files/brochure-detail-crazy-ant-control-options.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Bittel, Jason |date=December 24, 2015 |title=The Christmas crab massacre |publisher=[[Natural Resources Defense Council]] |website=nrdc.org |url=https://www.nrdc.org/onearth/christmas-crab-massacre}}</ref>

Although crazy ants do not bite or sting, they spray [[formic acid]] as a defence mechanism and to subdue their prey. In areas of high ant density, the movement of a land crab disturbs the ants and, as a result, the ants instinctively spray formic acid as a form of defence. The high levels of formic acid at ground level eventually overwhelm the crabs, and they are usually blinded then eventually die from dehydration (while attempting to flush off the [[formic acid]]) and exhaustion. As the dead crabs decay, the protein becomes available to the ants.<ref name=Hoskin/>
  
Crazy ants kill fauna, but encourage scale insects. Increased densities of scale insects cause forest die back, and even the death of large forest trees. These changes create a cascade of negative impacts, including weed invasion, significantly altering the forest landscape.

===Supercolonies===
Christmas Island is a focal point for international control efforts. These supercolonies spread farther and cause more damage than single colonies, and they pose the single greatest known threat to the island's biodiversity.

Staff from Christmas Island National Park have worked in recent years to keep ant numbers in check. With help from the Christmas Island Crazy Ant Scientific Advisory Panel and support from the Australian Government they are holding ground.

Another supercolony nearly devastated the bird fauna of [[Johnston Atoll]] in the Pacific Ocean. The single massive colony was found to occupy nearly a quarter of the island, with up to 1,000 queens in a plot of land {{convert|6|m|ft}} wide. The infestation is thought to have been eradicated.<ref>{{cite news |title=Strike team vanquishes crazy ants at Johnston |periodical=Environment Hawaii Newsletter |date=September 2012 |publisher=Conservation Registry |url=http://www.conservationregistry.org/assets/0000/9006/Environment_Hawaii_Newsletter_Ant.pdf |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112060642/http://www.conservationregistry.org/assets/0000/9006/Environment_Hawaii_Newsletter_Ant.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Control measures===
To reduce the impacts of crazy ants on [[Christmas Island red crab|red crab]]s and Christmas Island's ecosystems the Parks Australia carried out a major aerial baiting program in 2009, to follow up the first aerial baiting conducted in 2002. The first step was conducting an extensive island-wide survey to determine the exact locations of the supercolonies. For several months, staff traversed the island surveying over 900 sites. The result was a map of crazy ant supercolonies and red crab burrow densities, together with other biodiversity data.

In September 2009, a helicopter was used to precisely bait crazy ant supercolonies, which covered {{convert|784|ha}} of the island. A very low concentration of [[fipronil]] bait (0.1%) was used to control the ants. Monthly monitoring of these baited supercolony sites shows that crazy ant densities were reduced by 99%.

Park staff placed a high emphasis on minimising non-target impact of baiting. Food lures were dropped from a helicopter to attract robber crabs away from areas that were about to be baited. This technique, combined with the low concentration fipronil bait, proved to be highly successful with extremely low numbers of robber crabs and no red crabs known to be killed by the baiting.

While baiting has slowed the decline of the red crab, its effects on the crazy ant populations are only temporary, as escaping colonies invade the treated areas again, and it is expensive, requiring much man power. In an effort to find a better control, after research, Australian Parks in December 2016 imported ''[[Tachardiaephagus]] somervillei'', a small ({{convert|2|mm|frac=128}}) wasp and began breeding them for release. The wasp, which attacks only scale insects, is a voracious predator of what is believed to be one of the crazy ant's largest source of honeydew on Christmas Island, the [[yellow lac scale]] insect.<ref name="invasives.org.au">{{cite press release |title=Yellow crazy ant biological control arrives on Christmas Island |website=invasives.org.au |type=blog |date=9 January 2017 |url=https://invasives.org.au/blog/yellow-crazy-ant-biocontrol-arrives-christmas-island/}}</ref>

Researchers from [[La Trobe University]] in Melbourne, funded by Parks Australia, began looking for biological controls in 2009. While the ants are omnivores, studies have shown honeydew is an important part of the diet of Christmas Island crazy ants. Samples of ants taken from colonies that are growing rapidly have more honeydew in their diet than when the colonies decline. Further, restricting access to honeydew, by binding trees where the scale insects feed, dramatically reduced the colony as ant activity on the ground fell by 95% in just four weeks.<ref>{{cite press release |author1=Lawler, Susan |author2=Green, Peter |date=2016-12-02 |title=The wasp saving Christmas Island's crabs |publisher=[[La Trobe University]] |url=http://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2016/opinion/the-wasp-saving-christmas-islands-crabs |access-date=2017-03-17 |archive-date=2017-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317233527/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2016/opinion/the-wasp-saving-christmas-islands-crabs |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the laboratory, colonies with limited sources of sugar were compared to colonies with access to abundant sugar. Those with abundant sugar had more fertile queens and lower death rates among workers. The workers were also more aggressive toward other ant species and explored their environments more. This is believed to show why the ants decline when deprived of access to scale insects in the field, and confirm reduced honeydew will greatly reduce the ants' ability to form super colonies.<ref name=r2/>

While controlling the scale insect is expected to control the yellow crazy ant on Christmas Island, on mainland Australia it is thought this would not help. There are at least a dozen honeydew producing insects as well as extrafloral nectar from native acacia trees, all of which fuel yellow crazy ants.<ref name="invasives.org.au"/>

Experts continue to call for a fully funded, long-term baiting program on mainland Australia.<ref>{{cite news |author=Bateman, Daniel |date=20 May 2016 |title=Federal funds finally found to combat yellow crazy ants in Far North Queensland |newspaper=[[The Cairns Post]] |url=http://www.cairnspost.com.au/news/cairns/federal-funds-finally-found-to-combat-yellow-crazy-ants-in-far-north-queensland/news-story/ |access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Aus-ISC-push-back">{{cite web | title=Help push back against the march of yellow crazy ants | publisher=[[Invasive Species Council]] | date=2020-12-17 | url=http://invasives.org.au/blog/help-push-back-against-the-march-of-yellow-crazy-ants/ | access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons-inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q935471}}
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[[Category:Fauna of Christmas Island]]
[[Category:Formicinae]]
[[Category:Insect pests of tropical forests]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1857]]
[[Category:Insects of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Frederick Smith (entomologist)]]