Editing Z22 (computer)

{{Short description|German 1950s computer}}
{{other uses|Z22 (disambiguation)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=August 2012}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2012}}
}}
{{Infobox information appliance
| name         = Z22
| title        =
| aka          =
| logo         =
| image        = Zuse Z22.jpg
| caption      = Z22, built 1956; now at [[Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie|ZKM]] in [[Karlsruhe]]
| developer    = [[Konrad Zuse]], [[Lorenz Hanewinkel]]
| manufacturer = [[Zuse KG]]
| family       =
| type         =
| generation   =
| releasedate  = {{Start date and age|1955}}
| lifespan     =
| price        = {{DM|180000|1955|link=yes}} minimal
| discontinued =
| unitssold    =
| unitsshipped = 55
| media        =
| os           =
| power        = 380&nbsp;V 16&nbsp;A three-phase [[power supply]]
| soc          =
| cpu          = 600 [[vacuum tube|tubes]] working as [[Flip-flop (electronics)|flip-flop]]s
| CPUspeed     = 3&nbsp;[[kilohertz|kHz]]
| memory       = 14 words of 38-bit as fast access [[random-access memory|RAM]] implemented as [[core memory]]; 8192 word (38-bit each) magnetic [[drum memory]] as RAM
| storage      =
| memory card  = [[Punch tape]]
| display      = [[Teleprinter|Teletype]] as console and main input/output device
| graphics     =
| sound        =
| input        = Teletype, punch tape devices
| controllers  =
| camera       =
| touchpad     =
| connectivity =
| platform     =
| service      =
| dimensions   =
| weight       = {{convert|1000|kg|lb|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| topgame      =
| compatibility=
| predecessor  = [[Z11 (computer)|Z11]]
| successor    =
| related      =
| website      =
}}
The '''Z22''' was the seventh [[computer]] model [[Konrad Zuse]] developed (the first six being the [[Z1 (computer)|Z1]], [[Z2 (computer)|Z2]], [[Z3 (computer)|Z3]], [[Z4 (computer)|Z4]], [[Z5 (computer)|Z5]] and [[Z11 (computer)|Z11]], respectively). One of the early commercial computers, the Z22's design was finished about 1955. The major version jump from Z11 to Z22 was due to the use of [[vacuum tube]]s, as opposed to the electromechanical systems used in earlier models. The first machines built were shipped to [[Berlin]] and [[Aachen]].

By the end of 1958 the ZMMD-group had built a working [[ALGOL 58]] compiler for the Z22 computer. ZMMD was an abbreviation for Zürich (where [[Heinz Rutishauser|Rutishauser]] worked), München (workplace of Bauer and Samelson), Mainz (location of the Z22 computer), Darmstadt (workplace of Bottenbruch).

In 1961, the Z22 was followed by a logically very similar transistorized version, the [[Z23 (computer)|Z23]]. Already in 1954, Zuse had come to an agreement with [[Heinz Zemanek]] that his Zuse KG would finance the work of Rudolf Bodo, who helped Zemanek build the early European transistorized computer [[Mailüfterl]], and that after that project Bodo should work for the Zuse KG—there he helped build the transistorized Z23.<ref>Hans Dieter Hellige (ed.): Geschichten der Informatik. Visionen, Paradigmen, Leitmotive. Berlin, Springer 2004, {{ISBN|3-540-00217-0}}. p. 128.</ref> Furthermore, all circuit diagrams of the Z22 were supplied to Bodo and Zemanek.

The [[Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences|University of Applied Sciences, Karlsruhe]] <!--[[Fachhochschule Karlsruhe]]--> still has an operational Z22 which is on permanent loan at the [[Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe|ZKM]] in [[Karlsruhe]].

Altogether 55 Z22 computers were produced.<ref>[http://zkm.de/event/2004/10/die-algorithmische-revolution Die algorithmische Revolution], [[Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe]].</ref>

In the 1970s, clones of the Z22 using TTL were built by the company ''Thiemicke Computer''.

== Technical data ==
[[File:ZUSE Z22 Röhre.jpg|thumb|ZUSE Z22 vacuum tube]]
The typical setup of a Z22 was:

* 14 words of 38-bit as fast access [[random-access memory|RAM]] implemented as [[core memory]]
* 8192 word (38-bit each) magnetic [[drum memory]] as RAM
* One [[Teleprinter|teletype]] as console and main input/output device
* Additional [[punch tape]] devices as fast input/output devices
* 600 [[vacuum tube|tubes]] working as [[Flip-flop (electronics)|flip-flop]]s
* electrical cooling unit, needing a water tap connection ([[water cooling]])
* 380&nbsp;V 16&nbsp;A three-phase [[power supply]]

The Z22 operated at 3&nbsp;[[kilohertz|kHz]] [[Clock rate|operating frequency]], which was synchronous with the speed of the drum storage. The input of data and programs was possible via punch-tape reader and console commands. The Z22 also had glow-lamps which showed the memory state and machine state as output.

== Programming ==
[[File:Zuse Programmierer.jpg|thumb|Programming the Z22]]
The Z22 was designed to be easier to program than previous [[first generation computer]]s. It was programmed in machine code with 38-bit instruction words, consisting of five fields:

* 2 bits `10` to mark an instruction
* 18-bit instruction field, thereof:
** 5 bits condition symbols
** 13 bits operation symbols
* 5-bit fast storage (core) address
* 13-bit (drum) memory address

The 18-bit instruction field did not contain a single opcode, but each bit controlled one functional unit of the CPU. Instructions were constructed from these. For example, the bit 'A' meaning to add the content of a memory location to the accumulator could be combined with `N` Nullstellen (zeroing) to turn the Add instruction into a Load. Many combinations are quite unusual by modern standards, like 'LLRA 4' means "multiply the accumulator by three".

There also was an assembly-like programming language called "Freiburger Code".  It was designed to make writing programs for solving mathematical problems easier than writing machine code, and reportedly did so.

==See also==
* [[List of vacuum-tube computers]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*[http://pl.attitu.de/zuse/technik/zuse.html Z22 computer emulator]
*[http://pl.attitu.de/zuse/Welcome.html Homepage of the Z22/13 of the university of Karlsruhe] (in [[German language|German]]), [https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fpl.attitu.de%2Fzuse%2FWelcome.html&edit-text= Google translation]
*{{cite web |title=Z22 |url=http://www.horst-zuse.homepage.t-online.de/Konrad_Zuse_index_english_html/rechner_z22.html |website=www.horst-zuse.homepage.t-online.de |language=en}}

{{Konrad zuse computer}}

[[Category:1950s computers]]
[[Category:Vacuum tube computers]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1955]]
[[Category:Konrad Zuse]]
[[Category:Computers designed in Germany]]
[[Category:Serial computers]]