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{{short description|American electronics company}} {{Infobox company | name = Zenith Electronics, LLC | image = 1000 Milwaukee Avenue.jpeg | image_caption = Headquarters in [[Glenview, Illinois]] from 1976 to 1999 (demolished in 2018) | logo = Zenith Electronics Corporation logo.svg | type = [[Subsidiary]] | genre = | former_names = Chicago Radio Labs <br>(1918–1923)<br>Zenith Radio Company <br> (1923–1984)<br>Zenith Electronics Corporation <br>(1984–1999)<br>Zenith Electronics, LLC<br>(1999–present) | foundation = {{start date and age|1918}} (as Chicago Radio Labs)<br>[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], U.S. | founders = {{ubl|Ralph Matthews|Karl Hassel|[[Eugene F. McDonald]]}} | location_city = [[Lincolnshire, Illinois|Lincolnshire]], Illinois | location_country = U.S. | location = | locations = | area_served = | key_people = David Penski ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) | industry = {{ubl|Technology|Technology licensing}} | products = | services = {{ubl|[[Research and development]] ([[ATSC standards|ATSC]] and [[digital rights management]] technologies)|technology licensing}} | revenue = {{decrease}} [[United States dollar|US$]]444.7 million (1999) | operating_income = | net_income = | owner = | num_employees = 976<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0704074D:US|title = Zenith Electronics LLC - Company Profile and News|website = [[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> | parent = [[LG Electronics]] (1999–present) | divisions = | subsid = | homepage = {{Official URL}} | footnotes = }} '''Zenith Electronics, LLC''', is an American [[research and development]] company that develops [[ATSC standards|ATSC]] and [[digital rights management]] technologies. It is owned by the South Korean company [[LG Electronics]]. Zenith was previously an American brand of consumer electronics, a manufacturer of radio and [[television]] receivers and other consumer electronics, and was headquartered in [[Glenview, Illinois]]. After a series of layoffs, the consolidated headquarters moved to [[Lincolnshire, Illinois]]. For many years, their famous [[slogan]] (borrowed from Crown Piano maker George Bent of Chicago, used through the 1890s) was "The quality goes in before the name goes on".<ref name="World Today 1906">{{cite journal |title=Advertisement |journal=[[The World Today (magazine)|The World Today]] |date=December 1906 }}</ref> [[LG Electronics]] acquired a controlling share of Zenith in 1995; Zenith became a wholly owned subsidiary in 1999. Zenith was the inventor of [[subscription television]] and the modern [[remote control]], and was the first to develop [[high-definition television]] (HDTV) in [[North America]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Zenith Heritage|url=http://www.zenith.com/heritage/|publisher=Zenith|access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> Zenith-branded products were sold in [[North America]], [[Germany]], [[Thailand]] (to 1983), [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]], [[India]], and [[Myanmar]]. ==History== [[File:Zenith, Chicago Radio Laboratory - New England Wireless & Steam Museum - East Greenwich, RI - DSC06643.jpg|thumb|Zenith radio, Chicago Radio Laboratory]] {{pic|Old zenith.svg|Logo used from 1923 to 1954|upright=0.75}} {{pic|Zenith logo 1954.svg|Logo used from 1954 to 1997|upright=0.75}} The company was co-founded by Ralph Matthews and Karl Hassel in [[Chicago, Illinois]], as Chicago Radio Labs in 1918 as a small producer of [[amateur radio]] equipment. The name "Zenith" came from ZN'th, a contraction of its founders' [[ham radio]] [[call sign]], 9ZN. They were joined in 1921 by [[Eugene F. McDonald]],<ref name="McMahon, p.187">McMahon, Morgan E. ''A Flick of the Switch 1930–1950'' (Antiques Electronics Supply, 1990), p.187.</ref> and '''Zenith Radio Company''' was incorporated in 1923. The fledgling company soon became known for its high-quality radios and electronic innovations. Zenith introduced the first portable radio in 1924,<ref name="McMahon, p.187"/>{{r|perry198808}} the first mass-produced AC radio in 1926,{{r|perry198808}} and push-button tuning in 1927.<ref name="McMahon, p.187"/> It added automobile radios in the 1930s with its ''Model 460'', promoting the fact that it needed no separate generator or battery, selling at US$59.95.<ref>Mahon, p.189.</ref> The first Zenith television set appeared in 1939, with its first commercial sets sold to the public in 1948.<ref name="McMahon, p.187"/> The company is credited with having invented such things as the wireless [[Eugene Polley|remote control]] and FM multiplex [[stereophonic sound|stereo]]. For many years Zenith used the slogan "the quality goes in before the name goes on". This phrase was used by the Geo. P. Bent Piano Company of Chicago as early as 1906.<ref name="World Today 1906" /> Zenith established one of the first FM stations in the country in 1940 (Chicago's WWZR, later called WEFM, named for Zenith executive Eugene F. McDonald), which was among the earliest FM multiplex stereo stations, first broadcasting in stereo in June 1961. The station was sold in the early 1970s and is now [[WUSN]]. Zenith pioneered the development of high-contrast and flat-face [[Cathode-ray tube|picture tubes]], and the [[multichannel television sound]] (MTS) stereo system{{r|perry198808}} used on analog television broadcasts in the United States and Canada (as opposed to the [[BBC]]-developed [[NICAM]] digital stereo sound system for analog television broadcasts, used in many places around the world.) Zenith was one of the first companies to introduce a digital [[HDTV]] system implementation, parts of which were included in the [[ATSC standard]], starting with the 1993 model [[Grand Alliance (HDTV)|Grand Alliance]]. They were one of the first American manufacturers to market a home [[VCR]], selling a [[Sony]]-built [[Betamax]] video recorder starting in 1977. By 1960 Zenith was with [[RCA]] among the two largest US television manufacturers, each with more than 20% of the market; 25 other companies had the rest of the market.{{r|perry198808}} The 1962 Illinois Manufacturers Directory (50th Anniversary edition) lists Zenith Radio Corporation as having 11,000 employees, of which at least 6,460 were employed in seven Chicago plants. The corporate office was in plant number 1, located at 6001 West Dickens Avenue (north of the [[Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific]] railroad tracks), where 2,500 workers made radio and television sets and Hi-Fi stereophonic phonographs. Plant number 2 was located at 1500 North Kostner Ave., where 2,100 employees made government electronics, radio and television components, transistors and hearing aids. Plant number 3 was located at 5801 West Dickens Ave. (also north of the [[Milwaukee Road]] tracks), where 300 employees made electronics and did servicing. Plant number 4 was located at 3501 West Potomac Ave., where 60 employees handled warehousing. Plant number 5, located at 6501 West Grand Ave., employed 500-600 workers and manufactured government Hi-Fi equipment. A subsidiary of Zenith, the Rauland Corporation, located at 4245 North Knox Avenue, employed 850 workers who produced television picture tubes. In the mid '60's, Rauland produced the RCA 21" round color CRT; in 1965 it added a 21" rectangular 21" color CRT. In 1966, Rauland bought the [[Keebler]] cookie plant in [[Melrose Park, Illinois]] for production of color CRTs. Rauland's [[Niles, Illinois]], plant made flat-face [[radar]] picture tubes, [[night vision]] microchannel image tubes for the military, and many specialty tubes. The other Zenith subsidiary in Chicago was Central Electronics, Incorporated, located at 1247 West Belmont Ave., where 100 employees made amateur radio equipment and performed auditory training. Another Central Electronics plant was located at State Route 133 and Grandview in [[Paris, Illinois]], where 500 employees made radio receivers, with the total Zenith work force in Illinois being thus at least 6,960.<ref>1962 Illinois Manufacturers Directory, Manufacturers' News, Inc., Chicago, IL., copyright 1962, p. 1311</ref> In December 1970, National Union Electric ("NUE") sued most of the Japanese television manufacturers for violation of the Anti-[[Dumping (pricing policy)|Dumping]] Act and a conspiracy they alleged violated American antitrust laws.<ref name="Lehr 2013 p. 80">Lehr, Jr., Louis A. (2013), Arnstein & Lehr, The First 120 Years, Amazon p. 80</ref> During the pendency of that suit, Zenith Radio Corporation encountered increasing financial difficulty as their market share progressively went to Japanese companies.<ref><!--Article title needed-->New York Times, September 21, 1974</ref> Zenith joined two other U.S. companies—[[Sears, Roebuck and Co.]] and [[Motorola, Inc]].—as co-plaintiffs.<ref>Washington University Law Review, 58 Wash. U.L.Q. 1055 (1980)</ref> The NUE suit was transferred to the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, and the two suits were consolidated for pretrial proceedings and trial.<ref name="Lehr 2013 p. 80"/> The suit, styled ''In re Japanese Electric Products Antitrust Litigation'', sought $900 million in damages.<ref><!--Article title needed-->''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', September 30, 1974</ref> By the end of 1983, Zenith had spent millions of dollars in connection with the litigation.<ref><!--Article title needed-->''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'', December 15, 1983</ref> In 1981, the trial court entered [[summary judgment]] on the antitrust and antidumping claims and dismissed the lawsuits.<ref><!--Article title needed-->''[[The New York Times]]'', Late Edition (East Coast), March 28, 1981</ref> Plaintiffs appealed, and the appellate court affirmed the summary judgment for Sears, Roebuck and Co., Motorola, Inc., and Sony.<ref><!--Article title needed-->''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', December 6, 1983</ref> The case was appealed, and in March 1986 the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] ruled in favor of the defendants on Zenith's antitrust claims.<ref>''[[The New York Times]]'', Late Edition (East Coast), March 27, 1986</ref> Zenith's hopes to salvage a victory on the claims that the defendants violated the Antidumping Act of 1916 ended in April 1987, when the Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal from the U.S. District Court of Appeals in Philadelphia that upheld the ruling of the trial court in favor of the Japanese.<ref>''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', Eastern Edition, April 28, 1987</ref> In 1979, Zenith entered the computer market with the purchase of [[Heathkit|Heath Company]] from [[Schlumberger]] for $64.5 million, forming '''[[Zenith Data Systems]]''' (ZDS).<ref name="cw19791015">{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UaKuzwnEiRMC&q=zenith%20heath&pg=RA2-PA91 | title=Zenith Radio Buys Heath | work=Computerworld | date=1979-10-15 | access-date=29 June 2014 | pages=91}}</ref> The company changed its name to '''Zenith Electronics Corporation''' in 1984 to reflect its interests in computers and [[CATV]], having left the radio business two years earlier.{{cn|date=April 2023}} ZDS was very successful.<ref name=greenhouse1986>{{cite journal | last=Greenhouse | first=Steven | date=March 26, 1986 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/26/business/zenith-computer-unit-shines.html | title=Zenith Computer Unit Shines | journal=The New York Times | pages=D1, D4 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716045842/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/26/business/zenith-computer-unit-shines.html | archive-date=July 16, 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref> By the late 1980s its profits were sustaining its parent, while from 1987 Zenith's consumer business lost money. By 1988 the company was the last American television manufacturer, and reportedly decided to also exit the consumer market and sell its television business.<ref name="perry198808">{{Cite journal |last=Perry |first=Tekla S. |date=August 1988 |title=The longest survivor loses its grip |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/zenith-tv |journal=IEEE Spectrum |doi=10.1109/6.7158 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> To raise money for HDTV research efforts and reduce debt, Zenith instead sold ZDS to [[Groupe Bull]] in October 1989 for $635 million.<ref name="um19891113">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZXvAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA88 | title=Zenith Data Systems Sold to Groupe Bull | journal=U-M Computing News |date=13 November 1989 | volume=4 | issue=18 | pages=18}}</ref> By 1990, Zenith was in trouble and looking more attractive to a hostile takeover. To avoid this, Zenith sold a five-percent stake to the Korean company GoldStar (now [[LG Electronics]]) as part of a technology-sharing agreement. With their analog line aging (the last major update to the line had been the ''System³'' chassis in 1978){{citation needed|date=January 2015}}), and the adoption of HDTV in the United States decades away, Zenith's prospects were poor.{{cn|date=April 2023}} In 1995 LG, increased its stake to 55 percent, enough to assume [[controlling interest]]. Zenith was too small to compete in the consumer electronics industry, which had become global in nature, and its high-quality products made it attractive for acquisition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Feder |first=Barnaby J. |date=1995-07-18 |title=Last U.S. TV Maker Will Sell Control to Koreans |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/18/us/last-us-tv-maker-will-sell-control-to-koreans.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Zenith filed for [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11 bankruptcy]] in 1999, and in exchange for its debts, LG bought the remaining 45 percent of the company, converting about $200 million of debt owed to it by Zenith into common stock in the revamped company. The shares of existing stockholders were rendered worthless.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Bloomberg News |date=1998-05-22 |title=Zenith Approves Full-Scale Revamping |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/22/business/zenith-approves-full-scale-revamping.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> During this period, some of Zenith's products were being rebadged as [[OEM]] under the '''[[Admiral (electrical appliances)|Admiral]]''' name. Certain products carried the '''Allegro''' brand, which had originated in the 1970s as a brand for Zenith speakers and other audio equipment. Their profitable Network Systems division, which produced [[set-top box]]es for [[cable television| cable]] and [[satellite TV]], was sold to [[Motorola]] in the summer of 2000 and became part of Motorola BCS (Broadband Communications Sector).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/20/business/company-news-motorola-to-buy-zenith-electronics-network-systems.html|title=Motorola buys Zenith Network Systems |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 2000|access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> The Zenith headquarters building was occupied by [[Aon (company)|Aon]] and subsequently demolished in 2018 to create room for nearby [[Abt Electronics]] to expand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.abt.com/2018/12/2018-abts-year-in-review/ |title=2018: Abt's Year in Review |work=The Bolt |date=31 December 2018 |publisher=abt.com |access-date=June 27, 2019}}</ref> LG produced the Zenith DTT-900<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zenith.com/dtv/dtt900.html |title=Digital TV Transition |publisher=Zenith.com |access-date=September 27, 2012 |archive-date=July 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713064427/http://www.zenith.com/dtv/dtt900.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Zenith DTT-901<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zenith.com/products/set-top-atsc-digital-to-analog-converter-box/DTT901/ |title=Converter Box — Digital TV Tuner Converter Box with Analog Pass-Through |publisher=Zenith |date=June 23, 2008 |access-date=September 27, 2012 |archive-date=July 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728195344/http://www.zenith.com/products/set-top-atsc-digital-to-analog-converter-box/DTT901/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ATSC digital television converter box. LG offered some Zenith-branded plasma, LCD, and direct-view televisions through selected retail outlets.{{cn|date=April 2023}} ==Notable products== ===Shortwave radio=== [[File:Zenith cube radio.jpg|thumb|upright|A Zenith Model 5-S-220 "cube" radio {{Circa|1937}}]] Among Zenith's early famous products were the "Royal" series of transistor radios and the "[[Trans-Oceanic]]" series of shortwave portable radios, which were produced from 1942 to 1981. ===Subscription television=== Zenith was the first company to experiment with subscription television, launching their [[Phonevision]] system with experimental Chicago station KS2XBS (originally broadcasting on Channel 2 before the [[Federal Communications Commission]] forced them to relinquish it to [[WBBM-TV]]). Their experiment involved a descrambler box mounted on the television set, and plugged into the telephone lead. When a preannounced broadcast was ready to begin, viewers would call an operator at Zenith who would send a signal with the telephone leads to unscramble the video.<ref name="time001">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090727053712/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,805681,00.html "Phonevision" ''Time'' January 8, 1951]</ref> While the [[National Association of Theatre Owners|Theatre Owners of America]] claimed the concept was unsuccessful, Zenith itself claimed the experiment was a success.<ref name="time002">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930101325/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,858097,00.html "Report on Phonevision" ''Time'' June 4, 1951]</ref> As Phonevision broadcast films, it was seen as a potential competitor for traditional theatres. In spite of the fact that the three films initially available to the first 300 test households were more than two years old, about 18 percent of Phonevision viewers had seen them at the movies, and 92 percent of Phonevision households reported that they would prefer to see films at home.<ref name="time002" /> ===Remote controls=== {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2012}} Zenith is, perhaps, best known for the first practical wireless television [[remote control]], the Space Command, developed in 1956. [[File:Zenith Space Command.jpg|thumb|A Zenith Space Command 600 remote control]] [[File:Zenith space.jpg|thumb|A box advertising a remote control system often referred to as "Space Command Tuning"]] The original television remote control was a wired version, released in 1950, that soon attracted complaints about an unsightly length of cable from the viewer's chair to the television receiver. [[Eugene F. McDonald]], Zenith President and founder, ordered his engineers to develop a wireless version, but the use of radio waves was soon discounted due to poor interference rejection inherent in 1950s radio receivers. The 1955 Flash-Matic remote system, invented by [[Eugene Polley]], used a highly directional photo flash tube in the hand held unit that was aimed at sensitive photoreceivers in the four front corners of the television cabinet. However, bright sunlight falling on the television was found to activate the controls. These remote controls would activate a motor, causing the tuning dial on the television to switch by itself, and this could be used for mischief if someone else was attempting to tune the television. Lead engineer [[Robert Adler]] then suggested that ultrasonic sound be used as a trigger mechanism. This was produced in the hand held unit by mechanically struck aluminum rods of carefully constructed dimensions—a receiver in the television responded to the different frequencies this action produced. Enough audible noise was produced by pressing the buttons that consumers began calling remote controls "clickers". The miniaturization of electronics meant that, eventually, the sounds were produced in the remote unit electronically; however, the operating principle remained in use until the 1980s, when it was superseded by the infrared light system. Zenith said that Space Command increased television sales by 40%. The company licensed the technology to RCA and others, and twice successfully sued Admiral for violating its patent.{{r|perry198808}} The photograph is of a Space Command 600, which was the remote control designed for use with their color television receivers. The Space Command 600 was introduced in 1965 and this particular design was in use until the end of the 1972 model year. The Space Command 600 remote control had an additional, distinctive feature—this remote control could also adjust color hues. By pressing the mute button on the remote, a relay would be activated at the television in which to transfer the VHF motor drive tuner circuit to the motorized hue control. This would allow the user to adjust the hue in increments by depressing the channel up or down buttons on the remote control, and restore the television to normal tuning operation when the mute button was pressed again (mute off). ===Space phone=== Some models of Zenith's ''[[Zenith System 3|System 3]]'' line of televisions made from the late 1970s to the early 1990s had a feature called the Space Phone by Zenith. It was basically a hands-free [[speakerphone]] built into the television set. It used the set's speaker and remote control, in addition to a built-in microphone. A Space Phone-enabled television would connect to a telephone jack (using a built-in phone cord), and making a call was performed by pressing a button on the remote to activate the Space Phone (which would mute and begin controlling the program audio going to the speaker). The telephone number is dialed using the numeric keys on the remote, which then displays the digits being dialed on-screen (using the on-screen display features of the System 3 line). The user could then converse with another caller hands-free, much like a regular speakerphone.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} ===The porthole television=== In the late 1940s, Zenith entered the television market. These sets were all-round tube sets. The main feature was that the entire round screen was exposed. They were available in 12-inch, 16-inch and 19-inch sizes. Later round-tube models had a switch that would show the picture in the 4:3 ratio, or have the entire round screen exposed. These sets are very desirable among television collectors. Many porthole sets used metal-cone CRTs, which are now scarce. It is not uncommon for collectors to replace a bad metal-cone tube with an all-glass tube. Zenith porthole sets came in tabletop models, stand-alone consoles and television/radio/phono combos. ===Hand-wired chassis=== [[File:Zenith Tube Box.jpg|thumb|upright|Zenith vacuum tube carton]] In the late 1950s, many electronic manufacturers, such as [[RCA]], [[General Electric]] and [[Admiral (electrical appliances)|Admiral]], were changing from hand-wired metal chassis in their radios and televisions to [[printed circuit board]]s. While circuit boards save time and errors in assembly, they are not well suited for use with [[vacuum tube]] equipment, in which high temperatures are generated that can break down boards, eventually causing the boards to crumble if one attempts to remove a tube. Zenith, and to a lesser extent [[Motorola]], avoided this problem by continuing to use hand wired chassis in all their vacuum tube equipment. Zenith kept circuit boards out of their televisions until the Chromacolor line of the early 1970s, and even then used them only with solid state components, mounting the four tubes used in the Chromacolor "4 tube hybrid" on the steel chassis. Zenith began using circuit boards in radios when they converted to solid-state in the late 1960s, but even Zenith's early transistor radios were completely hand wired with socketed transistors. Due to the use of this chassis construction (and the high quality components), Zenith televisions and radios of the 1950s to 1970s found today are often still working well, needing little work to restore them to like-new operating condition. ==See also== * [[Zenith (disambiguation)]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Zenith Electronics}} * {{Official website}} {{LG Electronics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1918 establishments in Illinois]] [[Category:1995 mergers and acquisitions]] [[Category:Amateur radio companies]] [[Category:American companies established in 1918]] [[Category:American subsidiaries of foreign companies]] [[Category:Companies based in Lake County, Illinois]] [[Category:Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1999]] [[Category:Consumer electronics brands]] [[Category:Electronics companies established in 1918]] [[Category:Electronics companies of the United States]] [[Category:History of radio in the United States]] [[Category:LG Electronics]] [[Category:Melrose Park, Illinois]] [[Category:Radio manufacturers]] [[Category:Zenith Electronics| ]]
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