(2S,4R)-4-Hydroxyproline, or L-hydroxyproline (C5H9O3N), is an amino acid, abbreviated as Hyp or O, e.g., in Protein Data Bank.
Structure and discoveryEdit
In 1902, Hermann Emil Fischer isolated hydroxyproline from hydrolyzed gelatin. In 1905, Hermann Leuchs synthesized a racemic mixture of 4-hydroxyproline.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Hydroxyproline differs from proline by the presence of a hydroxyl (OH) group attached to the gamma carbon atom.
Production and functionEdit
Hydroxyproline is produced by hydroxylation of the amino acid proline by the enzyme prolyl hydroxylase following protein synthesis (as a post-translational modification). The enzyme-catalyzed reaction takes place in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Although it is not directly incorporated into proteins, hydroxyproline comprises roughly 4% of all amino acids found in animal tissue, an amount greater than seven other amino acids that are translationally incorporated.<ref name=gorres>Template:Cite journal</ref>
AnimalsEdit
CollagenEdit
Hydroxyproline is a major component of the protein collagen,<ref name="SzpakJAS">Template:Cite journal</ref> comprising roughly 13.5% of mammalian collagen. Hydroxyproline and proline play key roles for collagen stability.<ref name="Nelson">Nelson, D. L. and Cox, M. M. (2005) Lehninger's Principles of Biochemistry, 4th Edition, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.</ref> They permit the sharp twisting of the collagen helix.<ref name="Brinckmann">Brinckmann, J., Notbohm, H. and Müller, P.K. (2005) Collagen, Topics in Current Chemistry 247, Springer, Berlin.</ref> In the canonical collagen Xaa-Yaa-Gly triad (where Xaa and Yaa are any amino acid), a proline occupying the Yaa position is hydroxylated to give a Xaa-Hyp-Gly sequence. This modification of the proline residue increases the stability of the collagen triple helix. It was initially proposed that the stabilization was due to water molecules forming a hydrogen bonding network linking the prolyl hydroxyl groups and the main-chain carbonyl groups.<ref name="Bella1994">Template:Cite journal</ref> It was subsequently shown that the increase in stability is primarily through stereoelectronic effects and that hydration of the hydroxyproline residues provides little or no additional stability.<ref name="Kotch2008">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Non-collagenEdit
Hydroxyproline is found in few proteins other than collagen. For this reason, hydroxyproline content has been used as an indicator to determine collagen and/or gelatin amount. However, the mammalian proteins elastin and argonaute 2 have collagen-like domains in which hydroxyproline is formed. Some snail poisons, conotoxins, contain hydroxyproline, but lack collagen-like sequences.<ref name="gorres" />
Hydroxylation of proline has been shown to be involved in targeting Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha subunit (HIF-1 alpha) for degradation by proteolysis. Under normoxia (normal oxygen conditions) EGLN1[1] protein hydroxylates the proline at the 564 position of HIF-1 alpha, which allows ubiquitylation by the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (pVHL) and subsequent targeting for proteasome degradation.<ref name="Jaakkola">Template:Cite journal</ref>
PlantsEdit
Hydroxyproline rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) are also found in plant cell walls.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> These hydroxyprolines serve as the attachment points for glycan chains which are added as post-translational modifications.<ref name=":0" />
Clinical significanceEdit
Proline hydroxylation requires ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The most obvious, first effects (gingival and hair problems) of absence of ascorbic acid in humans come from the resulting defect in hydroxylation of proline residues of collagen, with reduced stability of the collagen molecule, causing scurvy.
Increased serum and urine levels of hydroxyproline have also been demonstrated in Paget's disease.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Mass spectrometry analysis showed decreased amount of hydroxyproline post-translational modifications in non inflamed tissue from ulcerative colitis patients when compared to tissue from donors without the disease. <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Other hydroxyprolinesEdit
Other hydroxyprolines also exist in nature. The most notable ones are 2,3-cis-, 3,4-trans-, and 3,4-dihydroxyproline, which occurs in diatom cell walls<ref name="Nakajima">Template:Cite journal</ref> and are postulated to have a role in silica deposition. Hydroxyproline is also found in the walls of oomycetes, fungus-like protists related to diatoms.<ref name="Alexopoulos 1996">Template:Cite book</ref> (2S,4S)-cis-4-Hydroxyproline is found in the toxic cyclic peptides from Amanita mushrooms (e.g., phalloidin).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>