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In geometry, a Johnson solid, sometimes also known as a Johnson–Zalgaller solid,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> is a convex polyhedron whose faces are regular polygons. They are sometimes defined to exclude the uniform polyhedrons. There are ninety-two solids with such a property: the first solids are the pyramids, cupolas, and a rotunda; some of the solids may be constructed by attaching with those previous solids, whereas others may not.
Definition and backgroundEdit
Template:Multiple image A Johnson solid is a convex polyhedron whose faces are all regular polygons.Template:R The convex polyhedron means as bounded intersections of finitely many half-spaces, or as the convex hull of finitely many points.Template:R Although there is no restriction that any given regular polygon cannot be a face of a Johnson solid, some authors required that Johnson solids are not uniform. This means that a Johnson solid is not a Platonic solid, Archimedean solid, prism, or antiprism.Template:R A convex polyhedron in which all faces are nearly regular, but some are not precisely regular, is known as a near-miss Johnson solid.Template:R
The solids were named after the mathematicians Norman Johnson and Victor Zalgaller.Template:R Template:Harvtxt published a list including ninety-two solids—excluding the five Platonic solids, the thirteen Archimedean solids, the infinitely many uniform prisms, and the infinitely many uniform antiprisms—and gave them their names and numbers. He did not prove that there were only ninety-two, but he did conjecture that there were no others.Template:R Template:Harvtxt proved that Johnson's list was complete.Template:R
Naming and enumerationEdit
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The naming of Johnson solids follows a flexible and precise descriptive formula that allows many solids to be named in multiple different ways without compromising the accuracy of each name as a description. Most Johnson solids can be constructed from the first few solids (pyramids, cupolae, and a rotunda), together with the Platonic and Archimedean solids, prisms, and antiprisms; the center of a particular solid's name will reflect these ingredients. From there, a series of prefixes are attached to the word to indicate additions, rotations, and transformations:Template:R
- Bi- indicates that two copies of the solid are joined base-to-base. For cupolae and rotundas, the solids can be joined so that either like faces (ortho-) or unlike faces (gyro-) meet. Using this nomenclature, a pentagonal bipyramid is a solid constructed by attaching two bases of pentagonal pyramids. Triangular orthobicupola is constructed by two triangular cupolas along their bases.
- Elongated indicates a prism is joined to the base of the solid, or between the bases; gyroelongated indicates an antiprism. Augmented indicates another polyhedron, namely a pyramid or cupola, is joined to one or more faces of the solid in question.
- Diminished indicates a pyramid or cupola is removed from one or more faces of the solid in question.
- Gyrate indicates a cupola mounted on or featured in the solid in question is rotated such that different edges match up, as in the difference between ortho- and gyrobicupolae.
Template:Multiple image The last three operations—augmentation, diminution, and gyration—can be performed multiple times for certain large solids. Bi- & Tri- indicate a double and triple operation respectively. For example, a bigyrate solid has two rotated cupolae, and a tridiminished solid has three removed pyramids or cupolae. In certain large solids, a distinction is made between solids where altered faces are parallel and solids where altered faces are oblique. Para- indicates the former, that the solid in question has altered parallel faces, and meta- the latter, altered oblique faces. For example, a parabiaugmented solid has had two parallel faces augmented, and a metabigyrate solid has had two oblique faces gyrated.Template:R
The last few Johnson solids have names based on certain polygon complexes from which they are assembled. These names are defined by Johnson with the following nomenclature:Template:R
- A lune is a complex of two triangles attached to opposite sides of a square.
- Spheno- indicates a wedgelike complex formed by two adjacent lunes. Dispheno- indicates two such complexes.
- Hebespheno- indicates a blunt complex of two lunes separated by a third lune.
- Corona is a crownlike complex of eight triangles.
- Megacorona is a larger crownlike complex of twelve triangles.
- The suffix -cingulum indicates a belt of twelve triangles.
The enumeration of Johnson solids may be denoted as <math> J_n </math>, where <math> n </math> denoted the list's enumeration (an example is <math> J_1 </math> denoted the first Johnson solid, the equilateral square pyramid).Template:R The following is the list of ninety-two Johnson solids, with the enumeration followed according to the list of Template:Harvtxt: Template:Columns-list
Some of the Johnson solids may be categorized as elementary polyhedra. This means the polyhedron cannot be separated by a plane to create two small convex polyhedra with regular faces; examples of Johnson solids are the first six Johnson solids—square pyramid, pentagonal pyramid, triangular cupola, square cupola, pentagonal cupola, and pentagonal rotunda—tridiminished icosahedron, parabidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron, tridiminished rhombicosidodecahedron, snub disphenoid, snub square antiprism, sphenocorona, sphenomegacorona, hebesphenomegacorona, disphenocingulum, bilunabirotunda, and triangular hebesphenorotunda.Template:R The other Johnson solids are composite polyhedron because they are constructed by attaching some elementary polyhedra.Template:R
PropertiesEdit
As the definition above, a Johnson solid is a convex polyhedron with regular polygons as their faces. However, there are several properties possessed by each of them.
- All but five of the 92 Johnson solids are known to have the Rupert property, meaning that it is possible for a larger copy of themselves to pass through a hole inside of them. The five which are not known to have this property are: gyrate rhombicosidodecahedron, parabigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron, metabigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron, trigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron, and paragyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron.Template:R
- From all of the Johnson solids, the elongated square gyrobicupola (also called the pseudorhombicuboctahedron) is unique in being locally vertex-uniform: there are four faces at each vertex, and their arrangement is always the same: three squares and one triangle. However, it is not vertex-transitive, as it has different isometry at different vertices, making it a Johnson solid rather than an Archimedean solid.Template:R
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Template:Cite journal
- Paper Models of Polyhedra Template:Webarchive Many links
- Johnson Solids by George W. Hart.
- Images of all 92 solids, categorized, on one page
- {{#invoke:Template wrapper|{{#if:|list|wrap}}|_template=cite web
|_exclude=urlname, _debug, id |url = https://mathworld.wolfram.com/{{#if:JohnsonSolid%7CJohnsonSolid.html}} |title = Johnson Solid |author = Weisstein, Eric W. |website = MathWorld |access-date = |ref = Template:SfnRef }}
- VRML models of Johnson Solids by Jim McNeill
- VRML models of Johnson Solids by Vladimir Bulatov
- CRF polychora discovery project attempts to discover CRF polychora Template:Webarchive (Convex 4-dimensional polytopes with Regular polygons as 2-dimensional Faces), a generalization of the Johnson solids to 4-dimensional space
- https://levskaya.github.io/polyhedronisme/ a generator of polyhedrons and Conway operations applied to them, including Johnson solids.