Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox country geography Kuwait is a country in West Asia, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iraq and Saudi Arabia. Kuwait is located at the far northwestern corner of the Persian Gulf. Kuwait is 17,820 square kilometres in size. At its most distant points, it is about Template:Convert north to south, and Template:Convert east to west. Kuwait has 10 islands. Kuwait's area consists mostly of desert.
Boundaries and geographic featuresEdit
As previously mentioned, Kuwait borders the Persian Gulf with Template:Convert of coast.<ref name=":0">Template:Citation-attribution</ref> Within its territory are ten islands, two of which, Bubiyan (the largest) and Warbah, are strategically important.<ref name=":0" />
Kuwait's most prominent geographic feature is Kuwait Bay (Jun al Kuwayt), which indents the shoreline for about forty kilometers, providing natural protection for the port of Kuwait, and accounts for nearly one third of the country's shoreline.<ref name=":0" />
To the north and northwest, there is the historically contested border between Kuwait and Iraq.<ref name=":0" /> Although the Iraqi government, which had first asserted a claim to rule Kuwait in 1938, recognized the borders with Kuwait in 1963 (based on agreements made earlier in the century), it continued to press Kuwait for control over Bubiyan and Warbah islands through the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name=":0" />
To the south and southwest, Kuwait shares a 250-km border with Saudi Arabia.<ref name=":0" /> The boundary between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia was set by the Treaty of Al Uqayr in 1922, which also established the Saudi–Kuwaiti neutral zone of 5,700 square kilometers between the two nations.<ref name=":0" /> In 1966, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia agreed to divide the neutral zone; the partitioning agreement making each country responsible for administration in its portion was signed in December 1969.<ref name=":0" /> The resources in the area, now known as the Divided Zone, are not affected by the agreement.<ref name=":0" /> The oil from onshore and offshore fields continues to be shared equally between the two countries.<ref name=":0" />
In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait and, shortly thereafter, formally incorporated the entire country into Iraq.<ref name=":0" /> Under United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 687, after the restoration of Kuwaiti sovereignty in 1991, a UN commission undertook formal demarcation of the borders on the basis of those agreed to in 1963.<ref name=":0" /> The boundary was demarcated in 1992.<ref name=":0" /> Iraq initially refused to accept the commission's findings<ref name=":0" /> but ultimately accepted them in November 1994.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
ClimateEdit
Kuwait has an arid climate.<ref name=":0" /> Rainfall in the nation varies from Template:Convert a year.<ref name=":0" /> Actual rainfall has ranged from Template:Convert a year to as much as Template:Convert.<ref name=":0" /> In summer, average daily high temperatures range from Template:Convert;<ref name=":0" /> the highest ever temperature recorded in Kuwait was Template:Convert at Mitribah on 21 July 2016 which is the highest recorded temperature in Asia and also the third highest in the world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The summers are relentlessly long, punctuated mainly by dramatic dust storms in June and July when northwesterly winds cover the cities in sand.<ref name=":0" /> In late summer, which is more humid, there are occasional sharp, brief thunderstorms.<ref name=":0" />
By November summer is over, and colder winter weather sets in, dropping temperatures to as low as Template:Convert at night; daytime temperatures are in the upper 20s °C (upper 70s to low 80s °F).<ref name=":0" /> Frost rarely occurs; rain is more common and falls mostly in the spring.<ref name=":0" />
Kuwait's winter is colder than in other Persian Gulf countries, such as Bahrain, Qatar or United Arab Emirates. Kuwait experiences colder weather because it is situated farther north, and because of cold winds blowing from upper Iraq and Iran.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Nature reservesEdit
At present, there are five protected areas in Kuwait recognized by the IUCN. In response to Kuwait becoming the 169th signatory of the Ramsar Convention, Bubiyan Island's Mubarak al-Kabeer reserve was designated as the country's first Wetland of International Importance.<ref name=ramsar /> The 50,948 ha reserve consists of small lagoons and shallow salt marshes and is important as a stop-over for migrating birds on two migration routes.<ref name=ramsar /> The reserve is home to the world's largest breeding colony of crab-plover.<ref name=ramsar>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
BiodiversityEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Currently, 444 species of birds have been recorded in Kuwait, 18 species of which breed in the country.<ref name=bsc-eoc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Due to its location at the head of the Persian Gulf near the mouth of the Tigris–Euphrates river, Kuwait is situated at the crossroads of many major bird migration routes and between two and three million birds pass each year.<ref name=natstrat>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kuwait's marine and littoral ecosystems contain the bulk of the country's biodiversity heritage.<ref name=natstrat /> The marshes in northern Kuwait and Jahra have become increasingly important as a refuge for passage migrants.<ref name=natstrat />
Twenty eight species of mammal are found in Kuwait; animals such as gerboa, desert rabbits and hedgehogs are common in the desert.<ref name=natstrat /> Among the endangered mammalian species are the red fox and wild cat.<ref name=natstrat /> Forty reptile species have been recorded although none are endemic to Kuwait.<ref name=natstrat />
Kuwait, Oman and Yemen are the only locations where the endangered smoothtooth blacktip shark is confirmed as occurring.<ref name="biodiversity_marine">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Kuwaiti islands are important breeding areas for four species of tern and the socotra cormorant.<ref name=natstrat /> Kubbar Island has been recognised an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a breeding colony of white-cheeked terns.<ref name=bli>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Geology and aquifersEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The land was formed in a recent geologic era. In the south, limestone rises in a long, north-oriented dome that lies beneath the surface.<ref name=":0" /> It is within and below this formation that the principal oil fields, Kuwait's most important natural resource, are located.<ref name=":0" /> In the west and north, layers of sand, gravel, silt, and clay overlie the limestone to a depth of more than 210 meters.<ref name=":0" /> The upper portions of these beds are part of a mass of sediment deposited by a great wadi whose most recent channel was the Wadi al Batin, the broad shallow valley forming the western boundary of the country.<ref name=":0" />
On the western side of the Al Rawdatayn geological formation, a freshwater aquifer was discovered in 1960 and became Kuwait's principal water source.<ref name=":0" /> The supply is insufficient to support extensive irrigation, but it is tapped to supplement the distilled water supply that fills most of the country's needs.<ref name=":0" /> The only other exploited aquifer lies in the permeable zone in the top of the limestone of the Ash Shuaybah field south and east of the city of Kuwait.<ref name=":0" /> Unlike water from the Al Rawdatayn aquifer, water from the Ash Shuaybah aquifer is brackish. Millions of liters a day of this water are pumped for commercial and household purposes.<ref name=":0" />
Water and marshesEdit
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Kuwait is part of the Tigris–Euphrates river system basin.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="eu">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Several Tigris–Euphrates confluences form parts of the Kuwait–Iraq border.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Bubiyan Island is part of the Shatt al-Arab delta.<ref name="Ancient_Bubiyan">Template:Cite journal</ref> Kuwait is partially part of the Mesopotamian Marshes.<ref name="Meso_Marsh">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Mesopotamian_Marsh">Template:Cite book</ref> Kuwait does not currently have any permanent rivers within its territory. However, Kuwait does have several wadis, the most notable of which is Wadi al-Batin which forms the border between Kuwait and Iraq.<ref>Wadi Al-Bāṭin.</ref> Kuwait also has several river-like marine channels around Bubiyan Island, most notably Khawr Abd Allah which is now an estuary, but once was the point where the Shatt al-Arab emptied into the Persian Gulf. Khawr Abd Allah is located in southern Iraq and northern Kuwait, the Iraq-Kuwait border divides the lower portion of the estuary, but adjacent to the port of Umm Qasr the estuary becomes wholly Iraqi. It forms the northeast coastline of Bubiyan Island and the north coastline of Warbah Island.<ref name="EB">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
Kuwait relies on water desalination as a primary source of fresh water for drinking and domestic purposes.<ref name=scidi /><ref name=fao /> There are currently more than six desalination plants.<ref name=fao>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kuwait was the first country in the world to use desalination to supply water for large-scale domestic use. The history of desalination in Kuwait dates back to 1951 when the first distillation plant was commissioned.<ref name=scidi>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Kuwait's fresh water resources are limited to groundwater, desalinated seawater, and treated wastewater effluents.<ref name=scidi /> There are three major municipal wastewater treatment plants.<ref name=scidi /> Most water demand is currently satisfied through seawater desalination plants.<ref name=scidi /><ref name=fao /> Sewage disposal is handled by a national sewage network that covers 98% of facilities in the country.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Human geographyEdit
The bulk of the Kuwaiti population lives in the coastal capital of the city of Kuwait. Smaller populations inhabit the nearby city of Al Jahrah, smaller desert and coastal towns, and, prior to the Persian Gulf War, some of the several nearby gulf islands, notably Faylakah.<ref name=":0" />
Area boundariesEdit
- Area
-
- Total: 17,818 km²
- Land: 17,818 km²
- Water: 0 km²
- Area—comparative
- Slightly smaller than Fiji
- Land boundaries
-
- Total: 475 km
- Border countries: Iraq 254 km, Saudi Arabia 221 km
- Coastline
- 499 km
- Maritime claims
- Exclusive Economic Zone
- Template:Convert
- Territorial sea: Template:Convert
- Elevation extremes
-
- Lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
- Highest prominence: Mutla Ridge 142 m
- Highest point: unnamed site without prominence in the Jahra Governorate at Template:Coord 291 m
Resources and land useEdit
- Natural resources
- Petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas
- Land use
-
- Arable land: 0.6%
- Permanent crops: 0.3%
- Permanent pasture: 7.6%
- Forest: 0.4%
- Other: 91.1% (2011)
- Irrigated land
- 86 km² (2007)
- Total renewable water resources
- 0.02 km3 (2011)
- Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)
-
- Total: 0.91 km3/yr (47%/2%/51%)
- Per capita: 441.2 m3/yr (2005)
Environmental concernsEdit
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- Natural hazards
- Sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April – they bring heavy rain which can damage roads and houses; sandstorms and dust storms occur throughout the year, but are most common between March and August
- Environment—current issues
- Limited natural fresh water resources; some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities provide much of the water; air and water pollution; desertification
- Environment—international agreements
ReferencesEdit
Attribution:
Template:Kuwait topics Template:Geography of Asia Template:Asia topic