Land's End

Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox UK place

Land's End<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> (Template:Langx or Pedn an Wlas)<ref>An English-Cornish Glossary in the Standard Written Form Template:Webarchive (gives both Penn an Wlas and Pedn an Wlas)</ref> is a headland and tourist and holiday complex in western Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, on the Penwith peninsula about Template:Convert west-south-west of Penzance at the western end of the A30 road. To the east of it is the English Channel, and to the west the Celtic Sea.

Land's End is the most westerly point of mainland England.<ref>Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 203 Land's End Template:ISBN</ref> However, it is not the westernmost point on mainland Great Britain. This title narrowly goes to Corrachadh Mòr in the Scottish Highlands.

GeographyEdit

The actual Land's End, or Peal Point, is a modest headland compared with nearby headlands such as Pedn-men-dhu overlooking Sennen Cove and Pordenack, to the south. The present hotel and tourist complex is at Carn Kez, Template:Convert south of the actual Land's End.<ref name=neave>Template:Cite book</ref> Land's End has a particular resonance because it is often used to suggest distance. Land's End to John o' Groats in Scotland is a distance of Template:Convert by road and this Land's End to John o' Groats distance is often used to define charitable events such as end-to-end walks and races in the UK. Land's End to the northernmost point of England is a distance of Template:Convert by road.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The westernmost promontory at Land's End is known as Dr Syntax's Head. The character Dr Syntax was invented by the writer William Combe in his 1809 comic verse The Tour of Dr Syntax in Search of the Picturesque, which satirised the work of seekers of the "picturesque" such as William Gilpin.<ref>"The tour of Doctor Syntax in search of the picturesque, a poem", Royal Academy Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 24 November 2019</ref> A nearby promontory is called Dr Johnson's Head after Samuel Johnson, who referred to a hypothetical Cornish declaration of independence in his 1775 essay Taxation no Tyranny.<ref>"Taxation no Tyranny". The Works of Samuel Johnson. Pafraets & Company, Troy, New York (1913) Template:Webarchive Retrieved 24 November 2019</ref><ref>"Walk – Land's End and Nanjizal", South West Coast Path National Trail Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 24 November 2019</ref>

The area around Land's End has been designated part of an Important Plant Area, by the organisation Plantlife, for rare species of flora.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Land's End is a popular venue for rock climbers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Longships, a group of rocky islets are just over Template:Convert offshore, and together with the Seven Stones Reef and the Isles of Scilly which lie about Template:Convert southwest – are part of the mythical lost land of Lyonesse, referred to in Arthurian literature.

GeologyEdit

The cliffs are made of granite, an igneous rock, which means they are resistant to weathering, and have steep cliff faces. There are two varieties of granite represented at Land's End. Adjacent to the hotel the granite is coarse-grained with large phenocrysts of orthoclase, sometimes more than Template:Convert in length. To the north, at the First and Last House, there is a finer-grained granite with fewer and smaller phenocrysts, and the different granites can be seen from a distance by the smoother weathering of the finer variety. The granite dates to 268–275 million years ago of the Permian period.<ref name=geology>Template:Cite book</ref> The contact zone between the Land's End granite pluton and the altered "country rocks" is nearby and the Longships Lighthouse, offshore, is built on the country rock.<ref name=geology/>

HistoryEdit

In 1769, the antiquarian William Borlase wrote:

Of this time we are to understand what Edward I. says (Sheringham. p. 129.) that Britain, Wales, and Cornwall, were the portion of Belinus, elder son of Dunwallo, and that that part of the Island, afterwards called England, was divided in three shares, viz. Britain, which reached from the Tweed, Westward, as far as the river Ex; Wales inclosed by the rivers Severn, and Dee; and Cornwall from the river Ex to the Land's-End.

Tourists have been visiting Land's End for over three hundred years. In 1649, an early visitor was the poet John Taylor, who was hoping to find subscribers for his new book Wanderings to see the Wonders of the West.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1878 people left Penzance by horse-drawn vehicles from outside the Queens and Union hotels and travelled via St Buryan and Treen, to see the Logan Rock. There was a short stop to look at Porthcurno and the Eastern Telegraph Company followed by refreshments at the First and Last Inn in Sennen. They then headed for Land's End, often on foot or horse, because of the uneven and muddy lanes. Over one hundred people could be at Land's End at any one time.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At Carn Kez, the First and Last Inn owned a small house which looked after the horses while visitors roamed the cliffs. The house at Carn Kez developed into the present hotel.<ref name=neave/> The earliest part of the house was damaged by the Luftwaffe when a plane returning from a raid on Cardiff jettisoned its remaining bombs. 53 fisherman were injured or killed. In the build-up to D-Day American troops were billeted in the hotel leaving the building in a bad state.

File:Lands end map1946.png

A 1946 map of Land's End

Land's End was owned by a Cornish family until 1982, when it was sold to David Goldstone. In 1987, Peter de Savary outbid the National Trust to purchase Land's End for almost £7 million from David Goldstone.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He had two new buildings erected and much of the present theme park development was instigated by himTemplate:Citation needed. He sold both Land's End and John o' Groats to businessman Graham Ferguson Lacey in 1991.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The current owners purchased Land's End in 1996 and formed a company named Heritage Great Britain PLC.Template:Citation needed Attractions at the theme park include children's playgrounds and recorded music. Twice a week in August, Land's End hosts 'Magic in the Skies', a night-time firework spectacular with music by British composer Christopher Bond and narrated by actress Miriam Margolyes. Within the complex is the Land's End Hotel.<ref>Clegg, David (2005) Cornwall & the Isles of Scilly; second ed. Leicester: Matador; pp. 123–24</ref>

On 6 May 1985, four schoolchildren died in what is known as the Land's End disaster.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In May 2012, Land's End received worldwide publicity as the starting point of the 2012 Summer Olympics torch relay.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

End to endEdit

Land's End is either the start or finishing point of end to end journeys with John o' Groats in Scotland. One of the earliest was by Carlisle who left Land's End on 23 September 1879, went to John O'Groats House and arrived back at Land's End on 15 December; taking 72 days (exclusive of Sundays); covering Template:Convert. To prove his journey, he kept a log book which was stamped at any post office he passed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> An early end to end on bicycle was completed by Messrs Blackwell and Harman of Canonbury Bicycle Club. Starting at Land's End they covered Template:Convert in thirteen days in July/August 1880.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Nearly two years later the Hon I Keith-Falconer travelled Template:Convert from Land's End, in twelve days, 23Template:Frac hours, on a bicycle.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

GreebEdit

On the south side of Carn Kez the land slopes away to a shallow valley containing a small stream and the former Greeb Farm. In 1879 a derrick was used for hauling seaweed from the beach 40 feet below for use as a soil improver.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Portrayal in literature, music and filmEdit

On the 1980 album Gradually Going Tornado by British jazzrock band Bruford, "Land's End", a song written by keyboardist Dave Stewart lasting 10.20, is featured.