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Dream pop (also typeset as dreampop)<ref name="chillinp4k">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is a subgenre of alternative rock<ref name="AMDreampop">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and neo-psychedelia<ref name="ReynoldsNYT" /> that emphasizes atmosphere and sonic texture as much as pop melody. Common characteristics include breathy vocals, dense productions, and effects such as reverb, echo, tremolo, and chorus. It often overlaps with the related genre of shoegaze, and the two genre terms have at times been used interchangeably.
The genre came into prominence in the 1980s through groups associated with the UK label 4AD, most prominently Cocteau Twins, This Mortal Coil, and A.R. Kane. Subsequently, UK-based acts such as My Bloody Valentine, Slowdive, and Lush alongside US-based artists Galaxie 500, Julee Cruise, and Mazzy Star released significant albums in the style. It saw renewed popularity among millennial listeners following the late-2000s success of indie act Beach House.
Etymology and characteristicsEdit
{{#invoke:Listen|main}} The term dream pop is thought to relate to the "immersion" in the music experienced by the listener.<ref name="Goddard">Goddard, Michael et al. (2013) Resonances: Noise and Contemporary Music, Bloomsbury Academic, Template:ISBN</ref> The AllMusic Guide to Electronica (2003) defined dream pop as "an atmospheric subgenre of alternative rock that relies on sonic textures as much as melody".<ref name="Bogdanov">Bogdanov, Vladimir (2001). The AllMusic Guide to Electronica, Backbeat UK, Template:ISBN, p. ix.</ref> According to Paste, the genre emphasizes mood and sonics over lyrics, so that "chords and tracks blur seamlessly into one another so frequently that it can be difficult to even decipher when one song ended and another has begun."<ref name="paste1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Common characteristics are breathy vocals, the use of guitar effects, and a densely produced sound,<ref name="Bogdanov" /> with "nebulous, distorted guitars" paired with "murmured vocals sometimes completely smudged into a wall of noise."<ref name="ReynoldsNYT" /> The music tends to focus on textures rather than propulsive rock riffs.<ref name="allmusic guide">Template:Cite book</ref> Effects such as reverb and echo are ubiquitous, with tremolo and chorus also heard on recordings to achieve the "floaty, surreal, cloud-like haze" associated with the style.<ref name="reverb.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
Dream pop is a distinct genre from shoegaze, although the terms have been used interchangeably at various points. The style also overlaps with indie rock, indie pop and synth pop. According to Pitchfork, the term "was always more of a descriptor than a proper genre," stating that is defining features are "atmosphere, intimacy, a light coating of psychedelia, and, yes, dreaminess."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Lyrics are often introspective or existential in nature,<ref name="allmusic guide"/> but may be difficult to hear or incomprehensible in the mix.<ref name="paste1"/> In the view of critic Simon Reynolds, dream pop "celebrates rapturous and transcendent experiences, often using druggy and mystical imagery".<ref name="ReynoldsNYT" /> In 1991, he suggested this escapist tendency might be a response to the cultural landscape of the UK during the 1980s: "After 12 years of Conservative government in Britain, any idealism or constructive political involvement seems futile to these alienated middle-class dropouts."<ref name="ReynoldsNYT" /> Similarly, according to Rachel Felder, dream pop artists often resist representations of social reality in favour of ambiguous or hallucinogenic experiences.<ref name="class"/> According to Paste, "Dream pop artists aren't poets—they're painters patching together swaths of sound into a big, beautiful landscape."<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HistoryEdit
1960s–1970s: OriginsEdit
Author Nathan Wiseman-Trowse writes that the "approach to the sheer physicality of sound" integral to dream pop was "arguably pioneered in popular music by figures such as Phil Spector and (Beach Boys founder) Brian Wilson."<ref name="class"/> The Beach Boys recorded an early dream pop song, "All I Wanna Do", for their 1970 album Sunflower.<ref name="Allen21"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="violet">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Critic Jim Allen, who cites the Beach Boys as the "godfathers" of the style, says that the song's unprecedented "cinematic dream sequence" production style marks the point "where the dream pop family tree starts to come into focus."<ref name="Allen21">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, the Beach Boys' impact on the genre was not widely acknowledged until after the 2000s.<ref name="Allen21"/>
The 1960s work of the Byrds would influence the "swoony harmonies" of later British dream pop groups.<ref name="ReynoldsNYT" /> The music of the Velvet Underground in the 1960s and 1970s, which experimented with repetition, tone and texture over conventional song structure, was also an important touchstone in the genre's development.<ref name="class">Template:Cite book</ref> Their 1967 debut The Velvet Underground & Nico incorporated what music critic Marc Beamount terms "psychedelic dream pop" in addition to a variety of other styles.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Elements of dream pop could also be found in Velvet Underground songs such as "Candy Says" (1969).<ref name=keymag>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Music journalist John Bergstrom recognises George Harrison's 1970 track "Let It Down" as a progenitor of the genre, while stating that its Spector-produced parent album All Things Must Pass influenced "many guitar-driven, echo-drenched bands have come around since, mixing powerful rave-ups with moody, reflective down-tempo numbers and a spiritual bent.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Early–mid 1980s: DevelopmentEdit
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A.J. Ramirez of PopMatters recognises an evolutionary line from gothic rock to dream pop.<ref name="goth">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The early 1980s gothic-derived "ethereal wave" subgenre, with its effects-laden guitar sounds and female vocals, led to the dream pop and shoegaze scenes; it was represented by Cocteau Twins and labels such as 4AD and Projekt Records.<ref name="Bernard2013-99" >"L'ethereal wave s'est développée à partir du gothic rock ... Cela est rendu par des effets d'écho, de reverb et de delay très imposants sur les guitares ... On relève une prédominance d'un chant féminin haut perché ou très ample et de voix masculines soufflées, douces at contemplatives. Les paroles sont parfois difficilement compréhensibles ... L'ethereal wave (et notamment les Cocteau Twins) a grandement influencé le shoegaze et la dream pop. Les labels principaux promouvant le genre sont 4AD et Projekt Records."</ref> Rolling Stone describes "modern dream pop" as originating with the early 1980s work of Cocteau Twins and their contemporaries.<ref name="rs"/> AllMusic's Jason Ankeny credits the Cocteau Twins' "distinctly ethereal" sound and singer Elizabeth Fraser's operatic, indecipherable vocals with defining their label, the UK-based 4AD.<ref name="all 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to Paste, the band crystallized their "swelling, euphoric" dream pop sound on the 1984 album Treasure, with guitarist Robin Guthrie conjuring an array of "woozy textures from his arsenal of effects pedals."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The 1984 album It'll End in Tears by 4AD's "dream-pop supergroup" This Mortal Coil<ref name="rs"/> was conceived by label head Ivo Watts-Russell and featured members of Cocteau Twins and Dead Can Dance. The album helped "set the template for dream pop" and associated the formerly gothic-affiliated UK label with the style.<ref name="Best">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The album's 1983 single, the Tim Buckley cover "Song to the Siren", became an influential work in the genre, and saw success in the UK Indie Chart, remaining there consistently for two years.<ref name="Best"/> Other early acts to touch on the style included Lori and the Chameleons, Dif Juz, and the Durutti Column.<ref name=keymag/> According to Pitchfork, Vini Reilly of the Durutti Column "embodied the cliché of the suicidal dream-pop guitarist in the mid-1980s" with his "narcotic performances" presaging later acts such as My Bloody Valentine and Galaxie 500.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Dif Juz album Extractions (1985) would expand the dream pop sound, incorporating saxophone, shifting tonalities, and off-kilter rhythms.<ref name="vinyl">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Film director David Lynch, unable to obtain the rights to This Mortal Coil's version of "Song to the Siren" for his 1986 film Blue Velvet, enlisted composer Angelo Badalamenti and singer Julee Cruise to record a replacement track. The result was "Mysteries of Love", described by Rolling Stone as a significant development of the dream pop sound which "gave the genre its synthy sheen".<ref name="rs">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The trio of Cruise, Lynch and Badalamenti later recorded the 1989 album Floating into the Night, which further elaborated on the style and featured the Twin Peaks theme and UK top 10 single "Falling".<ref name="rs"/>
Late 1980s–1990s: Shoegaze sceneEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The term "dreampop" was coined in the late 1980s by Alex Ayuli of A.R. Kane to describe his band's eclectic sound, which blended effects-laden guitar with dub production and drum machine backing, among other elements.<ref name="King2012">Template:Cite book</ref> The group released their 1987 EP Lollita on 4AD, with production by Cocteau Twins guitarist Robin Guthrie.<ref name="biography">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Pitchfork describes their debut album Sixty Nine (1988) as a "crucial document" of the dream pop movement, commenting that the group "aimed to emulate an ethereality that could just as easily become nightmarish", resulting in music that feels "just out of reach."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Their "dreampop" label was subsequently adopted by music critic Simon Reynolds to describe that group<ref name="reynoldsretro.blogspot.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and later extended to the nascent shoegazing scene in the UK.<ref name=ReynoldsNYT/> Reynolds describes the movement as "a wave of hazy neo-psychedelic groups" characterised by a "blurry, blissful sound", and credits the influence of the "ethereal soundscapes" of Cocteau Twins as well as more distorted styles of American alternative rock.<ref name="ReynoldsNYT" />
In the 1990s, "dream pop" and "shoegazing" were interchangeable and regionally dependent terms, with "dream pop" being the name by which "shoegazing" was typically known in America.<ref name="Kieron">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> AllMusic describes the dream pop label as covering both the "loud, shimmering feedback" of My Bloody Valentine and the "post-Velvet Underground guitar rock" of Galaxie 500.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> My Bloody Valentine showcased a unique dream pop sound on their 1988 debut album Isn't Anything, with guitarist Kevin Shields employing a tremolo-arm technique in order to produce "an amorphous drone, at once visceral and disembodied".<ref name="ReynoldsNYT" /> Galaxie 500 provided a "cornerstone" of the genre in their 1989 album On Fire, with their downtempo, reverb-laden sound becoming influential.<ref name="paste1"/> UK bands acts as A.R. Kane, My Bloody Valentine and Ride played an influential role in the development of the movement.<ref name="LA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other prominent acts to emerge from the movement include Slowdive and Chapterhouse.<ref name="ReynoldsNYT" />
The 1990 Cocteau Twins album Heaven or Las Vegas proved an iconic release in the genre.<ref name="Best"/> Spin credited My Bloody Valentine's "landmark" 1991 album Loveless with "crystalizing (and obliterating) the genres of dream pop and shoegaze guitar rock."<ref>*Template:Cite magazine</ref> The UK band Lush became an influential act in the genre during the 1990s, with Robin Guthrie producing their 1992 debut album Spooky.<ref name="LA"/> The 1993 album So Tonight That I Might See by American band Mazzy Star reflected a dream pop sound specific to "the glitzy decay that is L.A.", according to Pitchfork; that publication called the album a "dream pop classic".<ref name="pitchfork">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The late 1980s dream pop of A.R. Kane and My Bloody Valentine influenced 1990s acts such as Seefeel and Insides,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> who began incorporating elements such as samples and sequenced rhythms.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Ambient pop music is described by AllMusic as "essentially an extension of the dream pop that emerged in the wake of the shoegazer movement", distinct for its incorporation of electronic textures and techniques such as sampling.<ref name="Ambient pop">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bowery Electric's 1996 album Beat was described by Long Live Vinyl as an important touchstone of both dream pop and trip hop.<ref name="vinyl">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2000s: Contemporary developmentsEdit
The 2007 album Person Pitch by Panda Bear combined Beach Boys-influenced dream pop with modern sampledelic techniques, winning acclaim and exerting a wide influence.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Much of the music associated with the 2009-coined term "chillwave" could be considered dream pop.<ref name="chillinp4k"/>Template:Refn The 2010 album Teen Dream by Baltimore duo Beach House established the group as purveyors of modern dream pop that drew on the "languid reveries" of Cocteau Twins, Mazzy Star and Galaxie 500.<ref name="Best"/> The group's success in the late 2000s solidified the popularity of dream pop with millennial listeners.<ref name="reverb.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
List of artistsEdit
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See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
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