In geometry, a cyclic quadrilateral or inscribed quadrilateral is a quadrilateral (four-sided polygon) whose vertices all lie on a single circle, making the sides chords of the circle. This circle is called the circumcircle or circumscribed circle, and the vertices are said to be concyclic. The center of the circle and its radius are called the circumcenter and the circumradius respectively. Usually the quadrilateral is assumed to be convex, but there are also crossed cyclic quadrilaterals. The formulas and properties given below are valid in the convex case.
The word cyclic is from the Ancient Greek {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (kuklos), which means "circle" or "wheel".
All triangles have a circumcircle, but not all quadrilaterals do. An example of a quadrilateral that cannot be cyclic is a non-square rhombus. The section characterizations below states what necessary and sufficient conditions a quadrilateral must satisfy to have a circumcircle.
Special casesEdit
Any square, rectangle, isosceles trapezoid, or antiparallelogram is cyclic. A kite is cyclic if and only if it has two right angles – a right kite. A bicentric quadrilateral is a cyclic quadrilateral that is also tangential and an ex-bicentric quadrilateral is a cyclic quadrilateral that is also ex-tangential. A harmonic quadrilateral is a cyclic quadrilateral in which the product of the lengths of opposite sides are equal.
CharacterizationsEdit
CircumcenterEdit
A convex quadrilateral is cyclic if and only if the four perpendicular bisectors to the sides are concurrent. This common point is the circumcenter.<ref name=Usiskin>Template:Citation</ref>
Supplementary anglesEdit
2𝜃 + 2𝜙 = 360° ∴ 𝜃 + 𝜙 = 180°
A convex quadrilateral Template:Math is cyclic if and only if its opposite angles are supplementary, that is<ref name=Usiskin/><ref name=Fraivert>Template:Citation</ref>
- <math>\alpha + \gamma = \beta + \delta = \pi \ \text{radians}\ (= 180^{\circ}).</math>
The direct theorem was Proposition 22 in Book 3 of Euclid's Elements.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Equivalently, a convex quadrilateral is cyclic if and only if each exterior angle is equal to the opposite interior angle.
In 1836 Duncan Gregory generalized this result as follows: Given any convex cyclic 2n-gon, then the two sums of alternate interior angles are each equal to <math>(n-1)\pi</math>.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> This result can be further generalized as follows: lf A1A2...A2n (n > 1) is any cyclic 2n-gon in which vertex Ai->Ai+k (vertex Ai is joined to Ai+k), then the two sums of alternate interior angles are each equal to m<math>\pi</math> (where m = n—k and k = 1, 2, 3, ... is the total turning).<ref>Template:Citation.</ref>
Taking the stereographic projection (half-angle tangent) of each angle, this can be re-expressed,
<math display="block">\dfrac { \tan{\frac{\alpha}{2}} + \tan{\frac{\gamma}{2}} } { 1 - \tan{\frac{\alpha}{2}} \tan{\frac{\gamma}{2}} } = \dfrac { \tan{\frac{\beta}{2}} + \tan{\frac{\delta}{2}} } { 1 - \tan{\frac{\beta}{2}} \tan{\frac{\delta}{2}} } = \infty.</math>
Which implies that<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- <math>\tan{\frac{\alpha}{2}} \tan{\frac{\gamma}{2}} = \tan{\frac{\beta}{2}}{\tan \frac{\delta}{2}} = 1</math>
Angles between sides and diagonalsEdit
A convex quadrilateral Template:Math is cyclic if and only if an angle between a side and a diagonal is equal to the angle between the opposite side and the other diagonal.<ref name=Andreescu>Template:Citation</ref> That is, for example,
- <math>\angle ACB = \angle ADB.</math>
Pascal pointsEdit
Other necessary and sufficient conditions for a convex quadrilateral Template:Math to be cyclic are: let Template:Math be the point of intersection of the diagonals, let Template:Math be the intersection point of the extensions of the sides Template:Math and Template:Math, let <math>\omega</math> be a circle whose diameter is the segment, Template:Math, and let Template:Math and Template:Math be Pascal points on sides Template:Math and Template:Math formed by the circle <math>\omega</math>.
(1) Template:Math is a cyclic quadrilateral if and only if points Template:Math and Template:Math are collinear with the center Template:Math, of circle <math>\omega</math>.
(2) Template:Math is a cyclic quadrilateral if and only if points Template:Math and Template:Math are the midpoints of sides Template:Math and Template:Math.<ref name=Fraivert/>
Intersection of diagonalsEdit
If two lines, one containing segment Template:Math and the other containing segment Template:Math, intersect at Template:Math, then the four points Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math are concyclic if and only if<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- <math>\displaystyle AE\cdot EC = BE\cdot ED.</math>
The intersection Template:Math may be internal or external to the circle. In the former case, the cyclic quadrilateral is Template:Math, and in the latter case, the cyclic quadrilateral is Template:Math. When the intersection is internal, the equality states that the product of the segment lengths into which Template:Math divides one diagonal equals that of the other diagonal. This is known as the intersecting chords theorem since the diagonals of the cyclic quadrilateral are chords of the circumcircle.
Ptolemy's theoremEdit
Ptolemy's theorem expresses the product of the lengths of the two diagonals Template:Math and Template:Math of a cyclic quadrilateral as equal to the sum of the products of opposite sides:<ref name=Durell/>Template:Rp<ref name=Fraivert/>
- <math>\displaystyle ef = ac + bd,</math>
where a, b, c, d are the side lengths in order. The converse is also true. That is, if this equation is satisfied in a convex quadrilateral, then a cyclic quadrilateral is formed.
Diagonal triangleEdit
In a convex quadrilateral Template:Math, let Template:Math be the diagonal triangle of Template:Math and let <math>\omega</math> be the nine-point circle of Template:Math. Template:Math is cyclic if and only if the point of intersection of the bimedians of Template:Math belongs to the nine-point circle <math>\omega</math>.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Fraivert/>
AreaEdit
The area Template:Math of a cyclic quadrilateral with sides Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math is given by Brahmagupta's formula<ref name=Durell/>Template:Rp
- <math>K=\sqrt{(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d)} \,</math>
where Template:Math, the semiperimeter, is Template:Math. This is a corollary of Bretschneider's formula for the general quadrilateral, since opposite angles are supplementary in the cyclic case. If also Template:Math, the cyclic quadrilateral becomes a triangle and the formula is reduced to Heron's formula.
The cyclic quadrilateral has maximal area among all quadrilaterals having the same side lengths (regardless of sequence). This is another corollary to Bretschneider's formula. It can also be proved using calculus.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Four unequal lengths, each less than the sum of the other three, are the sides of each of three non-congruent cyclic quadrilaterals,<ref name=Coxeter/> which by Brahmagupta's formula all have the same area. Specifically, for sides Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, and Template:Math, side Template:Math could be opposite any of side Template:Math, side Template:Math, or side Template:Math.
The area of a cyclic quadrilateral with successive sides Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, angle Template:Math between sides Template:Math and Template:Math, and angle Template:Math between sides Template:Math and Template:Math can be expressed as<ref name=Durell/>Template:Rp
- <math>K = \tfrac{1}{2}(ab+cd)\sin{B}</math>
or
- <math>K = \tfrac{1}{2}(ad+bc)\sin{A}</math>
or<ref name=Durell/>Template:Rp
- <math>K = \tfrac{1}{2}(ac+bd)\sin{\theta}</math>
where Template:Math is either angle between the diagonals. Provided Template:Math is not a right angle, the area can also be expressed as<ref name=Durell/>Template:Rp
- <math>K = \tfrac{1}{4}(a^2-b^2-c^2+d^2)\tan{A}.</math>
Another formula is<ref>Template:Citation</ref>Template:Rp
- <math>\displaystyle K=2R^2\sin{A}\sin{B}\sin{\theta}</math>
where Template:Math is the radius of the circumcircle. As a direct consequence,<ref name=Alsina>Template:Citation</ref>
- <math>K\le 2R^2</math>
where there is equality if and only if the quadrilateral is a square.
DiagonalsEdit
In a cyclic quadrilateral with successive vertices Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math and sides Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, and Template:Math, the lengths of the diagonals Template:Math and Template:Math can be expressed in terms of the sides as<ref name=Durell/>Template:Rp<ref name=Alsina2>Template:Citation</ref><ref name=Johnson>Johnson, Roger A., Advanced Euclidean Geometry, Dover Publ., 2007 (orig. 1929).</ref>Template:Rp
- <math>p = \sqrt{\frac{(ac+bd)(ad+bc)}{ab+cd}}</math> and <math>q = \sqrt{\frac{(ac+bd)(ab+cd)}{ad+bc}}</math>
so showing Ptolemy's theorem
- <math>pq = ac+bd.</math>
According to Ptolemy's second theorem,<ref name=Durell/>Template:Rp<ref name=Alsina2/>
- <math>\frac {p}{q}= \frac{ad+bc}{ab+cd}</math>
using the same notations as above.
For the sum of the diagonals we have the inequality<ref name="Crux">Inequalities proposed in "Crux Mathematicorum", 2007, [1].</ref>Template:Rp
- <math>p+q\ge 2\sqrt{ac+bd}.</math>
Equality holds if and only if the diagonals have equal length, which can be proved using the AM-GM inequality.
Moreover,<ref name=Crux/>Template:Rp
- <math>(p+q)^2 \leq (a+c)^2+(b+d)^2.</math>
In any convex quadrilateral, the two diagonals together partition the quadrilateral into four triangles; in a cyclic quadrilateral, opposite pairs of these four triangles are similar to each other.
If Template:Math is a cyclic quadrilateral where Template:Math meets Template:Math at Template:Math, then<ref>A. Bogomolny, An Identity in (Cyclic) Quadrilaterals, Interactive Mathematics Miscellany and Puzzles, [2], Accessed 18 March 2014.</ref>
- <math> \frac{AE}{CE}=\frac{AB}{CB}\cdot\frac{AD}{CD}.</math>
A set of sides that can form a cyclic quadrilateral can be arranged in any of three distinct sequences each of which can form a cyclic quadrilateral of the same area in the same circumcircle (the areas being the same according to Brahmagupta's area formula). Any two of these cyclic quadrilaterals have one diagonal length in common.<ref name=Johnson/>Template:Rp
Angle formulasEdit
For a cyclic quadrilateral with successive sides Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, semiperimeter Template:Math, and angle Template:Math between sides Template:Math and Template:Math, the trigonometric functions of Template:Math are given by<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- <math>\cos A = \frac{a^2-b^2-c^2+d^2}{2(ad+bc)},</math>
- <math>\sin A = \frac{2\sqrt{(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d)}}{(ad+bc)},</math>
- <math>\tan \frac{A}{2} = \sqrt{\frac{(s-a)(s-d)}{(s-b)(s-c)}}.</math>
The angle Template:Math between the diagonals that is opposite sides Template:Math and Template:Math satisfies<ref name=Durell/>Template:Rp
- <math>\tan \frac{\theta}{2} = \sqrt{\frac{(s-b)(s-d)}{(s-a)(s-c)}}.</math>
If the extensions of opposite sides Template:Math and Template:Math intersect at an angle Template:Math, then
- <math>\cos{\frac{\varphi}{2}}=\sqrt{\frac{(s-b)(s-d)(b+d)^2}{(ab+cd)(ad+bc)}}</math>
where Template:Math is the semiperimeter.<ref name=Durell>Template:Citation</ref>Template:Rp
Let <math>B</math> denote the angle between sides <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>, <math>C</math> the angle between <math>b</math> and <math>c</math>, and <math>D</math> the angle between <math>c</math> and <math>d</math>, then:<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- <math>\begin{align}
\frac{a+c}{b+d} &= \frac{\sin\tfrac12(A+B)}{\cos\tfrac12(C-D)}\tan\tfrac12\theta, \\[10mu] \frac{a-c}{b-d} &= \frac{\cos\tfrac12(A+B)}{\sin\tfrac12(D-C)}\cot\tfrac12\theta. \end{align}</math>
Parameshvara's circumradius formulaEdit
A cyclic quadrilateral with successive sides Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math and semiperimeter Template:Math has the circumradius (the radius of the circumcircle) given by<ref name=Alsina2/><ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- <math>R=\frac{1}{4} \sqrt{\frac{(ab+cd)(ac+bd)(ad+bc)}{(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d)}}.</math>
This was derived by the Indian mathematician Vatasseri Parameshvara in the 15th century. (Note that the radius is invariant under the interchange of any side lengths.)
Using Brahmagupta's formula, Parameshvara's formula can be restated as
- <math>4KR=\sqrt{(ab+cd)(ac+bd)(ad+bc)}</math>
where Template:Math is the area of the cyclic quadrilateral.
Anticenter and collinearitiesEdit
Four line segments, each perpendicular to one side of a cyclic quadrilateral and passing through the opposite side's midpoint, are concurrent.<ref name=Altshiller-Court>Template:Citation</ref>Template:Rp<ref name=Honsberger/> These line segments are called the maltitudes,<ref>Template:Mathworld</ref> which is an abbreviation for midpoint altitude. Their common point is called the anticenter. It has the property of being the reflection of the circumcenter in the "vertex centroid". Thus in a cyclic quadrilateral, the circumcenter, the "vertex centroid", and the anticenter are collinear.<ref name=Honsberger>Template:Citation</ref>
If the diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral intersect at Template:Math, and the midpoints of the diagonals are Template:Math and Template:Math, then the anticenter of the quadrilateral is the orthocenter of triangle Template:Math.
The anticenter of a cyclic quadrilateral is the Poncelet point of its vertices.
Other propertiesEdit
- In a cyclic quadrilateral Template:Math, the incenters M1, M2, M3, M4 (see the figure to the right) in triangles Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, and Template:Math are the vertices of a rectangle. This is one of the theorems known as the Japanese theorem. The orthocenters of the same four triangles are the vertices of a quadrilateral congruent to Template:Math, and the centroids in those four triangles are vertices of another cyclic quadrilateral.<ref name=Andreescu/>
- In a cyclic quadrilateral Template:Math with circumcenter Template:Math, let Template:Math be the point where the diagonals Template:Math and Template:Math intersect. Then angle Template:Math is the arithmetic mean of the angles Template:Math and Template:Math. This is a direct consequence of the inscribed angle theorem and the exterior angle theorem.
- There are no cyclic quadrilaterals with rational area and with unequal rational sides in either arithmetic or geometric progression.<ref name=Buchholz>Template:Citation</ref>
- If a cyclic quadrilateral has side lengths that form an arithmetic progression the quadrilateral is also ex-bicentric.
- If the opposite sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are extended to meet at Template:Math and Template:Math, then the internal angle bisectors of the angles at Template:Math and Template:Math are perpendicular.<ref name=Coxeter>Template:Citation</ref>
Brahmagupta quadrilateralsEdit
A Brahmagupta quadrilateral<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> is a cyclic quadrilateral with integer sides, integer diagonals, and integer area. All Brahmagupta quadrilaterals with sides Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, Template:Math, diagonals Template:Math, Template:Math, area Template:Math, and circumradius Template:Math can be obtained by clearing denominators from the following expressions involving rational parameters Template:Math, Template:Math, and Template:Math:
- <math>a=[t(u+v)+(1-uv)][u+v-t(1-uv)]</math>
- <math>b=(1+u^2)(v-t)(1+tv)</math>
- <math>c=t(1+u^2)(1+v^2)</math>
- <math>d=(1+v^2)(u-t)(1+tu)</math>
- <math>e=u(1+t^2)(1+v^2)</math>
- <math>f=v(1+t^2)(1+u^2)</math>
- <math>K=uv[2t(1-uv)-(u+v)(1-t^2)][2(u+v)t+(1-uv)(1-t^2)]</math>
- <math>4R=(1+u^2)(1+v^2)(1+t^2).</math>
Orthodiagonal caseEdit
Circumradius and areaEdit
For a cyclic quadrilateral that is also orthodiagonal (has perpendicular diagonals), suppose the intersection of the diagonals divides one diagonal into segments of lengths Template:Math and Template:Math and divides the other diagonal into segments of lengths Template:Math and Template:Math. Then<ref>Template:Citation</ref> (the first equality is Proposition 11 in Archimedes' Book of Lemmas)
- <math> D^2=p_1^2+p_2^2+q_1^2+q_2^2=a^2+c^2=b^2+d^2 </math>
where Template:Math is the diameter of the circumcircle. This holds because the diagonals are perpendicular chords of a circle. These equations imply that the circumradius Template:Math can be expressed as
- <math> R=\tfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{p_1^2+p_2^2+q_1^2+q_2^2} </math>
or, in terms of the sides of the quadrilateral, as<ref name=Altshiller-Court/>
- <math> R=\tfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{a^2+c^2}=\tfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{b^2+d^2}. </math>
It also follows that<ref name=Altshiller-Court/>
- <math> a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2=8R^2. </math>
Thus, according to Euler's quadrilateral theorem, the circumradius can be expressed in terms of the diagonals Template:Math and Template:Math, and the distance Template:Math between the midpoints of the diagonals as
- <math> R=\sqrt{\frac{p^2+q^2+4x^2}{8}}. </math>
A formula for the area Template:Math of a cyclic orthodiagonal quadrilateral in terms of the four sides is obtained directly when combining Ptolemy's theorem and the formula for the area of an orthodiagonal quadrilateral. The result is<ref>Template:Citation.</ref>Template:Rp
- <math> K=\tfrac{1}{2}(ac+bd). </math>
Other propertiesEdit
- In a cyclic orthodiagonal quadrilateral, the anticenter coincides with the point where the diagonals intersect.<ref name=Altshiller-Court/>
- Brahmagupta's theorem states that for a cyclic quadrilateral that is also orthodiagonal, the perpendicular from any side through the point of intersection of the diagonals bisects the opposite side.<ref name=Altshiller-Court/>
- If a cyclic quadrilateral is also orthodiagonal, the distance from the circumcenter to any side equals half the length of the opposite side.<ref name=Altshiller-Court/>
- In a cyclic orthodiagonal quadrilateral, the distance between the midpoints of the diagonals equals the distance between the circumcenter and the point where the diagonals intersect.<ref name=Altshiller-Court/>
Cyclic spherical quadrilateralsEdit
In spherical geometry, a spherical quadrilateral formed from four intersecting greater circles is cyclic if and only if the summations of the opposite angles are equal, i.e., α + γ = β + δ for consecutive angles α, β, γ, δ of the quadrilateral.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> One direction of this theorem was proved by Anders Johan Lexell in 1782.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Lexell showed that in a spherical quadrilateral inscribed in a small circle of a sphere the sums of opposite angles are equal, and that in the circumscribed quadrilateral the sums of opposite sides are equal. The first of these theorems is the spherical analogue of a plane theorem, and the second theorem is its dual, that is, the result of interchanging great circles and their poles.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Kiper et al.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> proved a converse of the theorem: If the summations of the opposite sides are equal in a spherical quadrilateral, then there exists an inscribing circle for this quadrilateral.
See alsoEdit
- Butterfly theorem
- Brahmagupta triangle
- Cyclic polygon
- Power of a point
- Ptolemy's table of chords
- Robbins pentagon
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
External linksEdit
- Derivation of Formula for the Area of Cyclic Quadrilateral
- Incenters in Cyclic Quadrilateral at cut-the-knot
- Four Concurrent Lines in a Cyclic Quadrilateral at cut-the-knot
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