Surrealistic Pillow

{{safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst-infobox||$params=italic_title,name,type,longtype,artist,cover,border,alt,caption,released,recorded,venue,studio,genre,length,language,label,director,producer,compiler,chronology,prev_title,prev_year,year,next_title,next_year,misc|$extra=italic_title,longtype,border,caption,language,director,compiler,chronology,year,misc|$aliases=italic title>italic_title,Italic title>italic_title,Name>name,Type>type,image>cover,Cover>cover,Border>border,Alt>alt,Caption>caption,Longtype>longtype,Artist>artist,Released>released,Recorded>recorded,Venue>venue,Studio>studio,Genre>genre,Length>length,Language>language,Label>label,Director>director,Producer>producer,Compiler>compiler,Chronology>chronology,Misc>misc|$flags=override|$B={{#ifeq:{{#invoke:Is infobox in lead|main|[Ii]nfobox [Aa]lbum}}|true|{{#if:Template:Has short description | |Template:Short description|noreplace}}}}{{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Main other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox album with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y|italic_title |type |name |image |cover |border |alt |caption |longtype |artist |released |recorded |venue |studio |genre |length |language |label |director |producer |compiler |prev_title|prev_year|next_title|next_year|chronology|year|misc}}{{#if:{{#invoke:String|match|error_category=Music infoboxes with Module:String errors|A|1=Jefferson Airplane Takes Off1966After Bathing at Baxter's1967studioSurrealistic PillowJeffair.jpgJefferson AirplaneTemplate:Start date<ref name="popular">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>October 31 – November 22, 1966RCA Victor (Hollywood, California)*Folk rock<ref name="allmusic"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Larkin">Template:Cite book</ref>

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• blues rock<ref name="Larkin" />33:40RCA VictorRick Jarrard<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Surrealistic Pillow is the second studio album by the American rock band Jefferson Airplane, released on February 1, 1967, by RCA Victor. It is the first album by the band with vocalist Grace Slick and drummer Spencer Dryden. The album peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and has been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).<ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is considered to be one of the most influential and quintessential works of the early psychedelic rock era and 1960s counterculture.<ref name="Talevski2010">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Strong2006">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Perone2004">Template:Cite book</ref>

"My Best Friend" was released as the first single in December 1966 but only reached No. 103 on the Billboard Bubbling Under chart. Two more singles were released in the spring of 1967: "Somebody to Love" and "White Rabbit" peaked respectively at number five and number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and are the band's only Top 40 hits on that chart. "Today" was not released as a single but was played often on college radio and rock stations and remains one of their most popular songs. It was also recorded by jazz saxophonist Tom Scott for his 1967 album The Honeysuckle Breeze; this version was sampled in the song "They Reminisce Over You" by Pete Rock & C.L. Smooth. In 2024, the album was inducted into the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress for being “culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant”.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Background

Early drummer Alexander "Skip" Spence left the band in mid-1966. He was soon replaced by Spencer Dryden, an experienced Los Angeles jazz drummer and the half-nephew of Charlie Chaplin. New female vocalist Grace Slick, formerly with another San Francisco rock band the Great Society, joined the Airplane in October 1966. Slick, Dryden, male lead vocalist-guitarist-songwriter and founder of band Marty Balin, guitarist-vocalist-songwriter Paul Kantner, lead guitarist (and occasional vocalist) Jorma Kaukonen, and bassist Jack Casady formed the core of the best-known line-up of the group, which remained stable until Dryden's departure in early 1970.

Songs and recording

A mere two weeks after Grace Slick joined the band, the group entered RCA Victor studios in Hollywood on October 31 to record their second album. Working with producer Rick Jarrard, the group recorded album opener "She Has Funny Cars" featuring Jack Casady on fuzz bass and the mellow folk-rocker "My Best Friend", written by departed member Skip Spence and chosen as the album's lead-off single.<ref name=GotA>Template:Cite book</ref> On November 1 they recorded Balin's "Plastic Fantastic Lover", his ode to a television set penned after a visit to a plastics factory in Chicago while the band was on tour.<ref name=GotA/> This was followed the next day by his love ballad "Today", which purportedly featured Jerry Garcia on lead guitar (see below), laid down in a single take and soon to be a popular live staple. On November 3 a Slick composition she brought from her time in The Great Society, "White Rabbit", was recorded with its original instrumental introduction drastically shortened for commercial purposes; it was among the first explicitly pro-drug rock songs and would go on to become her signature piece, used in countless movies and TV shows since.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On the next day the Balin rocker "3/5 Of A Mile In 10 Seconds", which the band had already been featuring in its shows since September, was committed to tape. Marty claimed the title came from seeing two different phrases in the sports section of the newspaper, one for "3/5 of a mile" and another for "10 seconds", which he combined at random.<ref>Template:Cite AV media notes</ref> The high price of "real clean, real fine nicotine" in the lyrics was a veiled reference to marijuana.

After a short break to play some gigs the group reconvened at RCA on November 14 to record another Spence composition, "J.P.P. McStep B. Blues", which was ultimately left in the can; the group would sporadically play it on stage, sometimes in a medley with the later "Wooden Ships". Spence was present for this session, which also saw the recording of The Mamas & the Papas soundalike "How Do You Feel" written by Kantner friend Tom Mastin.<ref name=GotA/> On the following day "Somebody to Love", another song from the Great Society penned by Slick's brother-in-law Darby and given a new, punchier arrangement by Garcia, was captured in 13 takes along with Kantner's chiming, Byrdsian folk-rocker "D.C.B.A.-25" (the title referring to the song's chord progression, with the number 25 an oblique reference to LSD-25).<ref name=GotA/> On November 16 the band recorded Balin's "Comin' Back to Me", a gentle acoustic-baroque ballad penned that very day after having smoked a particularly strong joint given to him by Paul Butterfield and featuring only himself, Casady, and Garcia plus Slick on recorder, as they were the only musicians left in the studio that night."<ref name=a>Surrealistic Pillow 2003 re-release liner notes</ref> Two outtakes, the driving Kantner-Estes acid-rocker "Go To Her" (which had also been attempted for the debut album) and slow Kaukonen blues "In The Morning", were taped on the 17th and 21st with the album's final song, the acoustic fingerpicking showcase "Embryonic Journey" penned by Kaukonen some five years prior, added on November 22 at the insistence of Jarrard.<ref name=GotA/>

As producer, Jarrard was under orders by RCA to produce something commercial, so none of the longer covers and psychedelic instrumental jams the group had been featuring on stage, such as "Fat Angel", "Thing", and "The Other Side Of This Life", were attempted. He forbade the group to smoke marijuana at the sessions, an edict that was ignored and which contributed to the group not re-hiring him for subsequent albums; they disparaged him behind his back as a company man, although Slick stated she was "knocked out" when she heard the final product.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Jarrard also bathed the stereo mix of the album in swathes of reverb, a controversial choice which has led some to prefer the drier mono mix.<ref name=a>Surrealistic Pillow 2003 re-release liner notes</ref>

Some controversy exists as to the role of Grateful Dead guitarist Jerry Garcia in the making of the album. His reputed presence on several tracks is denied by producer Jarrard,<ref name=GotA/> but he is credited on the RCA label copy<ref name=GotA/> and received credits on the Flight Log compilation<ref name=Flog>Template:Cite AV media notes</ref> and the Jefferson Airplane Loves You box set.<ref name=box>Template:Cite AV media notes</ref> In the sleeve notes for Early Flight, a 1974 compilation album of previously unreleased material, manager Bill Thompson writes only that Garcia was "listed as 'spiritual advisor' on the album cover [and] played one of the guitars" on "In the Morning". Garcia himself recalled in a mid-1967 interview that he played the high lead on "Today" in addition to playing guitar on two other songs ("Plastic Fantastic Lover" and "Comin' Back to Me") and rearranging "Somebody to Love." He also played on "J.P.P. McStep B. Blues" (included on Early Flight and the 2003 CD reissue) and may have also played on "How Do You Feel". Kaukonen has opined that Garcia was essentially the producer who arranged the songs for the group. More recently, in his biography, he says, "I used to think about him as co-producer, but now that I really know what a producer is, the producer of that record was Rick Jarrard. Jerry was a combination arranger, musician, and sage counsel."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Style

The overall style of Surrealistic Pillow has been categorized as "folk-rock-based psychedelia". The material is said to be "both melodic and complex."<ref>Template:Citation</ref> The style on the album's closing track, "Plastic Fantastic Lover," has been described as "quasi-electronica." The album's fourth track, "Today," has been described as a "delicate ballad".<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> The track "D.C.B.A.-25" contains elements of what is said to be "proto-country-rock" and "3/5 of a Mile in 10 Seconds" contains elements of blues rock.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Title and artwork

San Francisco photographer Herb Greene photographed the band for the album's cover art in his dining room, whose walls were covered in primitive quasi-hieroglyphics.<ref name=SPnotes>Template:Cite AV media notes</ref> Marty Balin had wanted the cover tinted in blue but RCA overrode him and chose pink instead, although he liked the change. The back cover was a psychedelic photo collage of the band members picked from shots taken at the same Greene photo session, also assembled by Balin. A comment to Marty by Garcia about the music being "as surrealistic as a pillow" inspired the album title.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Release

File:White rabbit.JPG

A promotional poster for the single "White Rabbit"

The album was initially released on LP record by RCA Victor in different stereo (LSP-3766), and mono (LPM-3766) editions.<ref name="popular" /> The stereo mixes include heavier use of reverberation effects than the mono. The mono version was deleted in the late 1960s and remained unavailable until 2001. The first United Kingdom release replaced some original songs with tracks from the group's first US LP, Jefferson Airplane Takes Off.

The album was initially slow to take off until the release of "Somebody to Love" in March. Heavy radio play took the song into the Billboard top 5, aided by the group's first national TV appearances on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour on May 7 and American Bandstand on June 3, the former appearance featuring a facsimile of the group's swirling light show, the first time the average American had seen such effects.<ref name=GotA/> The album entered the Billboard top 10 in May and peaked at #3 on August 5, with the help of the follow up single "White Rabbit".

Jefferson Airplane's fusion of folk rock and psychedelia was original at the time, in line with musical developments pioneered by the Byrds, the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, Bob Dylan, the Yardbirds, and the Beatles, among other mid-1960s rock bands. Surrealistic Pillow was the first blockbuster psychedelic album by a band from San Francisco, announcing to the world the active bohemian scene that had developed there starting with the Beats during the 1950s, extending and changing through the 1960s into the Haight-Ashbury counterculture. Subsequent exposure generated by the Airplane and others wrought great changes to the counterculture. By 1968, the ensuing national media attention had precipitated a very different San Francisco scene than had existed in 1966.

In January 2017, "Somebody to Love" received a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America, while "White Rabbit" received a platinum certification.<ref name="auto"/>

Critical reception and legacy

Template:Music ratingsTemplate:Quotebox On initial release, the album received positive reviews. Billboard said of "Somebody To Love" that it was a "hard driver, featuring powerful female vocal lead, that never stops from start to finish."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Similarly, the magazine said of "White Rabbit" that it was a "change-of-pace number" with "intriguing lyric content and driving beat in strong support."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Cash Box wrote of the album that "the LP could easily go all the way to the top of the chart" and "should be especially popular with the teen set."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Robert Christgau of The Village Voice gave it a B+ although he critiqued the lyrics, claiming "the sarcasm is as vapid as the optimism."<ref name="Christgau">Template:Cite news</ref>

A live version of "Plastic Fantastic Lover" was released as a single in 1969. Billboard described it as "heavy hard rock."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Cash Box wrote that it "features the team's more commercial-than-controversial style" and has "a solid instrumental track and very fine vocal."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Record World wrote it was one of the band's favorites.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

In subsequent years the reputation of the album has continued to grow. Bruce Eder of AllMusic gave the album a perfect score, calling "every song [...] a perfectly cut diamond." He expressed his view that the album was a "shot heard around the world" and that the group never released anything of the same quality again in their career, adding that "few artists from the era ever did."<ref name="allmusic">{{#ifeq: | yes | https://www.allmusic.com/album/r10296{{

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}}</ref> In 2003, the album was ranked number 146 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time",<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> maintaining the rating in a 2012 revised list, and dropping to number 471 in the 2020 revised list.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> It was voted number 174 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums.<ref name="Larkin" />

Surrealistic Pillow was included in the book 101 Essential Rock Records, where music historian Jeff Gold lauded the album's musicianship (particularly the stylings of Kaukonen and Casady), and stated his belief that Jefferson Airplane "remade pop history" with the album.<ref name=":22">Template:Cite book</ref>

Reissues

The first compact disc releases were in Japan in 1987 and the U.S. in 1988. A 2001 re-issue by RCA was released as a limited edition gold CD and contained both the stereo and mono recordings. Both mixes were later included as part of the Ignition box set on a standard aluminum CD.

Another stereo reissue appeared on August 19, 2003, with six bonus tracks, including the mono A-sides of "Somebody to Love" and "White Rabbit." The 2003 reissue was produced by Bob Irwin.

Track listing

1967 UK release

Side one

1. "My Best Friend"
2. "3/5 of a Mile in 10 Seconds"
3. "D.C.B.A. – 25"
4. "How Do You Feel"
5. "Embryonic Journey"
6. "Don't Slip Away" (Balin, Spence)<ref group=n name=off>These tracks were originally issued in the U.S. on Jefferson Airplane Takes Off.</ref>

Side two

7. "Come Up the Years" (Balin, Kantner)<ref group=n name=off/>
8. "Chauffeur Blues" (Lester Melrose)<ref group=n name=off/>
9. "Today"
10. "Comin' Back to Me"
11. "Somebody to Love"

Personnel

Jefferson Airplane

• Marty Balin – vocals, guitar, album design, lead vocals on "Today," "Comin' Back to Me," and "Plastic Fantastic Lover," co-lead vocals on "She Has Funny Cars," "My Best Friend," "Go to Her" and "3/5 Of A Mile In 10 Seconds."
• Jack Casady – bass guitar, fuzz bass, rhythm guitar
• Spencer Dryden – drums, percussion
• Paul Kantner – rhythm guitar, vocals, lead vocals on "How Do You Feel," co-lead vocals on "My Best Friend," "D. C. B. A.-25" and "Go to Her"
• Jorma Kaukonen – lead guitar, lead vocals on "Come Back Baby" and "In the Morning"
• Grace Slick – vocals, piano, organ, recorder, lead vocals on "Somebody to Love" and "White Rabbit," co-lead vocals on "She Has Funny Cars," "My Best Friend," "D. C. B. A.-25", "Go to Her" and "3/5 Of A Mile In 10 Seconds"
• Signe Toly Anderson – lead vocals on "Chauffeur Blues" (UK only)
• Skip Spence – drums on "Don't Slip Away," "Come Up the Years," and "Chauffeur Blues" (UK only)

Additional personnel

• Jerry Garcia – "musical and spiritual advisor"; guitar on "Today",<ref name=GotA/><ref name=box/> "Comin' Back to Me",<ref name=GotA/><ref name=Flog/> "Plastic Fantastic Lover",<ref name=GotA/> "In the Morning",<ref name=GotA/><ref name=EF>Template:Cite AV media notes</ref> and "J. P. P. McStep B. Blues"<ref name=GotA/><ref name=EF/>
• Herb Greene – photography
• David Hassinger – audio engineer
• Rick Jarrard – record producer

Charts

Template:Album chartTemplate:Album chart

Chart (1967)	Peak position
Finnish Albums (The Official Finnish Charts)<ref name=FINI>Template:Cite book</ref>	14

References

Notes

<references group=n/>

External links

• Surrealistic Pillow (Adobe Flash) at Radio Romania's Radio3Net (streamed copy where licensed)
• Album entry at Jefferson Airplane's website