Template:Short description This article deals with the system of transport in Namibia, both public and private.
GeneralEdit
HistoryEdit
The beginnings of organised travel and transport routes in the territory of South West Africa, today Namibia, have not yet been established. This is due to the lack of any written records relating to roads prior to the twilight of the 19th century.Template:Sfn Archaeological work has dated one stretch of road in the south-western Brandberg Massif to Template:Circa 1250 AD. Although no other such early examples have been found, it is certain that this road was not the only one of its kind.Template:Sfn
The first permanent road, established for ox wagons, was built at the initiative of Heinrich Schmelen, Rhenish missionary in Bethanie in the early 19th century. It led from Bethanie to Angra Pequeña, today the town of Lüderitz, and was intended to serve the natural harbour there in order to become independent of the Cape Colony.Template:Sfn
RoadEdit
Namibia's road network is regarded as one of the best on the continent; road construction and maintenance adheres to international standards.<ref name="NE">Template:Cite news</ref> The country's 48,875.27 km roads (2017) are administered by the Roads Authority, a state-owned enterprise established by Act 17 of 1999. Due to low traffic volumes the majority of roads are not tarred. The distribution of road surfaces is:<ref name="RA">Template:Cite news</ref>
- Template:Convert standard bitumen road
- Template:Convert low-volume bitumen road. These roads have the same base layer as gravel roads but are covered with a thin layer of bitumen to reduce maintenance cost and dust formation.
- Template:Convert standard gravel road, covered with imported gravel.
- Template:Convert earth-graded road. These roads are built by clearing the vegetation and blading the surface. Compaction is achieved by the traffic using the road. Some of these roads are not graded at all but just consist of earth or sand tracks separated by vegetation. These tracks are in use where a daily usage of less than five vehicles is expected.
- Template:Convert salt road. These roads consist of concentrated salt water and gypsum-rich material. They are only built near the Atlantic coast inside the mist belt.
Roads by region (2017)Edit
| Region | Bitumen (km) |
Gravel (km) |
Salt (km) |
Earth (km) |
Others (km) |
Total (km) |
Kilometers per 1000 km2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Erongo | 466.9 | 1748.3 | 269.9Template:0 | 1025.7 | 14.2 | 3524.98 | 55.5 |
| Hardap | 654.7 | 4566.4 | 0,0 | 1358.9 | 0.0 | 6597.95 | 59.9 |
| Karas | 1314.7 | 4989.0 | 5.0 | 1347.9 | 2.1 | 7658.62 | 47.6 |
| Kavango East | 344.4 | 465.9 | 0.0 | 673.2 | 82.5 | 1656.95 | 64.7 |
| Kavango West | 428.0 | 218.8 | 0.0 | 629.3 | 24.3 | 1300.41 | 56.0 |
| Khomas | 361.8 | 1729.0 | 0.0 | 666.2 | 70.9 | 2827.85 | 76.8 |
| Kunene | 515.5 | 2644.1 | 25.0 | 1524.5 | 186.6 | 4895.68 | 33.9 |
| Ohangwena | 359.2 | 316.9 | 0.0 | 350.2 | 303.5 | 1329.71 | 125.4Template:0 |
| Omaheke | 445.4 | 2974.1 | 0.0 | 2055.0 | 33.6 | 5508.09 | 73.8 |
| Omusati | 726.4 | 486.8 | 0.0 | 750.6 | 261.8 | 2225.58 | 163.2 |
| Oshana | 129.2 | 261.7 | 0.0 | 178.2 | 182.6 | 751.78 | 141.8 |
| Oshikoto | 513.3 | 934.2 | 0.0 | 328.9 | 12.6 | 1789.06 | 67.3 |
| Otjozondjupa | 1137.6 | 4454.0 | 0.0 | 1702.6 | 66.1 | 7360.35 | 69.9 |
| Zambezi | 504.7 | 257.4 | 0.0 | 697.4 | 79.8 | 1539.26 | 78.8 |
The major highways in Namibia are as follows:
- Template:Jct (freeway) from Windhoek to Okahandja, Template:Convert.
- Template:Jct in two discontinuous sections, first running Template:Convert from Noordoewer (South African border) to the southern terminus of the A1 in Windhoek, then resuming at the northern terminus of the A1 in Okahandja and running Template:Convert to Oshikango (Angolan border). Combined, the two sections have a length of Template:Convert.
- Template:Jct from Walvis Bay to Okahandja, Template:Convert.
- Template:Jct from Ariamsvlei (South African border) to Grünau, Template:Convert.
- Template:Jct from Lüderitz to Keetmanshoop, Template:Convert.
- Template:Jct from Windhoek to Buitepos (Botswana border), Template:Convert.
- Template:Jct from Otavi via Katima Mulilo to Ngoma (Botswana border), Template:Convert.
- Template:Jct from the Ohangwena Region to Rundu, Template:Convert.
- Template:Jct from Nkurenkuru to Katwitwi (Angolan border), Template:Convert.
- Template:Jct from Grootfontein to Gobabis, Template:Convert.
- Template:Jct from Tsumeb to Mpungu, Template:Convert.
Road accidentsEdit
In 2018, there were about 393,062 cars registered in Namibia (169,911 in the capital Windhoek).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Namibia has a relatively high prevalence of road accidents, compared to its sparse population. In 2011, 491 people died in 2,846 crashes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Causes are often speeding and reckless driving, as well as general non-observance of traffic rules.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Stray animals are also a major cause of accidents, particularly in the Kavango Region.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
RailwayEdit
Rail transport in Namibia is operated on a 2,687-kilometre network by TransNamib.
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Railway links to adjacent countriesEdit
- Angola - There is currently no rail connection to Angola, although an agreement has been signed for a link. Angola uses the same gauge,Template:RailGauge, as Namibia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (Rail transport in Angola)
- Botswana - There is currently no rail link with Botswana, though the two countries use the same gauge. As of February 2011, construction on a Trans-Kalahari rail link between Botswanan coal fields and Walvis Bay was expected to begin in a year and a half.<ref name="Expansion">BusinessLive, retrieved February 17, 2011</ref> (Rail transport in Botswana)
- South Africa - There is a rail connection to South Africa; the two countries use the same Template:RailGauge gauge. (Rail transport in South Africa)
- Zambia - There is currently no rail-link with Zambia, though the two countries use the same gauge. As of February 2011, there has been some talk of extending rail to the Zambian border.<ref name="Future expansion">TransKalahari Railway to steam ahead in 2012, retrieved February 17, 2011</ref> (Rail transport in Zambia)
Ports and harboursEdit
Atlantic OceanEdit
Merchant marineEdit
none (2002, 1999 est.)
AirportsEdit
Windhoek Hosea Kutako International Airport is the main international airport in the country. Two others international airports are Walvis Bay Airport and Eros Airport in Windhoek. Template:Col-begin Template:Col-2
| Passengers | Number | |
|---|---|---|
| 2002 | 1999 est. | |
| over 3,047 m | 2 | 2 |
| 2,438 to 3,047 m | 2 | 2 |
| 1,524 to 2,437 m | 13 | 15 |
| 914 to 1,523 m | 4 | 3 |
| Total | 21 | 22 |
| Passengers | Number | |
|---|---|---|
| 2002 | 1999 est. | |
| 2,438 to 3,047 m | 2 | 2 |
| 1,524 to 2,437 m | 22 | 21 |
| 914 to 1,523 m | 71 | 69 |
| under 914 m | 19 | 21 |
| Total | 114 | 113 |
ReferencesEdit
NotesEdit
LiteratureEdit
Template:Economy of Namibia Template:Africa in topic Template:Highways of Namibia