Nereids

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In Greek mythology, the Nereids or Nereides (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; Template:Langx; Template:Abbr Template:Langx, also Νημερτές) are sea nymphs (female spirits of sea waters), the 50 daughters of the 'Old Man of the Sea' Nereus and the Oceanid Doris, sisters to their brother Nerites.<ref>Aelian, De Natura Animalium 14.28</ref> They often accompany Poseidon, the god of the sea, and can be friendly and helpful to sailors (such as the Argonauts in their search for the Golden Fleece).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Name

Template:Further It is not known whether the name Nereus was known to Homer or not, but the name of the Nereids is attested before it, and can be found in the Iliad.<ref name="Tsantsanoglou-Chantraine-LSJ">Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Since Nereus only has relevance as the father of the Nereids, it has been suggested that his name could actually be derived from that of his daughters;<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref> while the derivation of the Nereids from Nereus, as a patronymic, has also been suggested.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> According to Martin Litchfield West (1966), Nereus is much less important than his daughters, mentioning that Herodotus offered "the Nereids, not Nereus, as an example of a divine name not derived from Egypt".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

The name of the Nereids has survived in modern Greek folklore as νεράιδες, Template:Transliteration Template:Gloss.<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref>

Mythology

File:French Empire mantel clock.jpg

French Empire mantel clock (1822) depicting the nereid Galatea velificans

The Nereids symbolized everything that is beautiful and kind about the sea. Their melodious voices sang as they danced around their father. They are represented as beautiful women, crowned with branches of red coral and dressed in white silk robes trimmed with gold.

These nymphs are particularly associated with the Aegean Sea, where they dwelt with their father Nereus in the depths within a golden palace.<ref name="Theoi Project2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The most notable of them are Thetis, wife of Peleus and mother of Achilles; Amphitrite, wife of Poseidon and mother of Triton; Galatea, the vain love interest of the Cyclops Polyphemus, and lastly, Psamathe who became the mother of Phocus by King Aeacus of Aegina, and Theoclymenus and Theonoe by Proteus, a sea-god or king of Egypt.

In Homer's Iliad XVIII, when Thetis cries out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles for the slain Patroclus, her sisters appear.<ref name="Hom2">Homer, Iliad 18.39–18.51</ref> Four of her siblings, Cymodoce, Thalia, Nesaea and Spio were also among the nymphs in the train of Cyrene.<ref>Virgil, Georgics 4.338</ref> Later on, these four together with their other sisters Thetis, Melite and Panopea, were able to help the hero Aeneas and his crew during a storm.<ref>Virgil, Aeneid 5.825–5.826</ref>

In one account, Cassiopeia boasted that her daughter Andromeda was more beautiful than the Nereides, who were enraged by the claim. Poseidon, in sympathy for them, sent a flood and a sea monster to the land of the Aethiopians, demanding as well the sacrifice of the princess.<ref>Apollodorus, 2.4.3; Hyginus, Fabulae 64, De Astronomica 2.10 with Euripides and Sophocles as the authority; Ovid, Metamorphoses 5.16 ff.</ref> These sea goddesses also were said to reveal to men the mysteries of Dionysus and Persephone.<ref>Orphic Hymns 24.10</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

List of Nereids

This list is correlated from four sources: Homer's Iliad,<ref name="Hom">Homer, Iliad 18.39–18.51</ref> Hesiod's Theogony,<ref name="Hes">Hesiod, Theogony 240–262</ref> the Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus<ref>Apollodorus, 1.2.7</ref> and the Fabulae of Hyginus.<ref>Hyginus, Fabulae Preface</ref> Because of this, the total number of names goes beyond fifty.<ref name="Greek Myth Link">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

No.	Name	Sources					Notes
		Template:Tooltip	Template:Tooltip	Template:Tooltip	Template:Tooltip	Others
1	Actaea	✓	✓	✓	✓
2	Agaue	✓	✓	✓	✓		Appeared to Thetis when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles for Patroclus.
3	Amatheia	✓			✓		Appeared to Thetis when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles for Patroclus.
4	Amphinome	✓			✓		Feeds Poseidon's flock
5	Amphithoe	✓			✓		Appeared to Thetis when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles for Patroclus.
6	Amphitrite		✓	✓			Consort of Poseidon The name of an Oceanid<ref>Apollodorus, 1.2.2 & 1.4.5</ref>
7	Apseudes	✓			✓
8	Arethusa				✓	<ref>Virgil, Georgics 4.346</ref>
9	Asia				✓	<ref name=":4">Virgil, Georgics 4.343</ref>	The name of an Oceanid<ref name="349–361">Hesiod, Theogony 349–361; Apollodorus, 1.2.2</ref>
10	Autonoe		✓	✓			Only mentioned by name
11	Beroe				✓		The name of an Oceanid<ref>Virgil, Georgics 4.341; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 41.153</ref>
12	Callianassa	✓			✓		Appeared to Thetis when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles for Patroclus.
13	Callianeira	✓					Only mentioned by name on the Iliad.
14	Calypso			✓			The name of an Oceanid<ref name="perseus.tufts.edu">Hesiod, Theogony 349–361; Homeric Hymn to Demeter, 418–423</ref>
15	Ceto			✓			The name of an Oceanid<ref>Nonnus, Dionysiaca 26.355</ref> Only mentioned by name
16	Clio				✓		The name of an Oceanid<ref>Virgil, Georgics 4.341</ref>
17	Clymene	✓			✓	<ref>Virgil, Georgics 4.345</ref>	The name of an Oceanid;<ref>Hesiod, Theogony 349–361; Hyginus, Fabulae 156; Tzetzes, Chiliades 4.19.359</ref> appeared to Thetis when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles for Patroclus.
18	Cranto			✓
19	Creneis				✓
20	Cydippe				✓	<ref name="4.339">Virgil, Georgics 4.339</ref>	In the train of Cyrene along with her other sisters
21	Cymatolege		✓				Only mentioned by name
22	Cymo		✓	✓			Only mentioned by name
23	Cymodoce	✓	✓		✓	<ref>Virgil, Georgics 4.338; Aeneid 5.826; Statius, Silvae 2.2.20</ref>
24	Cymothoe	✓	✓	✓	✓	<ref>Valerius Flaccus, 2.605; Quintus Smyrnaeus, 5.394 ff.</ref>	Appeared to Thetis when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles for Patroclus.
25	Deiopea				✓	<ref name=":4" />
26	Dero			✓			Only mentioned by name
27	Dexamene	✓			✓		Appeared to Thetis when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles for Patroclus.
28	Dione			✓			The name of an Oceanid<ref name="ReferenceA">Hesiod, Theogony 349–361</ref>
29	Doris	✓	✓		✓		The name of an Oceanid<ref name="349–361"/>
30	Doto	✓	✓	✓	✓	<ref name=":5">Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 1.130 ff.</ref>
31	Drymo				✓	<ref name=":42">Virgil, Georgics 4.336</ref>	One of the nymphs in the train of Cyrene
32	Dynamene	✓	✓	✓	✓
33	Eione		✓	✓			Only mentioned by name
34	Ephyra				✓	<ref name=":4" />	The name of an Oceanid<ref>Hyginus, Fabulae 275.6; Eumelus, fr. 1 Fowler (apud Pausanias, 2.1.1)</ref>
35	Erato		✓	✓
36	Euagore		✓	✓
37	Euarne		✓
38	Eucrante		✓	✓
39	Eudore		✓	✓			The name of an Oceanid<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
40	Eulimene		✓	✓
41	Eumolpe			✓			Only mentioned by name
42	Eunice		✓	✓
43	Eupompe		✓				Only mentioned by name
44	Eurydice				✓
45	Galene		✓
46	Galatea	✓	✓	✓	✓	<ref name=":5" />
47	Glauce	✓	✓		✓
48	Glauconome		✓	✓			Only mentioned by name
49	Halie	✓	✓	✓
50	Halimede		✓	✓
51	Hipponoe		✓	✓
52	Hippothoe		✓	✓			Only mentioned by name
53	Iaera	✓			✓		Appeared to Thetis when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles for Patroclus.
54	Ianassa	✓			✓		Appeared to Thetis when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles for Patroclus.
55	Ianeira	✓		✓			The name of an Oceanid;<ref name="perseus.tufts.edu"/> appeared to Thetis when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles for Patroclus.
56	Ione			✓
57	Iphianassa					<ref>Lucian, Dialogi Marini 14</ref>	Only mentioned by name
58	Laomedeia		✓				Only mentioned by name
59	Leiagore		✓				Only mentioned by name
60	Leucothoe				✓
61	Ligea				✓	<ref name=":42" />
62	Limnoreia	✓		✓	✓
63	Lycorias				✓	<ref name="4.339"/>
64	Lysianassa		✓	✓
65	Maera	✓			✓		Appeared to Thetis when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles for Patroclus.
66	Melite	✓	✓	✓	✓	<ref name=":3">Virgil, Aeneid 5.825</ref>	The name of an Oceanid<ref>Homeric Hymn to Demeter, 418–423; Hyginus, Fabulae Th. 8</ref>
67	Menippe		✓				The name of an Oceanid<ref>Hyginus, Fabulae Th. 6 (Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 95), except where otherwise indicated.</ref>
68	Nausithoe			✓
69	Neaera						The name of an Oceanid
70	Nemertes	✓	✓		✓
71	Neomeris			✓
72	Nesaea	✓	✓	✓	✓	<ref name=":1">Virgil, Georgics 4.338; Aeneid 5.826</ref>
73	Neso		✓				Only mentioned by name. Gives her name to Neso, one of Neptune's moons.
74	Opis				✓	<ref name=":4"/>
75	Oreithyia	✓			✓		Appeared to Thetis when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles for Patroclus.
76	Panope	✓		✓	✓	<ref name=":5" />
77	Panopea		✓		✓	<ref name=":3" />
78	Pasithea		✓				Only mentioned by name
79	Pherusa	✓	✓	✓	✓		Appeared to Thetis when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles for Patroclus.
80	Phyllodoce				✓	<ref name=":42" />
81	Plexaure			✓			The name of an Oceanid<ref>Hesiod, Theogony 353</ref>
82	Ploto		✓				Only mentioned by name
83	Polynoe		✓
84	Polynome			✓			Only mentioned by name
85	Pontomedusa			✓			Only mentioned by name
86	Pontoporeia		✓				Only mentioned by name
87	Pronoe		✓				Only mentioned by name
88	Proto	✓	✓	✓	✓
89	Protomedeia		✓				Only mentioned by name
90	Psamathe		✓	✓
91	Sao		✓	✓			Means 'the rescuer'; only mentioned by name
92	Speio	✓	✓	✓	✓	<ref name=":1" />	Appeared to Thetis when she cried out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles for Patroclus.
93	Thaleia	✓			✓	<ref name=":1" />
94	Themisto		✓				Only mentioned by name
95	Thetis	✓	✓	✓		<ref name=":3" />	Mother of Achilles
96	Thoe	✓	✓		✓		The name of an Oceanid<ref>Homeric Hymn to Demeter, 418–423</ref>
97	Xantho				✓	<ref name=":42" />	The name of an Oceanid<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
Total		34	50	45	47

Iconography

File:Sea thiasos Nereis Glyptothek Munich 239 front n1.jpg

Nereid riding a sea-bull (latter 2nd century BC)

In ancient art the Nereides appear in the retinue of Poseidon, Amphitrite, Thetis and other sea-divinities. On black-figure Greek vases they appear fully clothed, such as on a Corinthian hydra (sixth century BCE; Paris) where they stand near the bier of Achilles. Later vase-paintings depict them nude or partially nude, mounted on dolphins, sea-horses or other marine creatures, and often grouped together with Tritons. They appear as such on Roman frescoes and sarcophagi. An Etruscan bronze cista from Palestrina depicts winged Nereides.

Famous is the Nereid Monument, a marble tomb from Xanthos (Lycia, Asia Minor), partially in the collection of the British Museum. At the top is a small temple surrounded by pillars between which Nereides stood. They were depicted in motion and with billowing, transparent clothes. The style is Attic-Ionian and dates to Template:Circa.

In the Renaissance and baroque periods the Nereid was frequently used to decorate fountains and garden monuments.

Worship

File:The Nereid Monument. From Xanthos (Lycia), modern-day Antalya Province, Turkey. 390-380 BCE. Room 17, the British Museum, London.jpg

The Nereid Monument. From Xanthos (Lycia), modern-day Antalya Province, Turkey. 390–380 BC. Room 17, the British Museum, London

Nereides were worshiped in several parts of Greece, but more especially in seaport towns, such as Cardamyle,<ref>Pausanias, 3.2.5</ref> and on the Isthmus of Corinth.<ref>Pausanias, 2.1.7</ref> The epithets given them by the poets refer partly to their beauty and partly to their place of abode.

Modern use

In modern Greek folklore, the term "nereid" (Template:Langx) has come to be used for all nymphs, fairies, or mermaids, not merely nymphs of the sea.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In modern folklore

The Template:Transliteration appears in modern Greek folktales as a kind of supernatural wife, akin to the swan maiden, and gives its name to the homonymous type in the Catalogue of Greek Folktales: tale type ATU 400, "The Neraïda".<ref name=Angelopoulos2010/> She has been compared to the nymph, the female character of ancient Greek mythology.<ref>Mitakidou, Soula; Manna, Anthony L.; Kanatsouli, Melpomeni. Folktales of Greece: A Treasury of Delights. Greenwood Press/Libraries Unlimited, 2002. p. 15. Template:ISBN.</ref><ref>Blagojevic, Gordana. "Женидба вилом и нерајдом: јужнословенско-грчке фолклорне паралеле" [Marrying a Fairy and a Nereid: South Slavic-Greek Folk Parallels]. In: Заједничко у словенском фолклору: зборник радова [Common Elements in Slavic Folklore: Collected Papers, 2012]. Београд: Балканолошки институт САНУ, 2012. p. 178. Template:ISBN.</ref> She is said to inhabit water sources (rivers and wells),<ref name="Dawkins, R. M. 1942 p. 11">Template:Cite journal</ref> similar to their ancient mythical counterpart, the Nereids (water nymphs).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Lee1936>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, in modern speech, the term also encompasses fairy maidens from mountains and woodlands.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Greek folklorist Nicolaos Politis amassed a great amount of modern folkloric material regarding the Template:Transliteration.<ref name="Λουκατος 1982">Template:Cite journal</ref> In modern tales from Greek tellers, the Template:Transliteration are said to dance at noon or at midnight; to have beautiful golden hair; to dress in white or rose garments and to appear wearing a veil on the head, or holding a handkerchief. Due to their beauty, young men are drawn to the Template:Transliteration and steal their veils or kerchiefs to force their stay in the mortal realm. The women marry these men, but later regain their piece of clothing back and disappear forever.<ref name=Lee1936/><ref>Lawson, John Cuthbert (1910). Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–133, 135–136, 138–139.</ref><ref name="Λουκατος 1982"/> Greek scholar Anna Angeloupoulos terms this storyline The Stolen Scarf, one of four narratives involving the Template:Transliteration. Also, this sequence is "the most frequent and stable introductory episode" in Greek variants of tale type 400.<ref name=Angelopoulos2010/>

In a tale from Greece, a human goatherd named Demetros, dances with ten fairies three nights, and in the third night, on a full moon, he dances with them and accidentally touches the handkerchief of Katena. Her companions abandon her to the mortal world and she becomes Demetros's wife, bearing him a daughter. For seven years, Demetros has hidden the handkerchief, until his wife Katena asks him for it. She takes the handkerchief and dances with it in a festival, taking the opportunity to return home and leave her mortal husband. Years later, their daughter follows her mother when she turns fifteen years old.<ref>"III. The Fairy Wife". In: Gianakoulis, Theodore P. and MacPherson, Georgia H. Fairy Tales of Modern Greece. New York City: E. P. Dutton & Co. [1930]. pp. 34–47.</ref>

Another introductory episode of the Greek variants is one Angelopoulos dubbed The Sisters of Alexander the Great. This refers to a pseudo-historical or mythological account about Alexander the Great and a quest for a water of life that grants immortality. His sister (or sisters) drinks it instead of him, is thrown in the sea and becomes a Template:Transliteration, a half-human, half-fish creature with power over the storm who can sink boats and become birds. They approach ships to ask if Alexander still lives, and can only be appeased if answered positively. In one tale, a youth on a ship captures a Template:Transliteration three times (or three Template:Transliteration) and beats her until she promises not to threaten any more ships. The youth then arrives on a deserted island and sees three birds that become human (or flying maidens), and steals their garments.<ref name=Angelopoulos2010>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Dawkins1937>Template:Cite journal</ref> Richard MacGillivray Dawkins suggested that the modern Template:Transliteration was a merging of three mythological characters (the Sirens, the Gorgons, and the Scylla), and reported alternate tales where Alexander's sisters are replaced for his mother or a female lover.<ref name=Dawkins1937/>Template:Efn

Other uses

Nereid, a moon of the planet Neptune, is named after the Nereids, as is Nereid Lake in Antarctica.<ref>Nereid Lake. SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica</ref>

References

• Aken, Dr. A.R.A. van. (1961). Elseviers Mythologische Encyclopedie. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
• Template:Cite book
• Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Template:ISBN. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
• Template:Cite book
• Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica translated by Mozley, J H. Loeb Classical Library Volume 286. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928. Online version at theio.com.
• Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Argonauticon. Otto Kramer. Leipzig. Teubner. 1913. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Hesiod, Theogony from The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
• Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Template:ISBN. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Homer, Homeri Opera in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. Template:ISBN. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Hyginus, Astronomica from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
• Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
• The Hymns of Orpheus. Translated by Taylor, Thomas (1792). University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. Online version at the theoi.com
• Kerényi, Carl, The Gods of the Greeks, Thames and Hudson, London, 1951.
• Template:Cite book
• Lucian of Samosata, Dialogues of the Sea Gods translated by Fowler, H W and F G. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. 1905. Online version at theoi.com
• Luciani Samosatensis, Opera. Vol I. Karl Jacobitz. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1896. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Template:Cite journal
• Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Template:ISBN. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
• Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses translated by Brookes More (1859–1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses. Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Publius Vergilius Maro, Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Template:Cite book
• Publius Vergilius Maro, Aeneid. Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Publius Vergilius Maro, Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Vergil. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.

External links

• Nereids in classical literature and art
• Nereid and Triton Mosaic from Ephesus Terrace Home -2
• 3D stereoview of Nereid and Triton relief from Temple of Apollo in Didim
• The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Nereids and other Sea Deities)