Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:Use dmy dates NATO uses a system of code names, called reporting names, to denote military aircraft and other equipment used by post-Soviet states, former Warsaw Pact countries, China, and other countries. The system assists military communications by providing short, one- or two-syllable names, as alternatives to the precise proper names, which may be easily confused under operational conditions or are unknown in the Western world.<ref name="NATO list">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The assignment of reporting names is managed by the Five Eyes Air Force Interoperability Council (AFIC), previously known as the Air Standardization Coordinating Committee (ASCC), which is separate from NATO. Based in Washington DC, AFIC comprises representatives from the militaries of three NATO members (Canada, the United Kingdom and United States) and two non-NATO countries (Australia and New Zealand).<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
When the system was introduced in the 1950s, reporting names also implicitly designated potentially hostile aircraft. However, since the end of the Cold War, some NATO air forces have operated various aircraft types with reporting names (e.g., "Fulcrum" for Mikoyan MiG-29).
American variationsEdit
The United States Department of Defense (DoD) expands on the NATO reporting names in some cases. NATO refers to surface-to-air missile systems mounted on ships or submarines with the same names as the corresponding land-based systems, but the DoD assigns a different series of numbers with a different prefix (i.e., SA-N- versus SA-) for these systems. The names are kept the same as a convenience. Where there is no corresponding system, a new name is devised.
Soviet nicknamesEdit
The Soviet Union did not always assign official "popular names" to its aircraft, but unofficial nicknames were common as in any air force. Generally, Soviet pilots did not use the NATO names, preferring a native Russian nickname. An exception was that Soviet airmen appreciated the MiG-29's codename "Fulcrum", as an indication of its pivotal role in Soviet air defence.<ref name="zuyev_fulcrum">Zuyev, A. and Malcolm McConnell. Fulcrum: A Top Gun Pilot's Escape from the Soviet Empire. Warner Books, 1993. Template:ISBN.</ref>Template:Failed verification
NomenclatureEdit
To reduce the risk of confusion, unusual or made-up names are allocated, the idea being that the names chosen are unlikely to occur in normal conversation and are easier to memorise.
For fixed-wing aircraft, the number of syllables indicates the type of the aircraft's engine. Single-syllable code names denote reciprocating engine or turboprop, while two-syllable code names denote jet engine.<ref name=":0" />
Bombers have names starting with the letter "B", and names like "Badger" (Tupolev Tu-16), "Blackjack" (Tupolev Tu-160) and "Bear" (Tupolev Tu-95) have been used. "Frogfoot", the reporting name for the Sukhoi Su-25, references the aircraft's close air support role. Transports have names starting with "C" (for "cargo"), resulting in names like "Condor" for the Antonov An-124 or "Candid" for the Ilyushin Il-76.
Lists of NATO reporting namesEdit
MissilesEdit
The initial letter of the name indicates the use of that equipment. The alphanumeric designations (e.g. AA-2) are assigned by the U.S. Department of Defense.<ref name=":0" />
| Initial letter | Description | Corresponding list |
|---|---|---|
| A | Air-to-air missiles, e.g., "Atoll" | List of NATO reporting names for air-to-air missiles |
| K | Air-to-surface missiles (from the Russian Kh designation), e.g., "Kingfish" | List of NATO reporting names for air-to-surface missiles |
| G | Ground-to-air missiles, e.g., "Gauntlet" | List of NATO reporting names for surface-to-air missiles |
| S | Surface-to-surface missiles, including ballistic missiles (e.g., "Scud") and coastal defense missiles (e.g., "Stooge") | List of NATO reporting names for surface-to-surface missiles |
| S | Anti-tank missiles, e.g., "Spandrel" | List of NATO reporting names for anti-tank missiles |
AircraftEdit
The first letter indicates the type of aircraft, e.g., "Bear" for a bomber aircraft refers to the Tupolev Tu-95, or "Fulcrum" for the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29 fighter aircraft. For fixed-wing aircraft, one-syllable names are used for propeller aircraft and two-syllable names for aircraft with jet engines. This distinction is not made for helicopters.<ref name=":0" />
| Initial letter | Description | Corresponding list |
|---|---|---|
| F | Fighter aircraft (e.g, "Foxhound"), also later ground attack aircraft (e.g., "Frogfoot") | List of NATO reporting names for fighter aircraft |
| B | Bomber aircraft, e.g. "Blackjack" | List of NATO reporting names for bomber aircraft |
| C | Commercial aircraft, airliners, and cargo aircraft, e.g., "Condor" | List of NATO reporting names for transport aircraft |
| H | Helicopters, e.g., "Hind" | List of NATO reporting names for helicopters |
| M | Miscellaneous aircraft names, including trainers, aerial reconnaissance, seaplanes, aerial refueling, and airborne early warning | List of NATO reporting names for miscellaneous aircraft |
SubmarinesEdit
Before the 1980s, reporting names for submarines were taken from the NATO spelling alphabet. Modifications of existing designs were given descriptive terms, such as "Whiskey Long Bin". From the 1980s, new designs were given names derived from Russian words, such as "Akula", or "shark". These names did not correspond to the Soviet names. Coincidentally, "Akula", which was assigned to an attack submarine by NATO, was the actual Soviet name for the ballistic missile submarine NATO named "Typhoon-class". The NATO names for submarines of the People's Republic of China are taken from Chinese dynasties.
EquipmentEdit
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