Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use dmy dates
Template:Infobox place demographics
The People's Republic of China is the second most-populous country in the world with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, only surpassed by India. Historically, China has always been one of the nation-states with the most population.
China has an enormous population with a relatively small youth component, partially a result of China's one-child policy that was implemented from 1979 until 2015, which limited urban families to one offspring and rural families to two. Template:As of, Chinese state media reported the country's total fertility rate to be 1.09.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref>
China was the world's most populous country from at least 1950<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> until being surpassed by India in 2023.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
By one estimate, in 2024 China's population stood at about 1.408 billion, down from the 1.412 billion recorded in the 2020 census.<ref name=":22">Template:Cite news</ref> According to the 2020 census, 91.11% of the population was Han Chinese, and 8.89% were minorities. China's population growth rate is -0.10%.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> China conducted its sixth national population census in 2010,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and its seventh census was completed in late 2020, with data released in May 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
China faces the challenge of an aging population due to increased life expectancy and declining birth rates.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref> This demographic shift has implications for social services and the labor force.<ref name=":1" />
PopulationEdit
Historical populationEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
During 1960–2015, the population grew to nearly 1.4 billion. Under Mao Zedong, China nearly doubled in population from 540 million in 1949 to 969 million in 1979. This growth slowed because of the one-child policy instituted in 1979.<ref name="Banister">Template:Cite book</ref> The 2022 data shows a declining population for the first time since 1961.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
China's population reached 1 billion in 1982, making it the first country to reach this milestone.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Censuses in ChinaEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The People's Republic of China conducted censuses in 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. In 1987, the government announced that the fourth national census would take place in 1990 and that there would be one every ten years thereafter. The 1982 census (which reported a total population of 1,008,180,738) is generally accepted as significantly more reliable, accurate, and thorough than the previous two.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Various international organizations eagerly assisted the Chinese in conducting the 1982 census, including the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, which donated US$100.0 million between 1980 and 1989 for a variety of projects, one of which being the 1982 census.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
China was the world's most populous nation until being surpassed by India in 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
By the seventh census in 2020, the total population had reached to 1,419,933,142, with the mainland having 1,411,778,724, Hong Kong having 7,474,200, and Macau having 683,218. However, this number is disputed by obstetrics researcher Yi Fuxian, who argues that data related to population growth is inflated by local governments to obtain financial subsidies from the central government.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Population density and distributionEdit
.jpg){kind=link}
{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} China is the second most populous country in the world and its national population density (137/km2) is very similar to those of countries like Denmark (excluding Greenland) or the Czech Republic. However, the overall population density of China conceals major regional variations. In 2002, about 94% of the population lived east of the Heihe–Tengchong Line; although this eastern area comprises only 43% of China's total land area, its population density, at roughly 280/km2, is comparable to that of Japan.Template:Citation needed
Broadly speaking, the population was concentrated east of the Tibetan Plateau and south of the northern steppe. The most densely populated areas included the Yangtze River Valley (of which the delta region was the most populous), Sichuan Basin, North China Plain, Pearl River Delta, and the industrial area around the city of Shenyang in the northeast.Template:Citation needed
Population is most sparse in the mountainous, desert, and grassland regions of the northwest and southwest. In Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, portions are completely uninhabited, and only a few sections have populations denser than ten people per km2. The Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet autonomous regions and Qinghai and Gansu comprise 55% of the country's land area but in 1985 contained only 5.7% of its population.Template:Citation needed
| Area (km2) | Population | Density | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | 9,650,000 (100%) | 1,411,778,724 (100%) | 134.7/km2 | |
| 5 provinces | 5,246,400 (54.45%) | 84,493,388 (5.98%) | 15.16/km2 | |
| Inner Mongolia | 1,183,000 (12.28% ) | 24,049,155 (1.70%) | 20.33/km2 | |
| Xinjiang | 1,660,000 (17.23%) | 25,852,345 (1.83%) | 12.62/km2 | |
| Tibet | 1,228,400 (12.75%) | 3,648,100 (0.26%) | 2.31/km2 | |
| Qinghai | 721,000 (7.48%) | 5,923,957 (0.42%) | 7.65/km2 | |
| Gansu | 454,000 (4.71%) | 25,019,831 (1.77%) | 57.65/km2 | |
| Other provinces | 4,403,605 (45.55%) | 1,327,285,336 (94.02%) | 277.27/km2 | |
| Source: National Bureau of Statistics | ||||
| CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated3>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |||||||||||||
| Province or autonomous region |
Census 1953 | Census 1964 | Census 1982 | Census 1990 | Census 2000 | Census 2010 | Census 2020 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| number | % | number | % | number | % | number | % | number | % | number | % | number | % | |
| Beijing Municipality | 3,768,149 | 1.48 | 8,568,495 | 1.23 | 9,230,687 | 3.92 | 11,819,407 | 0.95 | 13,820,000 | 1.09 | 19,612,368 | 1.46 | 21,893,095 | 1.55 |
| Hebei | 35,984,644 | 6.18 | 49,687,781 | 6.58 | 53,005,876 | 5.26 | 61,082,439 | 5.39 | 67,440,000 | 5.33 | 79,854,202 | 5.36 | 74,610,235 | 5.28 |
| Tianjin Municipality | 2,693,831 | 0.46 | 7,764,141 | 0.77 | 8,785,402 | 0.77 | 10,010,000 | 0.79 | 12,938,224 | 0.97 | 13,866,009 | 0.98 | ||
| Shanxi | 14,314,485 | 2.46 | 18,015,067 | 2.59 | 25,291,389 | 2.51 | 28,759,014 | 2.54 | 32,970,000 | 2.60 | 35,712,111 | 2.67 | 34,915,616 | 2.47 |
| Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region | 6,100,104 | 1.05 | 12,348,638 | 1.78 | 19,274,279 | 1.91 | 21,456,798 | 1.89 | 23,760,000 | 1.88 | 24,706,321 | 1.84 | 24,049,155 | 1.70 |
| Rehe (now defunct) | 5,160,822 | 0.89 | ||||||||||||
| Liaoning | 18,545,147 | 3.18 | 26,946,200 | 3.88 | 35,721,693 | 3.54 | 39,459,697 | 3.48 | 42,380,000 | 3.35 | 43,746,323 | 3.27 | 42,591,407 | 3.02 |
| Jilin | 11,290,073 | 1.94 | 15,668,663 | 2.26 | 22,560,053 | 2.24 | 24,658,721 | 2.18 | 27,280,000 | 2.16 | 27,462,297 | 2.05 | 24,073,453 | 1.71 |
| Heilongjiang | 11,897,309 | 2.04 | 20,118,271 | 2.90 | 32,665,546 | 3.24 | 35,214,873 | 3.11 | 39,890,000 | 2.91 | 38,312,224 | 2.86 | 31,850,088 | 2.26 |
| Shanghai Municipality | 6,204,417 | 1.06 | 10,816,458 | 1.56 | 11,859,748 | 1.18 | 13,341,896 | 1.18 | 16,740,000 | 1.32 | 23,019,148 | 1.72 | 24,870,895 | 1.76 |
| Jiangsu | 41,252,192 | 7.08 | 44,504,608 | 6.41 | 60,521,114 | 6.00 | 67,056,519 | 5.91 | 74,380,000 | 5.88 | 77,659,903 | 5.87 | 84,748,016 | 6.00 |
| Zhejiang | 22,865,747 | 3.92 | 28,318,573 | 4.08 | 38,884,603 | 3.86 | 41,445,930 | 3.66 | 46,770,000 | 3.69 | 54,426,891 | 4.06 | 64,567,588 | 4.57 |
| Anhui | 30,343,637 | 5.21 | 31,241,657 | 4.50 | 49,665,724 | 4.93 | 56,180,813 | 4.96 | 59,860,000 | 4.73 | 59,500,510 | 4.44 | 61,027,171 | 4.32 |
| Fujian | 13,142,721 | 2.26 | 16,757,223 | 2.41 | 25,931,106 | 2.57 | 30,097,274 | 2.65 | 34,710,000 | 2.74 | 36,894,216 | 2.75 | 41,540,086 | 2.94 |
| Jiangxi | 16,772,865 | 2.88 | 21,068,019 | 3.03 | 33,184,827 | 3.29 | 37,710,281 | 3.33 | 41,400,000 | 3.27 | 44,567,475 | 3.33 | 45,188,635 | 3.20 |
| Shandong | 48,876,548 | 8.39 | 55,519,038 | 7.99 | 74,419,054 | 7.38 | 84,392,827 | 7.44 | 90,790,000 | 7.17 | 95,793,065 | 7.15 | 101,527,453 | 7.19 |
| Henan | 44,214,594 | 7.59 | 50,325,511 | 7.25 | 74,422,739 | 7.38 | 85,509,535 | 7.54 | 92,560,000 | 7.31 | 94,023,567 | 7.02 | 99,365,519 | 7.04 |
| Hubei | 27,789,693 | 4.77 | 33,709,344 | 4.85 | 47,804,150 | 4.74 | 53,969,210 | 4.76 | 60,280,000 | 4.76 | 57,237,740 | 4.27 | 57,752,557 | 4.09 |
| Hunan | 33,226,954 | 5.70 | 37,182,286 | 5.35 | 54,008,851 | 5.36 | 60,659,754 | 5.35 | 64,440,000 | 5.09 | 65,683,722 | 4.90 | 66,444,864 | 4.71 |
| Guangdong | 34,770,059 | 5.97 | 42,800,849 | 6.16 | 59,299,220 | 5.88 | 62,829,236 | 5.54 | 86,420,000 | 6.83 | 104,303,132 | 7.79 | 126,012,510 | 8.93 |
| Hainan | 7,870,000 | 0.62 | 8,671,518 | 0.65 | 10,081,232 | 0.71 | ||||||||
| Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region | 19,560,822 | 3.36 | 20,845,017 | 3.00 | 36,420,960 | 3.61 | 42,245,765 | 3.73 | 44,890,000 | 3.55 | 46,026,629 | 3.55 | 50,126,804 | 3.55 |
| Sichuan | 62,303,999 | 10.69 | 67,956,490 | 9.78 | 99,713,310 | 9.89 | 107,218,173 | 9.46 | 83,290,000 | 6.58 | 80,418,200 | 6.00 | 83,674,866 | 5.93 |
| Chongqing MunicipalityTemplate:NoteTag | 30,900,000 | 2.44 | 28,846,170 | 2.15 | 32,054,159 | 2.27 | ||||||||
| Guizhou | 15,037,310 | 2.58 | 17,140,521 | 2.47 | 28,552,997 | 2.83 | 32,391,066 | 2.86 | 35,250,000 | 2.78 | 34,746,468 | 2.59 | 38,562,148 | 2.73 |
| Yunnan | 17,472,737 | 3.00 | 20,509,525 | 2.95 | 32,553,817 | 3.23 | 36,972,610 | 3.26 | 42,880,000 | 3.39 | 45,966,239 | 3.43 | 47,209,277 | 3.34 |
| Tibet Autonomous Region | 1,273,969 | 0.22 | 1,251,225 | 0.18 | 1,892,393 | 0.19 | 2,196,010 | 0.19 | 2,620,000 | 0.21 | 3,002,166 | 0.22 | 3,648,100 | 0.26 |
| Xikang (now defunct) | 3,381,064 | 0.58 | ||||||||||||
| Shaanxi | 15,881,281 | 2.73 | 20,766,915 | 2.99 | 28,904,423 | 2.87 | 32,882,403 | 2.90 | 36,050,000 | 2.85 | 37,327,378 | 2.79 | 39,528,999 | 2.80 |
| Gansu | 12,093,600 | 2.06 | 12,630,569 | 1.82 | 19,569,261 | 1.94 | 22,371,141 | 1.97 | 25,620,000 | 2.02 | 25,575,254 | 1.91 | 25,019,831 | 1.77 |
| Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region | 1,506,200 | 0.26 | 2,107,500 | 0.30 | 3,895,578 | 0.39 | 4,655,451 | 0.41 | 5,620,000 | 0.44 | 6,301,350 | 0.47 | 7,202,654 | 0.51 |
| Qinghai | 1,676,534 | 0.29 | 2,145,604 | 0.31 | 3,895,706 | 0.39 | 4,456,946 | 0.39 | 5,180,000 | 0.41 | 5,626,722 | 0.42 | 5,923,957 | 0.42 |
| Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region | 4,873,608 | 0.84 | 7,270,067 | 1.05 | 13,081,681 | 1.30 | 15,155,778 | 1.34 | 19,250,000 | 1.52 | 21,813,334 | 1.63 | 25,852,345 | 1.83 |
| Military personnel | 4,238,210 | 3,199,100 | 2,500,000 | 2,300,000 | 2,000,000 | |||||||||
| Population with permanent residence difficult to define | 4,649,985 | |||||||||||||
| Total China | 582,603,417 | 694,581,759 | 1,008,175,288 | 1,133,682,501 | 1,265,830,000 | 1,339,724,852 | 1,411,778,724 | |||||||
Structure of the populationEdit
Census population of China by age and sex:
- China Sex by Age 1953 census.png
China population pyramid as of 1st National Census day on June 30, 1953
- China Sex By Age 1964 census.png
China population pyramid as of 2nd National Census day on July 1, 1964
- China Sex By Age 1982 census.png
China population pyramid as of 3rd National Census day on July 1, 1982
- China Sex By Age 1990 census.png
China population pyramid as of 4th National Census day on July 1, 1990
- China Sex By Age 2000 census.png
China population pyramid as of 5th National Census day on November 1, 2000
- China Sex By Age 2010 census.png
China population pyramid as of 6th National Census day on November 1, 2010
- China population sex by age on Nov, 1st, 2020.png
China population pyramid as of 7th National Census day on November 1, 2020
- China population pyramid projected for 2030.png
China population pyramid as projected of 8th National Census day on November 1, 2030, in scenario of constant TFR at 2021 level and continued improvements in mortality
Population by Sex and Age Group (as of November 01, 2010). For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include those for Hong Kong and Macau. Data exclude 2.3 million servicemen, 4.65 million persons with permanent resident status difficult to define, and 0.12 per cent undercount based on the post enumeration survey:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 682 329 104 | 650 481 765 | 1 332 810 869 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 0–4 | 41 062 566 | 34 470 044 | 75 532 610 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 5–9 | 38 464 665 | 32 416 884 | 70 881 549 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 10–14 | 40 267 277 | 34 641 185 | 74 908 462 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 15–19 | 51 904 830 | 47 984 284 | 99 889 114 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 20–24 | 64 008 573 | 63 403 945 | 127 412 518 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 25–29 | 50 837 038 | 50 176 814 | 101 013 852 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 30–34 | 49 521 822 | 47 616 381 | 97 138 203 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 35–39 | 60 391 104 | 57 634 855 | 118 025 959 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 40–44 | 63 608 678 | 61 145 286 | 124 753 964 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 45–49 | 53 776 418 | 51 818 135 | 105 594 553 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 50–54 | 40 363 234 | 38 389 937 | 78 753 171 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 55–59 | 41 082 938 | 40 229 536 | 81 312 474 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 60–64 | 29 834 426 | 28 832 856 | 58 667 282 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 65–69 | 20 748 471 | 20 364 811 | 41 113 282 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 70–74 | 16 403 453 | 16 568 944 | 32 972 397 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 75–79 | 11 278 859 | 12 573 274 | 23 852 133 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 80–84 | 5 917 502 | 7 455 696 | 13 373 198 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 85–89 | 2 199 810 | 3 432 118 | 5 631 928 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 90–94 | 530 872 | 1 047 435 | 1 578 307 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 95–99 | 117 716 | 252 263 | 369 979 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 100+ | 8 852 | 27 082 | 35 934 | Template:Percentage bar |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 119 794 508 | 101 528 113 | 221 322 621 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 15–64 | 505 329 061 | 487 232 029 | 992 561 090 | Template:Percentage bar |
| 65+ | 57 205 535 | 61 721 623 | 118 927 158 | Template:Percentage bar |
Template:GraphChart Template:GraphChart
UrbanizationEdit
.jpg){kind=link}
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Urbanization increased in speed following the initiation of the reform and opening policy. By the end of 2024, 67% of the total population lived in urban areas, a rate that rose from 26% in 1990.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Population controlEdit
Template:See alsoTemplate:More citations needed
Initially, China's post-1949 leaders were ideologically disposed to view a large population as an asset. But the liabilities of a large, rapidly growing population soon became apparent. For one year, starting in August 1956, vigorous support was given to the Ministry of Public Health's mass birth control efforts. These efforts, however, had little impact on fertility. After the interval of the Great Leap Forward, Chinese leaders again saw rapid population growth as an obstacle to development, and their interest in birth control revived. In the early 1960s, schemes somewhat more muted than during the first campaign, emphasized the virtues of late marriage. Birth control offices were set up in the central government and some provincial-level governments in 1964. The second campaign was particularly successful in the cities, where the birth rate was cut in half during the 1963–66 period. The upheaval of the Cultural Revolution brought the program to a halt, however.Template:Citation needed
In 1972 and 1973 the party mobilized its resources for a nationwide birth control campaign administered by a group in the State Council. Committees to oversee birth control activities were established at all administrative levels and in various collective enterprises. This extensive and seemingly effective network covered both the rural and the urban population. In urban areas public security headquarters included population control sections. In rural areas the country's "barefoot doctors" distributed information and contraceptives to people's commune members. By 1973 Mao Zedong was personally identified with the family planning movement, signifying a greater leadership commitment to controlled population growth than ever before. Yet until several years after Mao's death in 1976, the leadership was reluctant to put forth directly the rationale that population control was necessary for economic growth and improved living standards.Template:Citation needed
Population growth targets were set for both administrative units and individual families. In the mid-1970s the maximum recommended family size was two children in cities and three or four in the country. In 1979 the government began advocating a one-child limit for both rural and urban areas and has generally set a maximum of two children in special circumstances. As of 1986 the policy for minority nationalities was two children per couple, three in special circumstances, and no limit for ethnic groups with very small populations. The overall goal of the one-child policy was to keep the total population within 1.2 billion through the year 2000, on the premise that the Four Modernizations program would be of little value if population growth was not brought under control.Template:Citation needed
Under the one-child program, a sophisticated system rewarded those who observed the policy and penalized those who did not. Through this policy, the rate of increasing population was tempered after the penalties were made. Couples with only one child were given a "one-child certificate" entitling them to such benefits as cash bonuses, longer maternity leave, better child care, and preferential housing assignments. In return, they were required to pledge that they would not have more children. In the countryside, there was great pressure to adhere to the one-child limit. Because the rural population accounted for approximately 60% of the total, the effectiveness of the one-child policy in rural areas was considered the key to the success or failure of the program as a whole.Template:Citation needed
In rural areas the day-to-day work of family planning was done by cadres at the team and brigade levels who were responsible for women's affairs and by health workers. The women's team leader made regular household visits to keep track of the status of each family under her jurisdiction and collected information on which women were using contraceptives, the methods used, and which had become pregnant. She then reported to the brigade women's leader, who documented the information and took it to a monthly meeting of the commune birth-planning committee. According to reports, ceilings or quotas had to be adhered to; to satisfy these cutoffs, unmarried young people were persuaded to postpone marriage, couples without children were advised to "wait their turn," women with unauthorized pregnancies were pressured to have abortions, and those who already had children were urged to use contraception or undergo sterilization. Couples with more than one child were exhorted to be sterilized.Template:Citation needed
The one-child policy enjoyed much greater success in urban than in rural areas. Even without state intervention, there were compelling reasons for urban couples to limit the family to a single child. Raising a child required a significant portion of family income, and in the cities a child did not become an economic asset until he or she entered the work force at age sixteen. Couples with only one child were given preferential treatment in housing allocation. In addition, because city dwellers who were employed in state enterprises received pensions after retirement, the sex of their first child was less important to them than it was to those in rural areas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Numerous reports surfaced of coercive measures used to achieve the desired results of the one-child policy. The alleged methods ranged from intense psychological pressure to the use of physical force, including some grisly accounts of forced abortions and infanticide. Chinese officials admitted that isolated, uncondoned abuses of the program occurred and that they condemned such acts, but they insisted that the family planning program was administered on a voluntary basis using persuasion and economic measures only. International reaction to the allegations were mixed. The UN Fund for Population Activities and the International Planned Parenthood Federation were generally supportive of China's family planning program. The United States Agency for International Development, however, withdrew US$10 million from the Fund in March 1985 based on allegations that coercion had been used.Template:Citation needed
Observers suggested that an accurate assessment of the one-child program would not be possible until all women who came of childbearing age in the early 1980s passed their fertile years. As of 1987 the one-child program had achieved mixed results. In general, it was very successful in almost all urban areas but less successful in rural areas.Template:Citation needed
Rapid fertility reduction associated with the one-child policy has potentially negative results. For instance, in the future the elderly might not be able to rely on their children to care for them as they have in the past, leaving the state to assume the expense, which could be considerable. Based on United Nations and Chinese government statistics, it was estimated in 1987 that by 2000 the population 60 years and older (the retirement age is 60 in urban areas) would number 127 million, or 10.1% of the total population; the projection for 2025 was 234 million elderly, or 16.4%. According to projections based on the 1982 census, if the one-child policy were maintained to the year 2000, 25% of China's population would be age 65 or older by 2040. In 2050, the number of people over 60 is expected to increase to 430 million.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Even though China has already opened two-child policy since 2016, data shows that the second-child policy cannot stop the problem of an aging population. China needs to find an appropriate birth policy to optimize the demographic dividend, which refers to the proportion of labor-age population.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> On the other hand, the higher house prices squeeze the marriage in China. The house price plays an important role on the influence of marriage and fertility. The increasing house price leads to the lower marriage rate and cause the other serious social problems in China.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In 2024, United Nations researchers forecast China's population to fall to 639 million by 2100.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite news</ref> The same year, researchers from Victoria University and the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences forecast that China's population will fall to approximately 525 million by 2100 at current rates.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":4" /> This revision, reducing the population estimate to 525 million from a previous forecast of 597 million by 2100, indicates a sharper decline than previously anticipated.<ref name=":2" />
Vital statisticsEdit
Total fertility rate from 1930 to 1949Edit
These are estimates as there are no registry data for that period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.<ref name="ourworldindata.org">Template:Citation</ref>
| Years | 1930 | 1931 | 1932 | 1933 | 1934 | 1935 | 1936 | 1937 | 1938 | 1939 | 1940<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/> |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total fertility rate in China | 5.5 | 5.47 | 5.45 | 5.43 | 5.4 | 5.38 | 5.35 | 5.32 | 5.3 | 5.28 | 5.25 |
| Years | 1941 | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | 1945 | 1946 | 1947 | 1948 | 1949<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/> |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total fertility rate in China | 5.15 | 5.06 | 4.96 | 4.86 | 4.77 | 5 | 5.2 | 4.91 | 5.54 |
Births and deaths as of 1949Edit
Notable events in demography of China:
- 1958–1962 Great Leap Forward
| Midyear population | Live births1 | Deaths1 | Natural change1 | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Crude migration rate (per 1000) | Total fertility rate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1949 | 537,371,000 | 19,345,000 | 10,747,000 | 8,598,000 | 36.0 | 20.0 | 16.0 | |||
| 1950 | 546,815,000 | 20,232,000 | 9,843,000 | 10,389,000 | 37.0 | 18.0 | 19.0 | -1.4 | 5.29 | |
| 1951 | 557,480,000 | 21,073,000 | 9,923,000 | 11,150,000 | 37.8 | 17.8 | 20.0 | -0.5 | ||
| 1952 | 568,910,000 | 21,050,000 | 9,671,000 | 11,379,000 | 37.0 | 17.0 | 20.0 | 0.5 | ||
| 1953 | 581,390,000 | 21,511,000 | 8,139,000 | 13,372,000 | 37.0 | 14.0 | 23.0 | -1.1 | ||
| 1954 | 595,310,000 | 22,604,000 | 7,846,000 | 14,758,000 | 37.97 | 13.18 | 24.79 | -0.8 | ||
| 1955 | 608,655,000 | 19,842,000 | 7,474,000 | 12,368,000 | 32.60 | 12.28 | 20.32 | 2.1 | 5.98 | |
| 1956 | 621,465,000 | 19,825,000 | 7,085,000 | 12,740,000 | 31.90 | 11.40 | 20.50 | 0.5 | ||
| 1957 | 637,405,000 | 21,691,000 | 6,884,000 | 14,807,000 | 34.03 | 10.80 | 23.23 | 2.4 | ||
| 1958 | 653,235,000 | 19,088,000 | 7,826,000 | 11,262,000 | 29.22 | 11.98 | 17.24 | 7.6 | ||
| 1959 | 666,005,000 | 16,504,000 | 9,717,000 | 6,787,000 | 24.78 | 14.59 | 10.19 | 9.4 | ||
| 1960 | 667,070,000 | 13,915,000 | 16,964,000 | −3,049,000 | 20.86 | 25.43 | −4.57 | 6.2 | 3.99 | |
| 1961 | 660,330,000 | 11,899,000 | 9,403,000 | 2,496,000 | 18.02 | 14.24 | 3.78 | -13.9 | 3.37 | |
| 1962 | 665,770,000 | 24,640,000 | 6,671,000 | 17,969,000 | 37.01 | 10.02 | 26.99 | -18.8 | ||
| 1963 | 682,335,000 | 29,593,000 | 6,851,000 | 22,742,000 | 43.37 | 10.04 | 33.33 | -8.4 | 6.88 | |
| 1964 | 698,355,000 | 27,334,000 | 8,031,000 | 19,303,000 | 39.14 | 11.50 | 27.64 | -4.2 | ||
| 1965 | 715,185,000 | 27,091,000 | 6,794,000 | 20,297,000 | 37.88 | 9.50 | 28.38 | -4.3 | 6.02 | |
| 1966 | 735,400,000 | 25,776,000 | 6,494,000 | 19,282,000 | 35.05 | 8.83 | 26.22 | 2.0 | ||
| 1967 | 754,550,000 | 25,625,000 | 6,361,000 | 19,264,000 | 33.96 | 8.43 | 25.53 | 0.5 | ||
| 1968 | 774,510,000 | 27,565,000 | 6,359,000 | 21,206,000 | 35.59 | 8.21 | 27.38 | -0.9 | ||
| 1969 | 796,025,000 | 27,152,000 | 6,392,000 | 20,760,000 | 34.11 | 8.03 | 26.08 | 1.7 | ||
| 1970 | 818,315,000 | 27,356,000 | 6,219,000 | 21,137,000 | 33.43 | 7.60 | 25.83 | 2.2 | 5.75 | |
| 1971 | 841,105,000 | 25,780,000 | 6,157,000 | 19,623,000 | 30.65 | 7.32 | 23.33 | 4.5 | ||
| 1972 | 862,030,000 | 25,663,000 | 6,560,000 | 19,103,000 | 29.77 | 7.61 | 22.16 | 2.7 | ||
| 1973 | 881,940,000 | 24,633,000 | 6,209,000 | 18,424,000 | 27.93 | 7.04 | 20.89 | 2.2 | ||
| 1974 | 900,350,000 | 22,347,000 | 6,609,000 | 15,738,000 | 24.82 | 7.34 | 17.48 | 3.4 | ||
| 1975 | 916,395,000 | 21,086,000 | 6,708,000 | 14,378,000 | 23.01 | 7.32 | 15.69 | 2.1 | 3.58 | |
| 1976 | 930,685,000 | 18,530,000 | 6,747,000 | 11,783,000 | 19.91 | 7.25 | 12.66 | 2.9 | ||
| 1977 | 943,455,000 | 17,860,000 | 6,482,000 | 11,378,000 | 18.93 | 6.87 | 12.06 | 1.7 | ||
| 1978 | 956,165,000 | 17,450,000 | 5,976,000 | 11,474,000 | 18.25 | 6.25 | 12.00 | 1.5 | ||
| 1979 | 969,005,000 | 17,268,000 | 6,018,000 | 11,250,000 | 18.21 | 6.21 | 11.87 | 1.6 | ||
| 1980 | 981,235,000 | 17,868,000 | 6,221,000 | 11,647,000 | 18.21 | 6.34 | 11.87 | 0.8 | 2.32 | |
| 1981 | 993,885,000 | 20,782,000 | 6,321,000 | 14,461,000 | 20.91 | 6.36 | 14.55 | -1.7 | ||
| 1982 | 1,008,630,000 | 21,260,000 | 6,653,000 | 14,607,000 | 22.28 | 6.60 | 15.68 | -0.8 | ||
| 1983 | 1,023,310,000 | 18,996,000 | 7,223,000 | 11,773,000 | 20.19 | 6.90 | 13.29 | 1.3 | ||
| 1984 | 1,036,825,000 | 18,022,000 | 6,890,000 | 11,132,000 | 19.90 | 6.82 | 13.08 | 0.1 | ||
| 1985 | 1,051,040,000 | 21,994,000 | 7,087,000 | 14,907,000 | 21.04 | 6.78 | 14.26 | -0.5 | 2.65 | |
| 1986 | 1,066,790,000 | 23,928,000 | 7,318,000 | 16,610,000 | 22.43 | 6.86 | 15.57 | -0.6 | ||
| 1987 | 1,084,035,000 | 25,291,000 | 7,285,000 | 18,006,000 | 23.33 | 6.72 | 16.61 | -0.4 | ||
| 1988 | 1,101,630,000 | 24,643,000 | 7,315,000 | 17,328,000 | 22.37 | 6.64 | 15.73 | 0.5 | ||
| 1989 | 1,118,650,000 | 24,140,000 | 7,316,000 | 16,824,000 | 21.58 | 6.54 | 15.04 | 0.4 | ||
| 1990 | 1,135,185,000 | 23,910,000 | 7,570,000 | 16,340,000 | 21.06 | 6.67 | 14.39 | 0.4 | 2.43 | |
| 1991 | 1,150,780,000 | 22,650,000 | 7,710,000 | 14,940,000 | 19.68 | 6.70 | 12.98 | 0.8 | ||
| 1992 | 1,164,970,000 | 21,250,000 | 7,740,000 | 13,510,000 | 18.24 | 6.64 | 11.60 | 0.7 | ||
| 1993 | 1,178,440,000 | 21,320,000 | 7,820,000 | 13,500,000 | 18.09 | 6.64 | 11.45 | 0.1 | ||
| 1994 | 1,191,835,000 | 21,100,000 | 7,740,000 | 13,360,000 | 17.70 | 6.49 | 11.21 | 0.2 | ||
| 1995 | 1,204,855,000 | 20,630,000 | 7,920,000 | 12,710,000 | 17.12 | 6.57 | 10.55 | 0.4 | 1.68 | |
| 1996 | 1,217,550,000 | 20,670,000 | 7,990,000 | 12,680,000 | 16.98 | 6.56 | 10.42 | 0.1 | ||
| 1997 | 1,230,075,000 | 20,380,000 | 8,010,000 | 12,370,000 | 16.57 | 6.51 | 10.06 | 0.2 | ||
| 1998 | 1,241,935,000 | 19,420,000 | 8,070,000 | 11,350,000 | 15.64 | 6.50 | 9.14 | 0.5 | ||
| 1999 | 1,252,735,000 | 18,340,000 | 8,090,000 | 10,250,000 | 14.64 | 6.46 | 8.18 | 0.5 | ||
| 2000 | 1,262,645,000 | 17,710,000 | 8,140,000 | 9,570,000 | 14.03 | 6.45 | 7.58 | 0.3 | 1.45 | |
| 2001 | 1,271,850,000 | 17,020,000 | 8,180,000 | 8,840,000 | 13.38 | 6.43 | 6.95 | 0.3 | ||
| 2002 | 1,280,400,000 | 16,470,000 | 8,210,000 | 8,260,000 | 12.86 | 6.41 | 6.45 | 0.3 | ||
| 2003 | 1,288,400,000 | 15,990,000 | 8,250,000 | 7,740,000 | 12.41 | 6.40 | 6.01 | 0.2 | ||
| 2004 | 1,296,075,000 | 15,930,000 | 8,320,000 | 7,610,000 | 12.29 | 6.42 | 5.87 | 0.1 | ||
| 2005 | 1,303,720,000 | 16,170,000 | 8,490,000 | 7,680,000 | 12.40 | 6.51 | 5.89 | 0 | 1.51 | |
| 2006 | 1,311,020,000 | 15,850,000 | 8,930,000 | 6,920,000 | 12.09 | 6.81 | 5.28 | 0.3 | 1.50 | |
| 2007 | 1,317,885,000 | 15,940,000 | 9,130,000 | 6,810,000 | 12.10 | 6.93 | 5.17 | 0.1 | 1.53 | |
| 2008 | 1,324,655,000 | 16,080,000 | 9,350,000 | 6,730,000 | 12.14 | 7.06 | 5.08 | 0.1 | 1.55 | |
| 2009 | 1,331,260,000 | 15,910,000 | 9,430,000 | 6,480,000 | 11.95 | 7.08 | 4.87 | 0.1 | 1.54 | |
| 2010 | 1,337,705,000 | 15,920,000 | 9,510,000 | 6,410,000 | 11.90 | 7.11 | 4.79 | 0.1 | 1.54 | |
| 2011 | 1,345,035,000 | 17,970,000 | 9,600,000 | 8,370,000 | 13.27 | 7.14 | 6.13 | -0.7 | ||
| 2012 | 1,354,190,000 | 19,730,000 | 9,660,000 | 10,070,000 | 14.57 | 7.13 | 7.43 | -0.6 | ||
| 2013 | 1,363,240,000 | 17,760,000 | 9,720,000 | 8,040,000 | 13.03 | 7.13 | 5.9 | 0.8 | ||
| 2014 | 1,371,860,000 | 18,970,000 | 9,770,000 | 9,200,000 | 13.83 | 7.12 | 6.71 | -0.4 | ||
| 2015 | 1,379,860,000 | 16,550,000 | 9,750,000 | 6,800,000 | 11.99 | 7.07 | 4.93 | 0.9 | 1.57 | |
| 2016 | 1,387,790,000 | 17,860,000 | 9,770,000 | 8,090,000 | 12.95 | 7.09 | 5.86 | -0.1 | 1.70 | |
| 2017 | 1,396,215,000 | 17,230,000 | 9,860,000 | 7,370,000 | 12.64 | 7.06 | 5.58 | 0.5 | 1.67 | |
| 2018 | 1,402,760,000 | 15,230,000 | 9,930,000 | 5,300,000 | 10.86 | 7.08 | 3.78 | 0.9 | 1.55 | |
| 2019 | 1,407,745,000 | 14,650,000 | 9,980,000 | 4,670,000 | 10.41 | 7.09 | 3.32 | 0.2 | 1.50 | |
| 2020 | 1,411,100,000 | 12,020,000 | 9,970,000 | 2,050,000 | 8.52 | 7.07 | 1.45 | 0.9 | 1.28 | |
| 2021 | 1,412,360,000 | 10,620,000 | 10,140,000 | 480,000 | 7.52 | 7.18 | 0.34 | 0.6 | 1.16 | |
| 2022<ref name=":0" /> | 1,411,750,000 | 9,560,000 | 10,410,000 | −850,000 | 6.77 | 7.37 | −0.60 | 0.2 | 1.09 | |
| citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
1,409,670,000 | 9,020,000 | 11,100,000 | −2,080,000 | 6.39 | 7.87 | −1.48 | 0 | 1.07 |
| 2024<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | 1,408,280,000 | 9,540,000 | 10,930,000 | −1,390,000 | 6.77 | 7.76 | −0.99 | 1.15 |
Total fertility rate by regionEdit
According to the 2000 census, the TFR was 1.22 (0.86 for cities, 1.08 for towns and 1.43 for villages/outposts). Beijing had the lowest TFR at 0.67, while Guizhou had the highest at 2.19. The Xiangyang district of Jiamusi city (Heilongjiang) has a TFR of 0.41, which is the lowest TFR recorded anywhere in the world in recorded history. Other extremely low TFR counties are: 0.43 in the Heping district of Tianjin city (Tianjin), and 0.46 in the Mawei district of Fuzhou city (Fujian). At the other end TFR was 3.96 in Geji County (Tibet), 4.07 in Jiali County (Tibet), and 5.47 in Baqing County (Tibet).<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>
The 2010 census reported a TFR of 1.18 (0.88 in cities, 1.15 in townships, and 1.44 in rural areas).<ref name="iussp.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The five regions with the lowest fertility rates were Beijing (0.71), Shanghai (0.74), Liaoning (0.74), Heilongjiang (0.75), and Jilin (0.76). The five regions with the highest fertility rates were Guangxi (1.79), Guizhou (1.75), Xinjiang (1.53), Hainan (1.51), and Anhui (1.48).<ref name="iussp.org" />
The 2020 census reported a TFR of 1.301, with 1.118 in cities, 1.395 in townships, and 1.543 in rural areas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The shift of fertility rate recorded in 2020 census compared to that in the previous 2 censuses may not be an actual recovery, but rather due to the low quality and massive underreporting of lower-age groups in the 2000 and 2010 censuses, while the population control policy in China back then may also give families an incentive to hide their children, which is largely relieved as the policy changed in 2010s. This can be demonstrated by the much lower number of population aged 0~4 and 5~9 in the 2000 and 2010 censuses <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> when compared to the corresponding age groups in 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Total fertility rate by ethnic group (2010 census): Han (1.14), Zhuang (1.59), Hui (1.48), Manchu (1.18), Uyghur (2.04), Miao (1.82), Yi (1.82), Tujia (1.74), Tibetan (1.60), Mongols (1.26).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Life expectancyEdit
Source: UN World Population Prospects<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Period | Life expectancy in Years |
Period | Life expectancy in Years | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950–1955 | 43.8 | 1985–1990 | 68.9 | |
| 1955–1960 | 44.5 | 1990–1995 | 69.7 | |
| 1960–1965 | 44.6 | 1995–2000 | 70.9 | |
| 1965–1970 | 55.5 | 2000–2005 | 73.1 | |
| 1970–1975 | 61.7 | 2005–2010 | 74.7 | |
| 1975–1980 | 65.5 | 2010–2015 | 75.7 | |
| 1980–1985 | 67.8 | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
78.6 |
Fertility and mortalityEdit
Template:See alsoTemplate:More citations needed In 1949 crude death rates were probably higher than 30 per 1,000, and the average life expectancy was only 35 years. Beginning in the early 1950s, mortality steadily declined; it continued to decline through 1978 and remained relatively constant through 1987. One major fluctuation was reported in a computer reconstruction of China's population trends from 1953 to 1987 produced by the United States Bureau of the Census. The computer model showed that the crude death rate increased dramatically during the famine years associated with the Great Leap Forward (1958–60).Template:Citation needed
According to Chinese government statistics, the crude birth rate followed five distinct patterns from 1949 to 1982. It remained stable from 1949 to 1954, varied widely from 1955 to 1965, experienced fluctuations between 1966 and 1969, dropped sharply in the late 1970s, and increased from 1980 to 1981. Between 1970 and 1980, the crude birth rate dropped from 33.4 per 1,000 to 18.2 per 1,000. The government attributed this dramatic decline in fertility to the wǎn xī shǎo ("晚、稀、少", or "late, long, few": later marriages, longer intervals between births, and fewer children) birth control campaign. However, elements of socioeconomic change, such as increased employment of women in both urban and rural areas and reduced infant mortality (a greater percentage of surviving children would tend to reduce demand for additional children), may have played some role. The birth rate increased in the 1980s to a level over 20 per 1,000, primarily as a result of a marked rise in marriages and first births. The rise was an indication of problems with the one-child policy of 1979. Chinese sources, however, indicate that the birth rate started to decrease again in the 1990s and reached a level of around 12 per 1,000 in recent years.Template:Citation needed
In urban areas, the housing shortage may have been at least partly responsible for the decreased birth rate. Also, the policy in force during most of the 1960s and the early 1970s of sending large numbers of high school graduates to the countryside deprived cities of a significant proportion of persons of childbearing age and undoubtedly had some effect on birth rates (see Cultural Revolution (1966–76)). Primarily for economic reasons, rural birth rates tended to decline less than urban rates. The right to grow and sell agricultural products for personal profit and the lack of an old-age welfare system were incentives for rural people to produce many children, especially sons, for help in the fields and for support in old age. Because of these conditions, it is unclear to what degree education has been able to erode traditional values favoring large families.Template:Citation needed
China exhibits a serious gender imbalance. Census data obtained in 2000 revealed that 119 boys were born for every 100 girls, and among China's "floating population" the ratio was as high as 128:100. These situations led the government in July 2004 to ban selective abortions of female fetuses. It is estimatedTemplate:By whom that this imbalance will rise until 2025–2030 to reach 20% then slowly decrease.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the 2020s, cash incentives have been offered to increase birth rates.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":5">Template:Cite news</ref> Local government family-planning committees, previously used to enforce the one-child policy, are deployed for pro-natalist policies such as calling women to check on their menstrual cycle.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Censorship of dataEdit
Although the National Bureau of Statistics of China reported 9.02 million births in 2023,<ref name=":22"/> the state-owned Mother and Infant Daily newspaper reported there were 7.88 million births for the same year.<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The report was promptly censored following publication.<ref name=":3" />
Labor forceEdit
In 2012, for the first time, according to the National Bureau of Statistics in January 2013, the number of people theoretically able to enter the Chinese labor force (individuals aged 15 to 59), shrank slightly to 937.27 million, a decrease of 3.45 million from 2011. This trend, resulting from a demographic transition, is anticipated to continue until at least 2030.<ref name=CNBC011913>Template:Cite news</ref> The World Factbook estimated the 2019 active labor force was 774.71 million.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Height and weightEdit
As of 2020, the average Chinese man was Template:Convert tall in 2019, the figures showed, and women's average height was Template:Convert. The same study showed an average Chinese man weighed Template:Convert, up Template:Convert over 10 years, while women were Template:Convert heavier on average at Template:Convert. They were up Template:Convert respectively from 5 years earlier.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Gender balanceEdit
Future challenges for China will be the gender disparity. According to the 2020 census, males account for 51.24% of China's 1.41 billion people, while females made up 48.76% of the total. The sex ratio (the number of males for each female in a population) at birth was 118.06 boys to every 100 girls (54.14%) in 2010, higher than the 116.86 (53.89%) of 2000, but 0.53 points lower than the ratio of 118.59 (54.25%) in 2005.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Ethnic groupsEdit
The People's Republic of China (PRC) officially recognizes 56 distinct ethnic groups, the largest of which are Han, who constitute 91.51% of the total population in 2010. Ethnic minorities constitute 8.49% or 113.8 million of China's population in 2010. During the past decades ethnic minorities have experienced higher growth rates than the majority Han population, because they are not under the one-child policy. Their proportion of the population in China has grown from 6.1% in 1953, to 8.04% in 1990, 8.41% in 2000, and 8.49% in 2010. Large ethnic minorities (data according to the 2000 census) include the Zhuang (16 million, 1.28%), Manchu (10 million, 0.84%), Uyghur (9 million, 0.78%), Hui (9 million, 0.71%), Miao (8 million, 0.71%), Yi (7 million, 0.61%), Tujia (5.75 million, 0.63%), Mongols (5 million, 0.46%), Tibetan (5 million, 0.43%), Buyei (3 million, 0.23%), and Korean (2 million, 0.15%). Over 126,000 Westerners from Canada, the US and Europe are living in mainland China.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Almost 1% of people living in Hong Kong are Westerners.Template:Citation needed
| Ethnic group | Language family | 1953 | % | 1964 | % | 1982 | % | 1990 | % | 2000 | % | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> !! % |
citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> !! % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Han | Sino-Tibetan | 547,283,057 | 93.94 | 651,296,368 | 94.22 | 936,703,824 | 93.30 | 1,039,187,548 | 91.92 | 1,137,386,112 | 91.53 | 1,220,844,520 | 91.60 | 1,286,310,000 | 91.11 | |
| Minority groups | 35,320,360 | 6.06 | 39,883,909 | 5.78 | 67,233,254 | 6.67 | 90,570,743 | 8.01 | 105,225,173 | 8.47 | 111,966,349 | 8.40 | 125,470,000 | 8.89 | ||
| Zhuang | Tai-Kadai | 6,611,455 | 1.13 | 8,386,140 | 1.21 | 13,441,900 | 1.32 | 15,555,820 | 1.38 | 16,178,811 | 1.28 | 16,926,381 | 1.27 | 19,568,546 | 1.39 | |
| Uyghurs | Turkic | 3,640,125 | 0.62 | 3,996,311 | 0.58 | 5,917,030 | 0.59 | 7,207,024 | 0.64 | 8,399,393 | 0.66 | 10,069,346 | 0.76 | 11,774,538 | 0.84 | |
| Hui | Sino-Tibetan | 3,559,350 | 0.61 | 4,473,147 | 0.64 | 7,207,780 | 0.71 | 8,612,001 | 0.76 | 9,816,802 | 0.78 | 10,586,087 | 0.79 | 11,377,914 | 0.81 | |
| Miao | Hmong-Mien | 2,511,339 | 0.43 | 2,782,088 | 0.40 | 5,017,260 | 0.50 | 7,383,622 | 0.65 | 8,940,116 | 0.71 | 9,426,007 | 0.71 | 11,067,929 | 0.79 | |
| Manchu | Tungusic | 2,418,931 | 0.42 | 2,695,675 | 0.39 | 4,299,950 | 0.43 | 9,846,776 | 0.87 | 10,682,263 | 0.84 | 10,387,958 | 0.78 | 10,423,303 | 0.74 | |
| Yi | Sino-Tibetan | 3,254,269 | 0.56 | 3,380,960 | 0.49 | 5,492,330 | 0.54 | 6,578,524 | 0.58 | 7,762,286 | 0.61 | 8,714,393 | 0.65 | 9,830,327 | 0.70 | |
| Tujia | Sino-Tibetan | 284,900 | 0.03 | 5,725,049 | 0.51 | 8,028,133 | 0.63 | 8,353,912 | 0.63 | 9,587,732 | 0.68 | |||||
| Tibetans | Sino-Tibetan | 2,775,622 | 0.48 | 2,501,174 | 0.36 | 3,821,950 | 0.38 | 4,593,072 | 0.41 | 5,416,021 | 0.43 | 6,282,187 | 0.47 | 7,060,731 | 0.50 | |
| Mongols | Mongolic | 1,462,956 | 0.25 | 1,965,766 | 0.28 | 3,402,200 | 0.34 | 4,802,407 | 0.42 | 5,813,947 | 0.46 | 5,981,840 | 0.45 | 6,290,204 | 0.45 | |
| Buyei | Tai-Kadai | 1,247,883 | 0.21 | 1,348,055 | 0.19 | 2,103,150 | 0.21 | 2,548,294 | 0.22 | 2,971,460 | 0.23 | 2,870,034 | 0.22 | 3,576,752 | 0.25 | |
| Dong | Tai-Kadai | 712802 | 836123 | 1,446,190 | 0.14 | 2,508,624 | 0.22 | 2,960,293 | 0.24 | 2,879,974 | 0.22 | 3,495,993 | 0.25 | |||
| Yao | Hmong-Mien | 665933 | 857265 | 1,414,870 | 0.14 | 2,137,033 | 0.19 | 2,637,421 | 0.21 | 2,796,003 | 0.21 | 3,309,341 | 0.23 | |||
| Bai | Sino-Tibetan | 567119 | 706623 | 1,147,360 | 0.11 | 1,598,052 | 0.14 | 1,858,063 | 0.15 | 1,933,510 | 0.15 | 2,091,543 | 0.15 | |||
| Hani | Sino-Tibetan | 481220 | 628727 | 1,063,300 | 0.11 | 1,254,800 | 0.11 | 1,439,673 | 0.12 | 1,660,932 | 0.12 | 1,733,166 | 0.12 | |||
| Korean | Koreanic | 1,120,405 | 0.19 | 1,339,569 | 0.19 | 1,783,150 | 0.18 | 1,923,361 | 0.17 | 1,923,842 | 0.15 | 1,830,929 | 0.14 | 1,702,479 | 0.12 | |
| Li | Tai-Kadai | 360950 | 438813 | 882,030 | 0.09 | 1,112,498 | 0.10 | 1,247,814 | 0.10 | 1,463,064 | 0.11 | 1,602,104 | 0.11 | |||
| Kazakh | Turkic | 509375 | 491637 | 878,570 | 0.09 | 1,110,758 | 0.10 | 1,250,458 | 0.10 | 1,462,588 | 0.11 | 1,562,518 | 0.11 | |||
| Dai | Tai-Kadai | 478966 | 535389 | 864,340 | 0.09 | 1,025,402 | 0.09 | 1,158,989 | 0.09 | 1,261,311 | 0.09 | 1,329,985 | 0.09 | |||
| She | Hmong-Mien | 234167 | 379,080 | 0.04 | 634,700 | 0.06 | 709,592 | 0.06 | 708,651 | 0.05 | ||||||
| Lisu | Sino-Tibetan | 317465 | 270628 | 466,760 | 0.05 | 574,589 | 0.05 | 634,912 | 0.05 | 702,839 | 0.05 | |||||
| Gelao | Tai-Kadai | 26852 | 59,810 | 0.01 | 438,192 | 0.04 | 579,357 | 0.05 | 550,746 | 0.04 | ||||||
| Dongxiang | Mongolic | 155761 | 147443 | 279523 | – | 373,669 | 0.03 | 513,805 | 0.04 | 621,500 | 0.05 | |||||
| Gaoshan | Austronesian | 329 | 366 | 1,750 | 0.00 | 2,877 | 0.00 | 4,461 | 0.00 | 4,009 | 0.00 | |||||
| Lahu | Sino-Tibetan | 139060 | 191241 | 320,350 | 0.03 | 411,545 | 0.04 | 453,705 | 0.04 | 485,966 | 0.04 | |||||
| Sui | Tai-Kadai | 133566 | 156099 | 300,690 | 0.03 | 347,116 | 0.03 | 406,902 | 0.03 | 411,847 | 0.03 | |||||
| Va | Mon-Khmer | 286158 | 200272 | 271,050 | 0.03 | 351,980 | 0.03 | 396,610 | 0.03 | 429,709 | 0.03 | |||||
| Nakhi | Sino-Tibetan | 143453 | 156796 | 248,650 | 0.02 | 277,750 | 0.02 | 308,839 | 0.02 | 326,295 | 0.02 | |||||
| Qiang | Sino-Tibetan | 35660 | 49105 | 109,760 | 0.01 | 198,303 | 0.02 | 306,072 | 0.02 | 309,576 | 0.02 | |||||
| Tu | Mongolic | 53277 | 77349 | 148,760 | 0.01 | 192,568 | 0.02 | 241,198 | 0.02 | 289,565 | 0.02 | |||||
| Mulao | Tai-Kadai | 52819 | 91,790 | 0.01 | 160,648 | 0.01 | 207,352 | 0.02 | 216,257 | 0.02 | ||||||
| Xibe | Tungusic | 19022 | 33438 | 77,560 | 0.01 | 172,932 | 0.02 | 188,824 | 0.02 | 190,481 | 0.01 | |||||
| Kyrgyz | Turkic | 70944 | 70151 | 108,790 | 0.01 | 143,537 | 0.01 | 160,823 | 0.01 | 186,708 | 0.01 | |||||
| Daur | Mongolic | 63394 | 94126 | – | 121,463 | 0.01 | 132,143 | 0.01 | 131,992 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Jingpo | Sino-Tibetan | 101852 | 57762 | 100,180 | 0.01 | 119,276 | 0.01 | 132,143 | 0.01 | 147,828 | 0.01 | |||||
| Maonan | Tai-Kadai | 22382 | 37,450 | 0.00 | 72,370 | 0.01 | 107,106 | 0.01 | 101,192 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Salar | Turkic | 30658 | 69135 | 68,030 | 0.01 | 82,398 | 0.01 | 104,503 | 0.01 | 130,607 | 0.01 | |||||
| Blang | Mon-Khmer | 39411 | 58473 | – | 87,546 | 0.01 | 91,882 | 0.01 | 119,639 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Tajik | Indo-European | 14462 | 16236 | 27,430 | 0.00 | 33,223 | 0.00 | 41,028 | 0.00 | 51,069 | 0.00 | |||||
| Achang | Sino-Tibetan | 12032 | 31,490 | 0.00 | 27,718 | 0.00 | 33,936 | 0.00 | 39,555 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Pumi | Sino-Tibetan | 14298 | 18,860 | 0.00 | 29,721 | 0.00 | 33,600 | 0.00 | 42,861 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Ewenki | Tungusic | 4957 | 9681 | 19,440 | 0.00 | 26,379 | 0.00 | 30,505 | 0.00 | 30,875 | 0.00 | |||||
| Nu | Sino-Tibetan | 15047 | 25,980 | 0.00 | 27,190 | 0.00 | 28,759 | 0.00 | 37,523 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Gin (Vietnamese) | Mon-Khmer | 12,140 | 0.00 | 18,749 | 0.00 | 22,517 | 0.00 | 28,199 | 0.00 | |||||||
| Jino | Sino-Tibetan | 11,260 | 0.00 | 18,022 | 0.00 | 20,899 | 0.00 | 23,143 | 0.00 | |||||||
| De'ang | Mon-Khmer | – | – | 15,461 | 0.00 | 17,935 | 0.00 | 20,556 | 0.00 | |||||||
| Bonan | Mongolic | 4957 | 5125 | 6,620 | 0.00 | 11,683 | 0.00 | 16,505 | 0.00 | 20,074 | 0.00 | |||||
| Russian | Indo-European | 22656 | 1326 | 2,830 | 0.00 | 13,500 | 0.00 | 15,609 | 0.00 | 15,393 | 0.00 | |||||
| Yugur | Turkic | 3861 | 5717 | 7,670 | 0.00 | 12,293 | 0.00 | 13,719 | 0.00 | 14,378 | 0.00 | |||||
| Uzbek | Turkic | 13626 | 7717 | 13,810 | 0.00 | 14,763 | 0.00 | 13,370 | 0.00 | 10,569 | 0.00 | |||||
| Monba | Sino-Tibetan | 3809 | 1,040 | 0.00 | 7,498 | 0.00 | 8,923 | 0.00 | 10,561 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Oroqen | Tungusic | 2262 | 2709 | 2,280 | 0.00 | 7,004 | 0.00 | 8,196 | 0.00 | 8,659 | 0.00 | |||||
| Derung | Sino-Tibetan | 4,250 | 0.00 | 5,825 | 0.00 | 7,426 | 0.00 | 6,930 | 0.00 | |||||||
| Chinese Tatars | Turkic | 6929 | 2294 | 7,510 | 0.00 | 5,064 | 0.00 | 4,890 | 0.00 | 3,556 | 0.00 | |||||
| Hezhen | Tungusic | 718 | 670 | 0.00 | 4,254 | 0.00 | 4,640 | 0.00 | 5,354 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Lhoba | Sino-Tibetan | 1,030 | 0.00 | 2,322 | 0.00 | 2,965 | 0.00 | 3,682 | 0.00 | |||||||
| Unrecognized | 3,370,880 | 0.33 | 3,498 | 0.00 | 734,379 | 0.06 | 640,101 | 0.05 | ||||||||
| Unknown | 4,720 | 0.00 | 752,347 | 0.07 | – | – | – | – | ||||||||
| Naturalized | – | – | – | – | 941 | 0.00 | 1,448 | 0.00 | ||||||||
| Total China | 582,603,417 | 694,581,759 | 1,008,175,288 | 1,133,682,501 | 1,242,612,226 | 1,332,810,869 | 1,411,778,724 | |||||||||
Neither Hong Kong nor Macau recognizes the official ethnic classifications maintained by the central government. In Macau, the largest substantial ethnic groups of non-Chinese descent are the Macanese, of mixed Chinese and Portuguese descent (Eurasians), as well as migrants from the Philippines and Thailand. Overseas Filipinos (overwhelmingly female) working as domestic workers comprise the largest non-Han Chinese ethnic group in Hong Kong.Template:Citation needed
People from other immigration jurisdictionsEdit
The 2020 Census counted 371,380 residents from Hong Kong, 55,732 residents from Macau, 157,886 residents from Taiwan, and 845,697 residents from other locations, totaling 1,430,695 residents.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>
| Nationality | Residents |
|---|---|
| Myanmar | 351,248 |
| Vietnam | 79,212 |
| South Korea | 59,242 |
| United States | 55,226 |
| Japan | 36,838 |
| Canada | 21,309 |
| Australia | 13,777 |
| Russia | 12,513 |
| United Kingdom | 11,236 |
| Nigeria | 10,654 |
| Other countries | 234,600 |
| TOTAL | 845,697 |
ReligionsEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Further
Template:Religion in China surveys
MigrationEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Internal migration in the People's Republic of China is one of the most extensive in the world according to the International Labour Organization.<ref name="Labour migration">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In fact, research done by Kam Wing Chan of the University of Washington suggests that "In the 30 years since 1979, China's urban population has grown by about 440 million to 622 million in 2009. Of the 440 million increase, about 340 million was attributable to net migration and urban reclassification. Even if only half of that increase was migration, the volume of rural-urban migration in such a short period is likely the largest in human history."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Migrants in China are commonly members of a floating population, which refers primarily to migrants in China without local household registration status through the Chinese Hukou system.<ref name="Liang 2004 467–488">Template:Cite journal</ref> In general, rural-urban migrant workers are most excluded from local educational resources, citywide social welfare programs and many jobs because of their lack of hukou status.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In 2011 a total of 252.78 million migrant workers (an increase of 4.4% compared to 2010) existed in China. Out of these, migrant workers who left their hometown and worked in other provinces accounted for 158.63 million (an increase of 3.4% compared to 2010) and migrant workers who worked within their home provinces reached 94.15 million (an increase of 5.9% compared to 2010).<ref name=statistics>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Estimations are that Chinese cities will face an influx of another 243 million migrants by 2025, taking the urban population up to nearly 1 billion people.<ref name= "WSJ" >Template:Cite news</ref> This population of migrants would represent "almost 40 percent of the total urban population," a number which is almost three times the current level.<ref name="WSJ" /><ref>Template:Citation</ref> While it is often difficult to collect accurate statistical data on migrant floating populations, the number of migrants is undoubtedly quite large. "In China's largest cities, for instance, it is often quoted that at least one out of every five persons is a migrant."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> China's government influences the pattern of urbanization through the Hukou permanent residence registration system, land-sale policies, infrastructure investment and the incentives offered to local government officials. The other factors influencing migration of people from rural provincial areas to large cities are employment, education, business opportunities and higher standard of living.<ref>Griffiths, Michael. B. (2010) 'Lamb Buddha's Migrant Workers: Self-assertion on China's Urban Fringe'. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs (China Aktuell), 39, 2, 3–37.</ref>
The mass emigration known as the Chinese diaspora,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which occurred from the 19th century to 1949, was mainly caused by wars and starvation in mainland China, invasion from various foreign countries, as well as the problems resulting from political corruption. Most immigrants were illiterate peasants and manual labourers, called "coolies" by analogy to the same pattern of immigration from India, who emigrated to work in countries such as the Americas, Australia, South Africa and Southeast Asia.Template:Citation needed
See alsoEdit
- Megalopolises in China
- Metropolitan cities of China
- Demographics of Central Asia
- Demographics of Beijing
- Population history of China
- Language Atlas of China
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
CitationsEdit
SourcesEdit
Template:Library resources box Template:Refbegin
- Template:Country study
- Template:CIA World Factbook
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
{{#invoke:Navbox|navbox}} Template:Health in China Template:Asia topic Template:China topics Template:Economy of China Template:Family planning policies of China