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The fish crow (Corvus ossifragus) is a species of crow associated with wetland habitats in the eastern and southeastern United States.
Taxonomy and etymologyEdit
The fish crow was given its binomial name by the Scottish ornithologist Alexander Wilson in 1812, in the fifth volume of his American Ornithology.<ref name="wilson">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The binomial is from Latin; Corvus means "raven", while ossifragus means "bone-breaker". It is derived from os or ossis, meaning "bone", and frangere, meaning "to break".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The English-language common name fish crow also derives from Wilson, who ascribed the name to the crow's aquatic diet, as described to him by local fishermen. He distinguished the fish crow from John Bartram's great seaside crow by the former's diminutive size when compared to the American crow.<ref name="wilson" />
The fish crow's taxonomic relation to other species of the Corvus genus is still poorly understood, but DNA sequencing indicates that it is most closely related to the palm crow (C. palmarum) and the Jamaican crow (C. jamaicensis), with the three species forming a Nearctic clade.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Sinaloa crow (C. sinaloae) and Tamaulipas crow (C. imparatus) bear morphological similarities to and were once considered conspecific subspecies of the fish crow,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but have since been recognized as distinct species.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
DescriptionEdit
The fish crow is a small bird, with an average adult weight of Template:Convert in males and Template:Convert in females.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The average male wingspan is similarly larger at Template:Convert, compared to Template:Convert in females.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The total body length is between Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The fish crow is superficially similar to the American crow, but is smaller and has a silkier, smoother plumage by comparison, and the bill is usually somewhat slimmer. The upperparts have a blue or blue-green sheen, while the underparts have a more greenish tint to the black. The eyes are dark brown. The differences are often only really apparent between the two species when seen side by side or when heard calling.<ref name=Good92>Goodwin, p. 92</ref>
Visual differentiation from the American crow is extremely difficult and often inaccurate.<ref>Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Fish Crow – Physical Characters</ref> Nonetheless, differences apart from size do exist. Fish crows tend to have more slender bills and feet. There may also be a small sharp hook at the end of the upper bill. Fish crows also appear as if they have shorter legs when walking. More dramatically, when calling, fish crows tend to hunch and fluff their throat feathers.
The voice is the most outwardly differing characteristic for this species and other American crow species. The call of the fish crow has been described as a nasal "ark-ark-ark" or a begging "waw-waw". Birders often distinguish the two species (in areas where their range overlaps) with the mnemonic aid "Just ask him if he is an American crow. If he says "no", he is a fish crow." referring to the fact that the most common call of the American crow is a distinct "caw caw", while that of the fish crow is a nasal "nyuh unh".<ref>Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Fish Crow – Voice</ref> The fish crow also has a single call sounding like "cahrrr".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Distribution and habitatEdit
This species occurs on the eastern seaboard of the United States from Rhode Island south to Key West, and west along the northern coastline of the Gulf of Mexico. Coastal marshes and beaches, rivers, inland lakes and marshes, river banks, and the land immediately surrounding all are frequented.<ref name="Good92" /> Fish crows are also found along many river systems inland for quite some distance, having expanded their range along rivers since the early 1900s.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Since 2012, fish crows have rapidly expanded into Canada, with breeding populations along Lake Ontario.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
BehaviorEdit
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DietEdit
Food is taken mainly from the ground or shallow water where the bird hovers and plucks food items out of the water with its feet. The fish crow is omnivorous. It feeds on small crustaceans, such as crabs and shrimps, other invertebrates, stranded fish, and live fish if the situation favors their capture, eggs and nestlings of birds, small reptiles, the fruits of many trees, peanuts, and grains, as well as human scraps where available.<ref name=Good92/>
BreedingEdit
The nest is usually built high in a tree and is often accompanied in nearby trees with other nests of the same species forming small, loose colonies. Usually, four or five eggs are laid. Pale blue-green in colour, they bear blotches of olive-brown.<ref name=Good93>Goodwin, p. 93</ref> Fish crows build a new nest for each breeding attempt.<ref name="Fish Crow">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A pair of fish crows were reported to have raised a young blue jay for multiple weeks.<ref name="Fish Crow"/>
ConservationEdit
This species appears to be somewhat more resistant to West Nile virus than the American crow. Survival rates of up to 45% have been reported for fish crows, compared with near zero for American crows.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
External linksEdit
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- Differences between American and Fish Crows
- Fish Crow videos from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Macaulay Library
- Page from The Cornell Lab of Ornithology
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