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Inform

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Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use mdy dates {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters | check | showblankpositional=1 | unknown = Template:Main other | preview = Page using Template:Infobox software with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | AsOf | author | background | bodystyle | caption | collapsetext | collapsible | developer | discontinued | engine | engines | genre | included with | language | language count | language footnote | latest preview date | latest preview version | latest release date | latest release version | latest_preview_date | latest_preview_version | latest_release_date | latest_release_version | licence | license | logo | logo alt | logo caption | logo upright | logo size | logo title | logo_alt | logo_caption | logo_upright | logo_size | logo_title | middleware | module | name | operating system | operating_system | other_names | platform | programming language | programming_language | released | replaced_by | replaces | repo | screenshot | screenshot alt | screenshot upright | screenshot size | screenshot title | screenshot_alt | screenshot_upright | screenshot_size | screenshot_title | service_name | size | standard | title | ver layout | website | qid }}Template:Main other Inform is a programming language and design system for interactive fiction originally created in 1993 by Graham Nelson. Inform can generate programs designed for the Z-code or Glulx virtual machines. Versions 1 through 5 were released between 1993 and 1996. Around 1996, Nelson rewrote Inform from first principles to create version 6 (or Inform 6).<ref name="spag44">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Over the following decade, version 6 became reasonably stable and a popular language for writing interactive fiction. In 2006, Nelson released Inform 7 (briefly known as Natural Inform), a completely new language based on principles of natural language and a new set of tools based around a book-publishing metaphor.

Z-Machine and GlulxEdit

The Inform compilers translate Inform code to story files for Glulx or Z-code, two virtual machines designed specifically for interactive fiction. Glulx, which can support larger games, is the default.

The Z-machine was originally developed by Infocom in 1979 for their interactive fiction titles. Because there is at least one such interpreter for nearly every major and minor platform, this means that the same Z-code file can be run on a multitude of platforms with no alterations. Originally Inform targeted the Z-machine only.

Andrew Plotkin created an unofficial version of Inform 6 that was also capable of generating files for Glulx, a virtual machine he had designed to overcome many of the limitations of the several-decades-old Z-machine. Starting with Inform 6.3, released February 29, 2004, Inform 6 has included official support for both virtual machines, based on Andrew Plotkin's work. Early release of Inform 7 did not support Glulx, but in August 2006 Glulx support was released.

Inform 6Edit

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Inform was originally created by Graham Nelson in 1993. In 1996 Nelson rewrote Inform from first principles to create version 6 (or Inform 6). Over the following decade, version 6 became reasonably stable and a popular language for writing interactive fiction.

The Inform 6 system consists of two major components: the Inform compiler, which generates story files from Inform source code, and the Inform library, a suite of software which handles most of the difficult work of parsing the player's text input and keeping track of the world model. The name Inform also refers to the Inform programming language that the compiler understands.

Although Inform 6 and the Z-Machine were originally designed with interactive fiction in mind, many other programs have been developed, including a BASIC interpreter, a LISP tutorial (complete with interpreter), a Tetris game, and a version of the game Snake.

The Inform 6 compilerEdit

The Inform compiler generates files for the Z-machine or Glulx (also called story files) from Inform 6 source code.

The Inform 6 programming languageEdit

The Inform programming language is object-oriented and procedural. A key element of the language is objects. Objects are maintained in an object tree which lists the parent–child relationships between objects. Since the parent–child relationship is often used to represent location, an object which is the parent of another object is often said to "hold" it. Objects can be moved throughout the tree. Typically, top level objects represent rooms and other locations within the game, which may hold objects representing the room's contents, be they physical items, non-player characters, the player's character, or background effects. All objects can hold other objects, so a livingroom object might hold an insurancesaleman object which is holding a briefcase object which contains the insurancepaperwork object.

In early versions of Inform, objects were different from the notion of objects from object-oriented programming, in that there was no such thing as a class. Later versions added support for class definitions and allowed objects to be members of classes. Objects and classes can inherit from multiple classes. Interactive fiction games typically contain many unique objects. Because of this, many objects in Inform do not inherit from any class, other than the "metaclass" Object. However, objects very frequently have attributes (boolean properties, such as scenery or edible) that are recognized by the Inform library. In other languages this would normally be implemented via inheritance.

Here is a simple example of Inform 6 source code. <syntaxhighlight lang="inform6"> ! Square brackets define a routine. This is the Main routine, which takes no arguments. [ Main; 

   print "Hello, World!^";

]; </syntaxhighlight>

The procedual parts, statements and operators, are largely borrowed from C, with the notable exception that <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">-->x</syntaxhighlight> instead of <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">[x]</syntaxhighlight> is used to take array subscripts. Routines are defined in square brackets, as in the <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">Main</syntaxhighlight> routine above,<ref name=Plotkin/> but called with round brackets as in C. The character <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">@</syntaxhighlight> is used to escape characters and to invoke raw Z-machine opcodes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Inform 6 libraryEdit

The Inform system also contains the Inform library, which automates nearly all the most difficult work involved in programming interactive fiction; specifically, it includes a text parser that makes sense of the player's input, and a world model that keeps track of such things as objects (and their properties), rooms, doors, the player's inventory, etc.

The Inform compiler does not require the use of the Inform library. There are several replacement libraries available, such as Platypus<ref name="platypus">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and InformATE, a library that codes Inform in Spanish. Some games may use no library at all, such as a direct port of Zork into Inform 6.<ref name=Plotkin/>

Example gameEdit

Template:Missing information Here is an example of Inform 6 source code that makes use of the Inform library. The Inform 6 code sample below is usable in Inform 7, but not without special demarcation indicating that it is embedded legacy code.

<syntaxhighlight lang="inform6"> Constant Story "Hello Deductible"; Constant Headline "^An Interactive Example^";

Include "Parser"; Include "VerbLib";

[ Initialise; 

   location = Living_Room;
   "Hello World";

];

Object Kitchen "Kitchen"; Object Front_Door "Front Door";

Object Living_Room "Living Room" 

   with
       description "A comfortably furnished living room.",
       n_to Kitchen,
       s_to Front_Door,
   has light;

Object -> Salesman "insurance salesman" 

   with
       name 'insurance' 'salesman' 'man',
       description "An insurance salesman in a tacky polyester
             suit.  He seems eager to speak to you.",
       before [;
           Listen:
               move Insurance_Paperwork to player;
               "The salesman bores you with a discussion
                of life insurance policies.  From his
                briefcase he pulls some paperwork which he
                hands to you.";
       ],
   has animate;

Object -> -> Briefcase "briefcase" 

   with
       name 'briefcase' 'case',
       description "A slightly worn, black briefcase.",
   has container;

Object -> -> -> Insurance_Paperwork "insurance paperwork" 

   with
       name 'paperwork' 'papers' 'insurance' 'documents' 'forms',
       description "Page after page of small legalese.";

Include "Grammar"; </syntaxhighlight>

Notable games developed in Inform 6 or earlier versionsEdit

  • Curses, by Graham Nelson (1993), the first game ever written in the Inform programming language. Considered one of the first "modern" games to meet the high standards set by Infocom's best titles.<ref name="highprogrammer-Curses">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }})</ref>

|CitationClass=web }} Published as Template:Cite journal</ref>

  • Galatea, by Emily Short (2000). Galatea is focused entirely on interaction with the animated statue of the same name. Galatea has one of the most complex interaction systems for a non-player character in an interactive fiction game. Adam Cadre called Galatea "the best NPC ever".<ref name="avventuretestuali">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Inform 7Edit

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On April 30, 2006, Graham Nelson announced the beta release of Inform 7 to the rec.arts.int-fiction newsgroup.<ref name="raif">Template:Cite newsgroup</ref> Inform 7 consists of three primary parts: The Inform 7 IDE with development tools specialized for testing interactive fiction, the Inform 7 compiler for the new language, and "The Standard Rules" which form the core library for Inform 7. Inform 7 also relies on the Inform library and Inform compiler from Inform 6. The compiler compiles the Inform 7 source code into Inform 6 source code, which is then compiled separately by Inform 6 to generate a Glulx or Z-code story file. Inform 7 also defaults to writing Blorb files, archives which include the Z-code together with optional "cover art" and metadata intended for indexing purposes. The full set of Inform 7 tools are currently available for Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows and Linux (since 2007).

Template:As of, Inform 7 and its and tools remain under development.<ref name="jan07short">Template:Cite newsgroup Also archived at {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Since April 2022, Inform 7 is open source and developed on GitHub.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Inform 7 was named Natural Inform for a brief period of time, but was later renamed Inform 7. This old name is why the Inform 7 compiler is named "NI".<ref name="whyni">Template:Cite newsgroup</ref>

Inform 7 IDEEdit

File:Inform 7 code and skein.png
The Inform 7 IDE on Mac OS X showing source code and the skein
File:Inform 7 map and transcript.png
The Inform 7 IDE on Mac OS X showing the Index Map and the transcript

Inform 7 comes with an integrated development environment (IDE) for Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows and Linux. The Mac OS X IDE was developed by Andrew Hunter. The Microsoft Windows IDE was developed by David Kinder. The Linux IDE (known as GNOME Inform) was developed by Philip Chimento.<ref name="gnomei7">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} – Now moved to GitHub at {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Inform 7 IDE includes a text editor for editing Inform 7 source code. Like many other programming editors it features syntax highlighting. It marks quoted strings in one color. Headings of organizational sections (Volumes, Books, Chapters, Parts, and Sections) are bolded and made larger. Comments are set in a different color and made slightly smaller.

The IDE includes a built-in Z-code interpreter. The Mac OS X IDE's interpreter is based on the Zoom interpreter by Andrew Hunter, with contributions from Jesse McGrew.Template:Citation needed The Microsoft Windows IDE's interpreter is based on WinFrotz.

As a developer tests the game in the built-in interpreter, progress is tracked in the "skein" and "transcript" views of the IDE. The skein tracks player commands as a tree of branching possibilities. Any branch of the tree can be quickly re-followed, making it possible to retry different paths in a game under development without replaying the same portions of the game. Paths can also be annotated with notes and marked as solutions, which can be exported as text walkthroughs. The transcript, on the other hand, tracks both player commands and the game's responses. Correct responses from the game can be marked as "blessed". On replaying a transcript or a branch of the skein, variations from the blessed version will be highlighted, which can help the developer find errors.

The IDE also provides various indices into the program under development. The code is shown as a class hierarchy, a traditional IF map, a book-like table of contents, and in other forms. Clicking items in the index jumps to the relevant source code.

The IDE presents two side-by-side panes for working in. Each pane can contain the source code being worked on, the current status of compilation, the skein, the transcript, the indices of the source code, a running version of the game, documentation for Inform 7 or any installed extensions to it, or settings. The concept is to imitate an author's manuscript book by presenting two "facing pages" instead of a multitude of separate windows.<ref name="raif" />

Inform 7 programming languageEdit

Notable features include strong bias towards declarative rule-based style of programming and ability to infer types and properties of objects from the way they are used. For example, the statement "John wears a hat." creates a "person" called "John" (since only people are capable of wearing things), creates a "thing" with the "wearable" property (since only objects marked "wearable" are capable of being worn), and sets John as wearing the hat.

Another notable aspect of the language is direct support for relations which track associations between objects. This includes automatically provided relations, like one object containing another or an object being worn, but the developer can add their own relations. A developer might add relations indicating love or hatred between beings, or to track which characters in a game have met each other.

Inform 7 is a highly domain-specific programming language, providing the writer/programmer with a much higher level of abstraction than Inform 6, and highly readable resulting source code. General-purpose logical and arithmetic statements are written in natural language (see e.g. the "Physics" example in The Inform Recipe Book).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In early Inform 7, the compiler translates the code to Inform 6, much like CFront did with C++ and C.<ref name="whyni"/> The current compiler (as of version 10 of 2022) is additionally able to translate the code directly to C for a native executable,{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Fix }} and to generate an "index mini-website" describing the story.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Example gameEdit

Statements in Inform 7 take the form of complete sentences. Blank lines and indentation are in some places structurally significant. The basic form of an Inform 7 program is as follows:

<syntaxhighlight lang="inform7" style="background-color:#F9F9F9; line-height:1.1em; "> "Hello, World!" by "I.F. Author"

The world is a room.

When play begins, say "Hello, World!" </syntaxhighlight>

The following is a reimplementation of the above "Hello Deductible" example written in Inform 7. It relies on the library known as "The Standard Rules" which are automatically included in all Inform 7 compilations.

<syntaxhighlight lang="inform7" style="background-color:#F9F9F9; line-height:1.1em; "> "Hello Deductible" by "I.F. Author"

The story headline is "An Interactive Example".

The Living Room is a room. "A comfortably furnished living room." The Kitchen is north of the Living Room. The Front Door is south of the Living Room. The Front Door is a door. The Front Door is closed and locked.

The insurance salesman is a man in the Living Room. The description is "An insurance salesman in a tacky polyester suit. He seems eager to speak to you." Understand "man" as the insurance salesman.

A briefcase is carried by the insurance salesman. The description is "A slightly worn, black briefcase." Understand "case" as the briefcase.

The insurance paperwork is in the briefcase. The description is "Page after page of small legalese." Understand "papers" or "documents" or "forms" as the paperwork.

Instead of listening to the insurance salesman: say "The salesman bores you with a discussion of life insurance policies. From his briefcase he pulls some paperwork which he hands to you."; move the insurance paperwork to the player. </syntaxhighlight>

Notable games written in Inform 7Edit

Mystery House Possessed (2005), by Emily Short,<ref name="turbulence">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> was the first Inform 7 game released to be public. It was released as part of the "Mystery House Taken Over" project.

On March 1, 2006, Short announced the release of three further games:<ref name="raif-games">Template:Cite newsgroup</ref> Bronze<ref name="bronze">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (an example of a traditional puzzle-intensive game) and Damnatio Memoriae<ref name="damn">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (a follow-up to her award-winning Inform 6 game Savoir-Faire) were joined by Graham Nelson's The Reliques of Tolti-Aph<ref name="reliques">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (2006). When the Inform 7 public beta was announced on April 30, 2006, six "worked examples" of medium to large scale works were made available along with their source code, including the three games previously released on March 1.<ref name="bronze-ex">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="damn-ex">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="reliques-ex">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Emily Short's Floatpoint was the first Inform 7 game to take first place in the Interactive Fiction Competition.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It also won 2006 XYZZY Awards for Best Setting and Best NPCs.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Rendition, by nespresso (2007), is a political art experiment in the form of a text adventure game. Its approach to tragedy has been discussed academically by both the Association for Computing Machinery<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Cambridge University.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Bsn

See alsoEdit

  • Template:Format link lists software similar to Inform
  • TADS The Text Adventure Development System (TADS), another leading IF development system

Further readingEdit

Inform 6
  • The official manual of Inform is Graham Nelson's Inform Designer's Manual: it is a tutorial, a manual, and a technical document rolled into one. It is available online for free at Inform's official website,<ref name="inform-fiction-dm4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> and two printed editions are available: a softcover (Template:ISBN) and a hardcover (Template:ISBN).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • The Inform Beginner's Guide by Roger Firth and Sonja Kesserich (Template:ISBN) attempts to provide a more gentle introduction to Inform. It is available for free at Inform's official website.<ref name="inform-fiction=ibg">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }} {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Inform 7
  • The SPAG Interview - An interview with designers Graham Nelson and Emily Short about the development of Inform 7. This interview was made shortly before its release and published on the same day as the initial release.<ref name="spag44" />
  • "Natural Language, Semantic Analysis and Interactive Fiction" - A paper on the design of Inform 7 by designer Graham Nelson.<ref name="nlsaif">Template:Cite journal</ref>

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

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