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Criticism is the construction of a judgement about the negative or positive qualities of someone or something. Criticism can range from impromptu comments to a written detailed response.<ref name="Cambridge">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} | the act of giving your opinion or judgment about the good or bad qualities of something or someone or the act of saying that something or someone is bad</ref> Criticism falls into several overlapping types including "theoretical, practical, impressionistic, affective, prescriptive, or descriptive".<ref name="Oxford">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} | "The reasoned discussion of literary works, an activity which may include some or all of the following procedures, in varying proportions: the defence of literature against moralists and censors, classification of a work according to its genre, interpretation of its meaning, analysis of its structure and style, judgement of its worth by comparison with other works, estimation of its likely effect on readers, and the establishment of general principles by which literary works can be evaluated and understood."</ref>
Criticism may also refer to an expression of disapproval of someone or something.<ref name="Cambridge"/> When criticism of this nature is constructive, it can make an individual aware of gaps in their understanding and it can provide distinct routes for improvement.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Research supports the notion that using feedback and constructive criticism in the learning process is very influential.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Critique vs. criticism: In French, German, or Italian, no distinction is drawn between 'critique' and 'criticism'. The two words both translate as critique, Kritik, and critica, respectively.<ref name="Vattimo90p57">Gianni Vattimo Postmodern criticism: postmodern critique in David Wood (1990) Writing the future, pp. 57–58</ref> In the English language, philosopher Gianni Vattimo suggests that criticism is used more frequently to denote literary criticism or art criticism while critique refers to more general writing such as Kant's Critique of Pure Reason.<ref name="Vattimo90p57"/> Another distinction that is sometimes made is that critique is never personalized nor ad hominem<ref name="Vattimo90p57"/> and is presented in a way that encourages rebuttal or expansion of the ideas expressed. Nonetheless, the distinctions are subtle and ambiguous at best.<ref name="Vattimo90p57"/>
The term "brickbat" is sometimes used to mean "an unfavourable criticism, unkind remark or sharp put-down". The term originated in the 17th century, derived from the practice of throwing bricks as projectiles at a person who was disapproved of.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Etymology">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In some contexts, such as literary criticism and art criticism, the word criticism is used as a neutral word that is synonymous with evaluation. <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
By fieldEdit
Criticism of religionEdit
Criticism of scienceEdit
Critical theoryEdit
Critical theory criticizes power structures.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The critical legal studies include criticism of the distinction between political argument and legal argument (The personal is political),<ref name="Price">Price, David Andrew. "Taking rights cynically: a review of critical legal studies." The Cambridge Law Journal 48.2 (1989): 271-301.</ref> rule of law and separation of powers.<ref>Belliotti, Raymond A. "The rule of law and the critical legal studies movement." UW Ontario L. Rev. 24 (1986): 67.</ref> See also criticism of Critical theory.
PostmodernismEdit
Postmodernism criticizes rationalism and objective reality.<ref name="Bryant, Johnston & Usher">Template:Cite book</ref> See also criticism of postmodernism.
Criticism of criticismEdit
Journalist and writer H. L. Mencken argued that "criticism is little more than a branch of homiletics. They judge a work of art, not by its clarity and sincerity, not by the force and charm of its ideas, not by the technical virtuosity of the artist, not by his originality and artistic courage, but simply and solely by his orthodoxy."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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