George Washington-class submarine

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The George Washington class was a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines deployed by the United States Navy. George Washington, along with the later Template:Sclass, Template:Sclass, Template:Sclass, and Template:Sclass classes, comprised the "41 for Freedom" group of submarines that represented the Navy's main contribution to the nuclear deterrent force through the late 1980s.

Development

In 1957, the US Navy began using submarines in the nuclear deterrent role, when a pair of World War II vintage diesel-electric boats, Template:USS and Template:USS, converted to be able to carry a pair of Regulus cruise missiles, began operating deterrent patrols. These two were soon joined by a pair of purpose built diesel boats, and a nuclear powered boat, Template:USS. However, the use of Regulus in the deterrent role showed a number of limitations; as a cruise missile, it was vulnerable to interception by fighter aircraft, it was limited to subsonic speed, and had a range of less than 1000 km, while the largest of the Regulus armed boats could carry a maximum of five missiles. Additionally, the submarine had to surface to launch a missile, and the missile was guided by a radio signal transmitted from either ship, aircraft or ground station.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> To overcome these limitations, the Navy turned to ballistic missiles.

The commissioning of George Washington on 30 December 1959, the first submarine Polaris launch on 20 July 1960, and her first deterrent patrol November 1960 – January 1961 were the culmination of four years of intense effort. The Navy initially worked on a sea-based variant of the US Army Jupiter intermediate-range ballistic missile, projecting four of the large, liquid-fueled missiles per submarine.<ref name="Friedman, pp. 192-195">Friedman, pp. 192-195</ref> Rear Admiral W. F. "Red" Raborn was appointed by Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Arleigh Burke to head a Special Project Office to develop Jupiter for the Navy, beginning in late 1955.<ref name="Friedman, pp. 192-195"/><ref name="heroicrelics.org">History of the Jupiter Missile, pp. 23-35</ref> However, at the Project Nobska submarine warfare conference in 1956, physicist Edward Teller stated that a compact one-megaton warhead could be produced for the relatively small, solid-fueled Polaris missile,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and this prompted the Navy to leave the Jupiter program in December of that year. Soon Admiral Burke concentrated all Navy strategic research on Polaris, still under Admiral Raborn's Special Project Office.<ref name="heroicrelics.org"/> The problems of submerged launch, designing a submarine for 16 missiles, precise navigation for accurate missile targeting, and numerous others were all solved quickly.<ref>Friedman, pp. 193-199</ref> By comparison, the contemporary Soviet Template:Sclass2 and Template:Sclass2 ballistic missile submarines only carried three missiles each; the Soviets did not commission an SSBN comparable to the George Washington class until 1967 with the introduction of the Template:Sclass2s.

Construction

The Navy ordered a class of nuclear-powered submarines armed with long-range strategic missiles on 31 December 1957, and tasked Electric Boat with converting two existing attack submarine hulls to ballistic missile-carrying boats to quickly create the deterrent force. To accomplish this conversion, Electric Boat persuaded the Navy in January 1958 to slip the launch dates for two Template:Sclass fast attack submarines, the just-begun Template:USS and the not-yet-started Template:USS. On 12 February 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized funding for three ballistic missile submarines.

The George Washington class were essentially Skipjack-class submarines with a Template:Convert missile compartment, inserted between the ship's control/navigation areas and the nuclear reactor compartment. Contrary to some popular accounts, the Skipjacks were not literally "cut in half" to become ballistic missile submarines. Scorpion had only been under construction for two months at Electric Boat in Groton, Connecticut before she was reordered as Template:USS.<ref name="Moore, p. 119">Polmar and Moore, Cold War Submarines, p. 119</ref> Material and equipment ordered for Scamp and Sculpin were used to build Template:USS and Template:USS at Electric Boat and Mare Island Naval Shipyard, respectively. Newport News Shipbuilding and Portsmouth Naval Shipyard built Template:USS and Template:USS without any components ordered for Skipjack-class submarines. The original hull classification of the first three units was SSGN(FBM) (Guided Missile Submarine, Fleet Ballistic Missile) which was changed to SSBN on 26 June 1958.<ref>Bauer and Roberts, Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy,p. 286</ref><ref name="Moore, p. 119"/>

The George Washington class carried the Polaris A1 missile on their patrols until 2 June 1964, when she changed out her A1 missiles for Polaris A3s. The last member of this class, Abraham Lincoln swapped out her A1s for A3s on 14 October 1965.

Withdrawal from strategic role

By the end of 1979, to make room within the limitations imposed by SALT II for the Template:Sclass ballistic missile submarines, and performing shortened patrols of six weeks due to reduced reactor fuel, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln offloaded their missiles at the newly established Explosives Handling Wharf at Bangor, Washington. Eventually their missile compartments were completely removed and they were decommissioned by the end of 1982.<ref name="Gardiner and Chumbley, pp. 610-611">Gardiner and Chumbley, pp. 610-611</ref> For the same reason, by 1983 George Washington, Patrick Henry, and Robert E. Lee had their missiles removed and were reclassified as attack submarines nicknamed, "slow attacks", a role in which they served briefly in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, prior to being decommissioned by early 1985.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

George WashingtonTemplate:'s sail is preserved at the Submarine Force Library and Museum at Groton, Connecticut.

Boats in class

Submarines of the George Washington class:<ref name="Gardiner and Chumbley, pp. 610-611"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Hull number	Name	Builder	Laid down	Launched	Commissioned	Decommissioned	Fate
SSBN-598	Template:USS (ex-Scorpion)	General Dynamics Electric Boat, Groton, Connecticut	1 November 1957	9 June 1959	30 December 1959	24 January 1985	Disposed of through Ship-Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton, 1998
SSBN-599	Template:USS		27 May 1958	22 September 1959	11 April 1960	25 May 1984	Disposed of through Ship-Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton, 1997
SSBN-600	Template:USS	Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, California	20 May 1958	3 October 1959	13 February 1961	28 February 1981	Disposed of through Ship-Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton, 1995
SSBN-601	Template:USS	Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Co., Newport News, Virginia	25 August 1958	18 December 1959	15 September 1960	1 December 1983	Disposed of through Ship-Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton, 1991
SSBN-602	Template:USS	Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine	1 November 1958	14 May 1960	8 March 1961	28 February 1981	Disposed of through Ship-Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton, 1994

See also

• List of submarines of the United States Navy
• List of submarine classes of the United States Navy

References

• Template:Cite book
• File:PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.{{#if:|{{#if:| The entries can be found [{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}} here] and [{{#if:1|{{{2}}}}} here].| The entry can be found [{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}} here].}}}}
• Gardiner, Robert and Chumbley, Stephen, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995, London: Conway Maritime Press, 1995. Template:ISBN.
• Template:Cite book

External links

• NavSource.org SSBN photo gallery index